Isiqalo se-United States Constitution singaphezu kakhulu kokuchuma kwesiqalo. Sisisho esinesisekelo somthetho wezwe esisuselwayo, esiklanywe ngokucophelela esimisa isisekelo sefilosofi se-riphabliki yaseMelika. Ngokuqala ngamagama athi "Thina Dume," abafaki-flamers baphawula ukushintshwa okukhulu emthonjeni wegunya lezombangazwe (kusuka kumankosi nakubaphathi abaphezulu ezakhamuzi ngokwabo ngokwabo. Lo msuka lamazwi okuqala, kanye nezinjongo eziyisithupha ezilandelayo, ziyaqhubeka ziveza isisekelo somphakathi ngokunikeza amagama ahlukene enjongo yesizwe. I-Pregagdaydry awer awenzisi imibuso; kunalokho, ichaza izindinganiso ezithethelela isimo somthetho-mthetho-mgame nemithwalo yemfanelo yokwakha i-hulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela ukuhlolwa kwethonya i-produalism, i-pragnagnognoid eqhubekayo ekuphileni kobukhompume.

Umlando Wesiqalo

I-Constitution of the Confective yango1787 yahlangana ePhiladelphia phakathi kokunganeliseki okukhulu ngezihloko zobuKhomanisi. Uhulumeni wezwe ngaphansi kwalezi Zihlokwana wawungenalo igunya lokukhokha intela, ukulawula imithetho yezentengiselwano, noma ukuphoqelela imithetho, eholela ekuntengantengeni kwezomnotho nasokuVukela kwangaphakathi. Ngokuphawulekayo abahleli baqaphela ukuthi inyunyana enamandla yayingadingi nje kuphela uhlelo olusha lokubusa kodwa futhi yayiyisizathu esishukumisayo sokuba ngokomthetho. I-Pregaget ibiyimpendulo yabo: isimemezelo esifingqiwe sesiphetho esiwumthetho - sisekelo esasiklanyelelwe ukufezeka.

Idweba ulimi lwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni neSimemezelo seSimemezelo sokuzimela, iKomiti yeSimo − eyakhishwa nguGouverneur Morris . Morris unconywa kakhulu ngokubhala okucophelelayo okushicilelweyo okushicilelweyo okuwuhlu lwemigomo yemithetho eshicilelwe phambili lube amazwi aqinile okufuna icebo elihlangene. Inkulumo ethi "Thithu Abantu" yayiyintsha ngokukhethekile; yathatha indawo yohlu olunzima kakhulu lwezifundazwe, ngaleyondlela igcizelela ubunye besizwe phezu kobukhosi bombuso. Lokhu kukhethwe yikho ngamabomu: kwamisa uMthetho-sisekelo njengesenzo sobukhosi obuthandwayo, hhayi isenzo esihlangene phakathi kohulumeni abahlukeneyo.

Amarekhodi angokomlando avela kwi-Federal Convention embula ukuthi i-Preggery yabukezwa kaningana. Izinhlelo zakuqala zahlanganisa ukukhomba "abantu bezwe," kodwa inguqulo yokugcina ayizange isho noma ikuphi ukubizwa okuqondile kukahulumeni. iphawula ukuthi lolushintsho lwabonisa isifiso sabakhi bomphakathi owodwa. Ngaleyondlela iPregator yaba yisibonakaliso sokuqala esingokomthetho sesazi somphakathi waseMelika. [FLT:] Inkulumo ethi igunya lesizwe lavela ezakhamuzini zalo, hhayi ezingxenyeni zalo ezisezakhiweni zayo.

Isisekelo Esiwubuhlakani: Isivumelwano Sezenhlalo Nobuhle

Ithonya LaseLockean NelaseRepublica

Ukugcizelela kwe-Pregagery emigomweni ehlangene. Ithonya lefilosofi yeSikhanyiso sezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi izinkolelo zesivumelwano sezenhlalo zikaJohn Locke kanye nezinhloso zerepublic zikaMontesquie. Locke waphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uhlala evumelwaneni lwababuswayo futhi ukhona ukuze uvikele amalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. Isiqalo siveza lomqondo ngokubeka "Thina Abantu" njengomthombo wegunya nangokuthi ngokuzama ukubeka izakhamuzi ezimeleni ezinhle. ” Nokho, abahleli badlula ku-Rockeye ngokuchaza imithwalo eqondile: ubulungisa, ukuthula, ukulondeka, ukulondeka, nokulondolozwa kwenkululeko. Lemigomo ihambisana nesiko le republic elaligcizelela ubuhle obungokwenhle futhi ngokuzinzisa izakhamuzi ezithakaze inzuzo.

Isandulela Njengesivumelwano Sobumba

Kusivumelwano senhlalo, umsebenzi wesandulela njengesandulela sesivumelwano ngokwaso, sichaza izinjongo izakhamuzi ezivuma ukubuswa ngazo. Sidala isibopho sokuziphatha nesezombangazwe esiveza ukuma. Izakhamuzi ezifaka lezi zinjongo phakathi kwazo ($ubunye, ubulungisa, ukuthula, isivikelo, inhlalakahle, inkululeko , ukuthuthukisa umuzwa wokuba phakathi komphakathi wezombangazwe kanye nezifiso ezihlanganyelwayo. Lokhu kuwukwakheka komphakathi: isiqalo somphakathi sinikeza ukulandisa okuhlobana nobudlelwane bomuntu siqu neprojelo yeqembu lomphakathi.

Umqondo we-e pluribus unum (kusukela kwabaningi, oyedwa) ucacile ekumemezeni kwendatshana ethi "guqula i-"Ubumbano oluphelele ngokwengeziwe" ngokufaka lenjongo engcono, i-Prequagery ikhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zizibone ziyingxenye yezindawo ezihlukene kodwa ezihlangene. Abalandeli bezombangazwe abanjengoJürgen Habbermas baye baphikisa ukuthi ukushisekela umthetho wenkolo okunjalo (ukushisekela izwe) kuxhomeke yemithetho-mthetho-sini kunokuba kube yi-scredious ewumbini we-demodefacism. Umbhalo wesigcuriose unikeza isisekelo esilungiselelwe lolu hlobo lokushisekela izwe, olusekelwe kuleyo mehluko wezwe noma ukuhluka kwezwe.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Nendima Yazo Ekuzimeni Kwazo

Ukuhlola lamagama ngokuningiliziwe kwembula izinqubo iPregegry eveza ngazo ukuthi i - Preggy isho ukuthini.

"Thina bantu"

Lenkulumo iyinto enamandla kakhulu yokusungula isiqu. Ngokugomela ukuthi "Abantu" bangabadlali abathi "badain futhi bamise" uMthetho-sisekelo, bakhe izakhamuzi njengegunya eliphethe lezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlobene kakhulu nesazi sesizwe: kugxilisa umuzwa wokuba ngumniniyo nomthwalo wemfanelo. Izakhamuzi azizona nje izikhonzi zomthetho; zimane zingababhali bazo. Inkulumo ikhonjiwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme emacaleni ahilela ubukhosi obuthandwayo, njenge . [v:] v [FLT:] Georgia[FL:] [17] [17] [17] [7] [7] [isigqengqeko] [ingxenye enkulu yoMFL:]. [FL:] [FLT]]

"Furm a nobunye obuphelele kakhulu"

Lo mgomo uyavuma ukuthi ukuhlangana ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zeConfederation kwakungaphelele futhi kudinga intuthuko eqhubekayo. Igama elithi "okanye" lisho ukuthi ukuphelela kuyinqubo, hhayi indawo okufikelwa kuyo. Ukuma komphakathi, leli gama likhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zibheke isizwe njengomsebenzi oqhubekayo, idinga ukuthembisana okuqhubekayo. Kuthuthukisa ukubheka phambili kokuthi inguquko nokuguquguquka kobuqotho obungaguquguquki. Inkulumo iye yasetshenziswa ezimpikiswani ezimpikiswaneni ezimayelana nomthetho womphakathi, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nobunye besizwe, iqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukubonakala komphakathi kunamandla nokuzimisela.

"Ubulungisa base-Establish"

Ubulungisa buwumqondo oyisisekelo ohlanganisa isimiso somthetho nezimiso zokuziphatha. Isiqalo sibeka ubulungisa njengomgomo wokuqala ongaphansi, obonisa ubukhulu baso. Kuzakhamuzi, "uMahluleli" kusho ukuthi umthetho kufanele ube nobulungisa, ungakhethi, futhi ufinyeleleke. Lamazwi akhuthaza ukumiswa komphakathi okubheka umthetho njengowazisa umthetho futhi abheke isimiso sokwahlulela njengomvikeli wamalungelo. Ukulwela ukulingana ngokohlanga nangokobufana kuye kwangena kulolimi; uMartin Luther King Jr. ukhomba ubizo luka-Pregist lwe-jainst lwe- Jurillet ku-"ir." Inkulumo ikhumbuza izakhamuzi ukuthi ukwahlulela akuwona nje umsebenzi kahulumeni kodwa kuwumsebenzi ohlangeneyo.

"Insiza ukubeleleka kwasekhaya"

Ukuthula kwasekhaya kubhekisela ekuthuleni kwangaphakathi nokuhleleka. Ngokomongo wama-1780, lokhu kusho ukuthi kuvinjelwa ukuvukela okunjengokwe-Shays nokuphathwa kwezingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe. Kuyi-software, lenhloso igcizelela ukubaluleka kwempikiswano enokuthula kanye nokuzwana kwezenhlalo. Izakhamuzi zikhuthazwa ukuba zihlanganyele enkulumweni yomphakathi futhi zenqabe ubudlova njengendlela yoshintsho lwezombangazwe.

"Ifuna isivikelo esivamile"

Lenkulumo igcizelela ukulondeka okuhlangene futhi ihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela isizwe. Ithuthukisa ukubonakala okuhlanganisa ukuzimisela ukukhonza (ngoba kungenziwa ngenkonzo yezempi), ukukhokha izintela, noma ukusekela isimiso sokuvikela. Ukusetshenziswa kuka "ovamile" kugcizelela umqondo wokuthi ukuzivikela kulungile emphakathini, hhayi isithakazelo somuntu siqu. Lesi sici sokuzichaza komphakathi siye sabonakala ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zempi futhi siye sakhonjwa ezimpini ezisekelwe emthethweni ngomkhakha wamandla kahulumeni wokuphakamisa amabutho nokulawula ukulondeka kwesizwe.

"Philisa i-Welfare jikelele"

Incazelo yezenhlala - kahle iye yachazwa kabanzi, kodwa ukuba khona kwayo ezingcangweni zokuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze uthuthukise ukuphila kwazo zonke izakhamuzi. Ukuze uthonye, le nkulumo ikhuthaza umuzwa wobunye nokusekelana. Isikisela ukuthi inhlalakahle yomuntu ngamunye ihlobene nokuhle komphakathi. Lokhu kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle yomphakathi, izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, nezimiso zezezomnotho. Izakhamuzi ezifaka lelinani ngaphakathi zingase zithambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni izimiso ezizuzisayo ezizuzisayo, ngisho nasezindlekweni zomuntu siqu.

"Zigcineleni izibusiso Zenkululeko yethu nenhlalayenza yethu"

Lolu phawu lokugcina luhlanganisa inkululeko nomqondo wesibopho ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Igama elithi "Sibusiselo" lisikisela ukuthi inkululeko iyisipho okumelwe ilondolozwe, hhayi ilungelo lokusaphazwa. "Impuphu" inweba ukuhlukanisa kwezakhamuzi ngalé kwesizukulwane samanje, idala isici sesikhashana somthwalo wemfanelo. Lenkulumo iye yasetshenziswa emthethweni wendawo ezungezile, izimpikiswano zomphakathi, nencazelo yomthetho-mthetho ngokuphathelene namalungelo angekho phakathi. Ikhuthaza uphawu lwesizwe oluyindabuko ephakathi kwesizukulwane, igcizelela ukuthi izakhamuzi zamanje zingabaphathi befa.

Isiqalo Semfundo Yesibalo

Izindawo Zokwakha Ezisakhelo

Imfundo ye-Civic e-United States iqala njalo ngesandulela. Ukukhumbula nokuhlaziya kwayo kuyizici eziyinhloko zemfundo yangemva kwesikole neyamuva ngenxa yokuthi i-Pregdage ivula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zolimi olufinyelelwe. Library of Congress inikeza imithombo yemfundo ecela abafundi ukuba babhale isiqalo samazwi abo siqu, bathuthukise ukuhlobana nokuqonda komuntu siqu. Lendlela ye-praggogist isiza abafundi ukuba bazibone njengengxenye ye "Thioples" ukulandisa, ukuchaza kwezembulo yezelo yomphakathi kusukela ebuntwaneni babo.

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezikhuthele Nokufunda Inkonzo

Ngaphandle kokukhumbula, othisha basebenzisa isiqalo ukuze bakhuthaze ukuba abantu babe abahlala khona ngokukhuthele. Imisebenzi efundwayo yenkonzo, imihlangano yezomthetho-sisekelo, nezimpikiswano zokugcona ngencazelo ye "general Welfare" zikhuthaza abafundi ukuba basebenzise izindinganiso ze-Pregagry ezimpikiswaneni zezwe zangempela. Ukucwaninga kwezesayensi yezombangazwe kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abafunda i-Pregquarter futhi bahileleke emisebenzini ehlobene nayo babonisa izinga eliphakeme lokuphumelela kwezombangazwe kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ngakho i-Pregailding isebenza njengebhulo phakathi kwezimiso ezifingqiwe nengxenye eqinile, iqinisa umqondo wokuthi idemokhrasi idinga ulwazi nezakhamuzi ezikhutheleyo.

Izinselele Zemfundo Yanamuhla

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyinhloko, i-Pregagery ayigonyiwe ekuxabaniseni ezimisweni zemfundo. Izimpikiswano ngencazelo ye "ubulungisa" ne "general Welfare" zingaba izikhangiso zemibono. Abanye othisha bakhathazekile ngokuthi ukufundisa isiqalo njengenkulumo engathathi hlangothi yezindinganiso ezihlanganyelweyo kungase kufihle ukungalungi komlando, njengokugqilazwa kwabesifazane kanye nokukhishwa kwabanikazi bezinto ezingezona ezifanele kusuka ku "Abantu" ekusungulweni. Ukukhuluma ngalokhu, isikole esinezekezayo manje sihlanganisa izingxoxo ezigxekayo ngendlela izifiso zaso ezingaphelele ngayo. Lokhu kuzichaza komphakathi kungathuthukisa ukubonakala kwabafundi ngokukhuthaza ukuba bazibone njengabameleli benguquko, besebenzela ukwenza izithembiso ze-Pregation zibonakale zigcwele.

Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Nesandulela

Nakuba isiqalo singanikezi mandla aqondile, izinkantolo ziye zabhekisela kaningi ekukhanyiseleni izinjongo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ehody Building & Loan Ass’s v. Blaisell[ (1934]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yabhekisela ekusekeleni ukusekela imocationyration phakathi nokwehla kokwehla komthetho, icabanga ukuthi le nhlekelele idinga impendulo ehambelanayo ne "promot [okuphatha] i-Welfarety" ne "inur[ir] emndenini." ngokunjalo, [FLT] e[FLT] United States.[FLTrogs] VWreadern .[FFP] [F] [3] [196], Sulson IJainst (196], i-kakhulu lemithetho esetshenziswa kuhulumeni ephethe zangaphandle kwezindawo zangaphandle."."

Lokhu kuchaza kubonisa ukuthi i-Preggery ayifani nje kuphela nokuchaza okungokwasezombangazwe kodwa futhi nokucabanga okungokomthetho. Ngokunikeza inkulumo enezinjongo eziphelele, isaziso sinikeza ilens abahluleli nezakhamuzi abangahlola ngayo ukuthi imithetho ethile noma izenzo ezivumelana yini nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuqinisa ukubonakala kwezakhamuzi njengezihlanganyela engxoxweni eqhubekayo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, lapho iPregageing isebenza khona njengendinganiso yokuhlola ukufaneleka kwesenzo sikahulumeni.

Ukubuyisela: Ukwanda Kokukhanya Nobunye

Enkathini yokwehlukana okujulile kwezombangazwe, i-Preggy inikeza isisekelo esifanayo. Izinhloso zayo . "Ubulungisa, ukuzola, ukuzivikela, inhlalakahle, inkululeko" zibanzi ngokwanele ukuhambisanisa izincazelo ezihlukahlukene kodwa ziqonde ngokwaneleyo ukunikeza iphuzu elilodwa. Izinhlangano ze-CPICOP, kusukela [[FL:0]] Ukuhlobanisa i-National and Community Service emaqenjini omphakathi, ngokuvamile zinxusela isiqalo sokuhlela imisebenzi yazo. Inkulumo ethi "Thomation People" iye yaba isikhalo semizwa yezinhlangano ezinqamlezi zamabala ezombangazwe, kusukela ekusekeleni umkhankaso wezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezentengo.

Nokho, ukubunjwa kwe-Pregagery kungaba umthombo wengxabano. Amaqembu aphikisanayo ngalinye athi angabavikeli beqiniso "bobulungisa" noma "bebhethy," aholela ekuzibonakaliseni ngokwehlukana kunokuba abe nobunye. Ukwenziwa kwenani labantu abanezici eziningi akudingeki ukuba nje ukwenze uzenze ziphinde zisho kodwa uhileleke ezinqubeni zokususa ubala ukuxoxa ngezincazelo zalo. Abanye abaxhasi bezombangazwe, njengo-Amy Gutmann noDennis Thompson, baphikisa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini ezibophela isibopho ezinkonzweni zePregation ngesikhathi esamukela ukungavumelani kwazo ukusebenza. Kulombono, ukunikeza uhlelo lohlelo lwempikiswano yentando yentando, hhayi impendulo yokugcina.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Izehlulelo Emhlabeni Wonke

Indima yesiqalo sokwakha izimpawu zomphakathi ingacaciswa ngokuyiqhathanisa nezihloko ezisekuqaleni zezinye izizwe. Umthetho - sisekelo wanamuhla uhlanganisa amazwi okufisa asebenza imisebenzi efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqalo soMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya siqala nge "Thina, Abantu baseNdiya" futhi sidwebe imigomo yobulungisa, inkululeko, ukulingana, kanye nobudlelwane. /Izihlobo eziningi ze-U.S. i-Grundgesetz (Umthetho Oyinhloko) iqala ngokubhekisa ku-"Abantu BaseJalimane" futhi igcizelela isithunzi nokuthula. Umthetho-sisekelo waseNingizimu Afrika uyavuma ngokucacile ukungalungisi nokuqinisekisa ukuphulukisa, ithuluzi elinamandla lokwakha ukuhlukanisa komphakathi omusha ngemva kobandlululo.

Lokhu kuqhathanisa kwembula ukuthi izingeniso azizona nje izenzo ezingokomthetho kodwa zifeza izenzo zokwakha izimpawu zesizwe. Ziveza ukulandisa kwemvelaphi nenjongo izakhamuzi ezingayifaka ngaphakathi ngaphakathi. Nokho, iSingeniso sase-U.S. sihlukile ekubufushaneni kwaso nasekugxileni kwaso kuphela eziphethweni kunezimiso. Asikhulumi ngegunya laphezulu, ukuma kohlanga, noma izikhalo ezingokomlando; kunalokho, sinikeza umbono wendawo yonke osekelwe ezimisweni zobuRepublic. Lokhu kuye kwavumela ukuba isiqalo sihlale sibalulekile njengoba isizwe siye sashintshashintshana, sisebenza njengesisekelo esiphelele sokuzichaza komphakathi oshintsha umphakathi.

Isiphetho

Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States siyincwadi ephilayo yokwakheka komphakathi. Amazwi ayo aye athinta kakhulu emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, eguqula indlela amaMelika abuqonda ngayo ubuhlobo bawo nohulumeni nakuwo. Ngokuhlanganisa iqoqo elihlangene lamasiphelo //ubunsuntswana, ubulungisa, ukuzola, isivikelo, inhlalakahle, nenkululeko. .Njengoba iSingeniso sinikeza ikhampasi engokokuziphatha nengokobupolitiki eqondisa kokubili abantu nezinhlangano. Ithonya laso lisuka emakilasini afunda enkantolo kuya emikhosini yeze ngokomthetho kuya ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho. Emphakathini ephawulwe izinhlobonhlobo nokungavumelani, i-Pregagaggtion ihlala iyindingxe yephuzu lokuthi, naphezu kokungezwani kwethu, siseyikhomba umphakathi."Singabantu."