Ngaphakathi Enkantolo: Isiqondiso Esinecala Sokwahlulela Komphakathi Nokwephula Icala

Inkantolo isendaweni eyinhloko lapho kuphishekelwa khona ubulungisa, kuhlolwa futhi kudluliswa khona. Ukuqonda izinqubo ezihlukene ezingokomthetho eziwehlelayo ngaphakathi kwezindonga zayo akudingekile kubafundi bomthetho nochwepheshe bezomthetho kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho.

I - antinary Engokomzimba Neyokwakha Yenkantolo

Zonke inkantolo ziklanywe ngenjongo ekhethekile: ukwenza kube lula ukuqulwa kwemithetho nokugcinwa kokuhleleka. Isimo sibonisa isimo somthetho wesimiso sobulungisa, nezindawo ezihlukene kulowo nalowo ophethe.

Indima Ye - Bench Neyamahluleli

Ijaji lihlezi ebhentshini eliphakeme, lifanekisa igunya nokungakhethi. Imithwalo yemfanelo yamajaji ihlanganisa ukubusa ngezenzo ezingokwesiko, ukuyala abahluleli enkantolo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zombili izinhlangothi zithola ukuqulwa okulungile. Ecaleni lasebhentshini (ngaphandle kwejaji), umahluleli wenza futhi njengomtholi weqiniso.

I - Jury Box

Emacaleni adinga ijaji, ibhokisi labahluleli libekwa ohlangothini olulodwa, libhekene ne-state yobufakazi kanye namatafula eseluleko. Abameleli bakhethwa ngenqubo ye i - offair [ ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi. Umsebenzi wabo owukuphela kokwenza ukulinganisa ubufakazi obunikezwayo futhi banikeze isinqumo esisekelwe emaqinisweni.

Izinhlu Zezeluleko Nomthombo Wenkantolo

Abashushisi (emacaleni obugebengu) noma ummeli womphakathi (emacaleni omphakathi) uthatha itafula eliseduze kakhulu nejaji, nesivikelo esibekwe ngalé kwetafula. Indawo engaphambili kwebhentshi, eyaziwa ngokuthi “kahle,” isetshenziselwa izimpikiswano nezinqumo zobufakazi.

Izikhulu Zasenkantolo

  • Courta Reporter:[ yenza umbhalo ophelele wezwi ngalinye elikhulunywayo, obalulekile ekunxuseni nasekuqiniseni indaba.
  • [[IQUMK:0] I- igcina ukulondeka, ilawula indawo yasenkantolo, futhi iziboshwa ziphelezela emacaleni obugebengu.
  • Ikhokhi yaseNkantolo: ilawula amafayela amacala, inikeza izifungo kofakazi nakujuli, futhi ilungise umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala.
  • umdwebi wamabalazwe: ngokuvamile usetshenziswa ngokuhambelana nentatheli yasenkantolo, lo chwepheshe uqinisekisa ukuthi i-transcript ebhalwe ngokuqondile.

Ukuqonda lezi zici ezingokomzimba kuyasiza ekuqedeni okuhlangenwe nakho kokuba senkantolo futhi kuqokomisa ukunakekelwa okunikezwayo kokwahlukanisa izindima zabahlanganyeli.

Icala Lasemzabalazweni: Ukuxazulula Izingxabano Zangasese

Umthetho ulawula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, izinkampani, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Umkhohlisi ufuna ikhambi elikhokhelwayo, elivame ukubuyiselwa ngemali, ngenxa yokulimala okubangelwa izenzo noma iziphakamiso zommangalelwa. Umthwalo wobufakazi ecaleni lomphakathi uwubuqondisi bobufakazi [, okusho ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ummangalelwa akafaneleki.

Izinhlobo Ezivamile Zamacala Angaphakathi

  • [ Izimpikiswano: Izivumelwano, njengokwehluleka ukukhokha izinkonzo noma ukuhambisa izimpahla.
  • Izenzakalo ze-Tort:[ ukulimaza komuntu siqu, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukunganaki, kanye nomphumela.
  • [ Izimpikiswano ezingokwesisho:[ Imingcele yezwe, ukudambisa, izingxabano ezithatha indawo, kanye nezihloko.
  • Izindaba zomthetho womkhaya:[ isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya obunqanda iziyalezo.

Iziphetho Zokumangalelwa Komphakathi

Inqubo yokukhangisa kwezakhamuzi iwuhlelo, eklanyelwe ukuba zombili izinhlangothi zinikeze amacala azo ngokugcwele ngaphambi kokuba kudingeke ukuqulwa kwecala.

Abayali Babangela Ukuntengantenga

Ummangalelwa kufanele afake amaface ayi- u-palplant ekhomba isisekelo esingokomthetho sokumangalela nokukhululeka okuceliwe. Ummangalelwa makafake i-' impendulo[ phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe, kungaba ukuvuma noma ukuphika impikiswano ngayinye. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula, kungangena isahlulelo esinephutha.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola ukuthi kuhlanganisa ukuqoqa ubufakazi futhi kungathatha izinyanga eziningi. Amathuluzi ahlanganisa ukuphenya, izicelo zezincwadi, izifungo (noma izicelo ezingaphansi kokufushaniswa), kanye nezicelo zokuvuma. Ukwaziswa kokwaziswa kuyadingeka ukuze kwembulwe amandla nobuthakathaka bendaba yohlangothi ngalunye.

Imihlangano Yangaphambi Kwenkathi Nemihlangano Yokuhlala

Ngamunye angase afake icebo lokwahlulela ngokufushanisiwe, athi azikho izindaba ezingokoqobo zezinto ezibonakalayo nokuthi umthetho ubanika imvume yokuwina ngaphandle kwecala. Abahluleli bavame ukukhuthaza izingqungquthela ukuba zixazulule izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuba ziye emacaleni. Amacala amaningi ahlala kule nkathi.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma ukuxazulula inkinga kuhluleka, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa. Umkhohlisi unikeza ubufakazi kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Ummangalelwa ube eseveza icala lakhe. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungahlanganisa ofakazi bomunye. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, amajaji noma amajaji akhipha isinqumo ngamabomu.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nezokukhanga Zangemva Kwe - Internet

Uma noma imuphi umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi kwenzeke iphutha elingokomthetho phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, angafaka icala elisha noma isikhalo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zigxila emaphutha omthetho, hhayi ubufakazi obusha. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma idlulise icala ukuze kuqalwe ezinye izikhalo.

Ukuze uthole isiqondiso semininingwane eyengeziwe ngenqubo yomphakathi, hlola Imithetho esemthethweni ye-ovile Proceduction egcinwe yi-Great Information Institute.

Amacala Ezigebengu: UHulumeni Ufuna Ubulungisa

Ecaleni lobugebengu, uhulumeni (ukuqulwa) umangalela umuntu (umthetho) ngokwephula umthetho. Injongo iwukujezisa ukona, ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, nokuvikela umphakathi. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphakeme kakhulu: umshushisi kumelwe abonise ukuthi unecala [ ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo [.

Izingxenye Zobugebengu

  • [ Icala elingathi sína: amacala anjengokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukugqekeza, isijeziso sokuboshwa okungaphezu konyaka.
  • [ Izikhokhi ezingathi sína: Zimbalwa iziphakamiso ezinjengokwebiwa okuncane, ukuhlaselwa okulula, ukuziphatha okungahlelekile, ne-DUI (icala lokuqala). Imali yesibhakathi ihilela ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa, noma isikhathi sokuvalelwa ejele kuze kube unyaka owodwa.
  • Iziphazamiso: Ukuphuka okuncane njengamathikithi omgwaqo, ngokuvamile okuphumela ekukhokheleni amaface futhi kungabi khona isikhathi sejele.

Isigebengu Sihamba Ngenkani

Ukucwaninga Nokuboshwa

I-according mithetho ihlola ubugebengu obusolwayo ngokuqoqa ubufakazi, ngokuxoxa nofakazi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngokuthola isiqinisekiso sokufuna. Uma kungenzeka ukuthi ikhona, umsoli uyaboshwa. Ngaleliqophelo, Ama-Muranda [ kumelwe afundwe uma ukuphenywa kwelungelo kuhlolwe.

Ukubonakala Kwenkantolo Yokuqala Nokukhubazeka

Phakathi namahora angu-48 okuboshwa (noma njengoba kufunwa umthetho wezwe), ummangalelwa uvela phambi komahluleli. Icala liyafundwa, ibheyili iyahlelwa, futhi usuku lokuzwa kwakuqala luhlelwe. Inqubo yenqubo [ iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubuya kommangalelwa enkantolo ngesikhathi kugcinwa ijele ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Nokuvuka Okukhulu

Emacaleni amacala okuqulwa kwecala, kuqulwa icala lokuqala ukuze kutholakale ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini ukuqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Okanye, ijaji elikhulu lingase likhiphe icala. Ummangalelwa ube esebekwa icala, lapho efaka khona isicelo: umqulu, hhayi icala, noma ungenamncintiswano (lolo proteere).

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Abameli bamabutho avikelayo bavame ukuthatha ama-stem ukuze bacindezele ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, ukuxosha amacala, noma ukushintsha indawo. Le mithetho ingawuthinta kakhulu umphumela wecala. Ukuxoxisana kuvamile kuleliqophelo, futhi i-Plea idlalwe ngamacala obugebengu angaphezu kwa 90% axazululwa ngokunxusa, hhayi ngokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma icala lingafinyelelwanga, icala liyaqulwa. Umshushisi unikeza ubufakazi kuqala, ngomthwalo wokufakazela isici ngasinye sobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuzivikela kunganikeza ubufakazi bakho, kodwa akudingeki ukuba kufakazele. Ijaji (noma umahluleli ekuqulweni kwebhentshi) likhipha isinqumo ngamabomu futhi libuyisele isinqumo sokuba necala noma ungenacala. Ijaji elihlukene (ijaji elinecala) liholela enkantolo engafanele; ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaphinde kuhlolwe.

Ukugwetshwa

Uma ethola isigwebo, ummangalelwa ugwetshwa umahluleli. Ukugwetshwa kungase kwenzeke ngokushesha noma ngemva kwecala elihlukene. Izici ezicatshangelwayo zihlanganisa ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu, izinkulumo zokuhlasela kwezisulu, neziqondiso zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni zokugweba.

Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Abamangalelwa ababoshelwe banelungelo lokudlulisa ukukholeka kwabo noma umusho, ngokuvamile osekelwe emaphutheni noma osizo olungasebenzi lweseluleko. Amakhambi okukhipha izikhalo anjenge-habeas corpus acela inselele yokuvinjelwa. Ukuze ucazulule inqubo yezicelo zikahulumeni, bheka ikhasi lokudlulisa izikhalo.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwamacala Ezakhamuzi Nezobugebengu

Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zinezici ezivumelanayo zenqubo efanele, izinhloso nezinqubo zazo zihluke kakhulu. Ikhasi elingezansi lifingqa izinto ezihlukanisayo eziyinhloko.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Purpose:[ Thupha - sekela iqembu elilimele; ubugebengu – ukujezisa owenzele okubi nokunqanda ubugebengu.
  • Izindawo zobulungu:[ Thursday – Private fosttiff vs. Ummangalelwa; Isigebengu – uHulumeni (ukuqulwa) v. ummangalelwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibheji lobufakazi: i-Livin – Precience of the producence (cishe kungenjalo); ubugebengu – Ngaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo (indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu).
  • [ Imali efunyenweyo: Umonakalo we-Civil – Monetary, imiyalo, ukwenza okuthile; ubugebengu – Impepho, ukugcinwa, ukuboshwa, noma ukufa.
  • [ Akuluquku lweseluleko: Khevini - Akukho uqinisekisa ilungelo lommeli omisiwe enkantolo (ngaphandle komthetho womkhaya othile kanye namacala okuncika); isigebengu – Abamangalelwa abakhonjiwe banelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokweluleka (Gideon v. Wainwright).
  • I-Juries: Thurstries ka-6-162] ivumeleka ezindabeni eziningi kodwa idla ngokuwalahla; iCriminal – i-Federal felony banelungelo lokuthatha izijeziso ezihlangene ze-12 pperson; izifunda eziningi zidinga izinqumo ezivumelanayo zobugebengu obungathi sína.

Imithombo yemfundo ye-American Bar Association [ inikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe ezimisweni zenkantolo kanye nomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zecala.

Imbangela Yalokho: Indima Yempi Ehlukile

Akuwona wonke amacala afika enkantolo. Isinqumo sempikiswano ehlukile (ADR) sifeza indima ekhulayo kokubili ezindaweni zomphakathi nezezigebengu.

  • I- I-mediation:[ Ilungu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi lisiza izithako ukuba zifinyelele indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Ikakhulukazi ezivamile emthethweni womkhaya, izingxabano zesivumelwano, nezingxabano zomphakathi.
  • Arbitution: Izwi langasese lapho umahluleli (kaningi umahluleli othathe umhlala-phansi) enza isinqumo esibophayo. Izivumelwano eziningi zezentengiselwano zidinga ukuvalwa.
  • [[NT.0] Iziphazamiso (Ekuthatheni icala): Emthethweni wobugebengu, i-ADR ayidingi ukuvumelana kwabantu futhi igwema ukukhokha phakathi komshushisi nokhuselo, okugwema ukuqulwa kwecala emacaleni amaningi amakhulu.

Isikhungo sesizwe se-National Center for State Courts inikeza ukuqonda ngendlela i-ADR enciphisa ngayo ukuminyana kwenkantolo futhi isiza izigingqi ukuba zithole amakhambi.

I - Jury Enkulu: Umshini Oyingqayizivele Osetshenziswa Ezindaweni Zokunyathelisa

Kumthetho kahulumeni wobugebengu nasezifundeni eziningi, amacala angathi sína kumelwe abukezwe kuqala abahluleli abakhulu. Ngokungafani nejaji eliqulwayo (abahluleli abanecala), ijaji elikhulu alinqumi icala; linquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokumangalela. Amaprojekthi ayimfihlo, futhi abamangaleli kuphela abanikeza ubufakazi. Ijaji elikhulu linamandla okuphikisa amapopona futhi liqhube ubufakazi. Nakuba isimiso esikhulu sabahluleli sisebenza njengesehlo ekumangalelweni okungenasisekelo.

Imithetho Esobala Elawula Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Imithetho esemthethweni yobufakazi kanye nohulumeni wabo babusa lokho umahluleli noma ijaji elingakucabangela. AbaLawuli kumelwe bamelane nobufakazi obungakholekiyo (-smetay, ubufakazi obunophawu, ukuxhumana okukhethekile, ukukuvimbela ukuthonya isinqumo. Umahluleli ushaya imithetho ephikisayo ngesikhathi sangempela, ngokuvamile ubambe izingqungquthela ze-pane. Lemithetho ayiyona nje imisebenzi engokolwazi, ivikela ukuthembeka kwecala.

Imiqondo esobala eyisisekelo ihlanganisa ukusebenza (ukuqiniseka kumelwe kuthambekele ekufakazeleni noma ekuphikiseni iqiniso), ukuthembeka (ubufakazi obungokwesayensi kumelwe buhlangabezane nendinganiso yamaDaubert), nokukhishwa kwezincwadi ezisolayo ngokungafanele. Ukuqonda lemithetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani olandela inkantolo ngokuseduze.

Ukuwohloka Kwenkantolo Nesimiso Sokuhlasela

Isimiso somthetho waseMelika simiswa ngokuklanywa ngokomthetho .Iqembu ngalinye lisekela ukuma kwalo ngamandla phakathi kwesimiso esihlelwe kahle. Abahluleli basebenza njengababengi abangathathi hlangothi, hhayi abaquli becala. Lokhu kuchaza ngamandla ukuthi kungani ukuziphatha kwenkantolo kulawulwa ngokuqinile. Ama-Attorney kumelwe abize umahluleli ngokuthi “Udumo Lwakho,” ugweme ukuhlasela komuntu siqu, futhi ume lapho ukhuluma nenkantolo. OFakazi bafungelelwa futhi bafanele banqamule ukunciswa. Abantu nabezindaba bangaqaphela ukuqulwa okuningi, kodwa iziphazamiso azibekezelelwe.

Lokhu kugcina kuphakamisa isithunzi salenqubo futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela isekelwe ebufakazini nasemiqondweni, hhayi emzwelweni noma emandleni.

Ukukhanga: Ukulungisa Amaphutha Nokululaza UMthetho

Inqubo ye-appellate iyisigaba esihlukile sokuthatha i-ligita. Indawo elawulayo ihlola irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala (imibhalo egciniwe, imiboniso, futhi ibhalwe ngemifushana (yeziphazamiso ezingokomthetho). Izimpikiswano zomlomo zimfushane (avame ukuba 15-30 imizuzu hlangothi zonke). Iqembu elilahlekileyo libonisa ukuthi iphutha lenzekile nokuthi lithinta umphumela (iphutha elingenaphutha izilinganiso zemilinganiso. indingathathssss. Izinkantolo ezingase ziqinisekise, ukulahla, ukulahla, ukulahla, noma ukubuyisela. Isinqumo sezwe esivela ezinkantolo, ikakhulukazi enkantolo yase-U.

Ngokwesibonelo, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme imanda v. Arizona, [[FLT:] Gideon v. Wainwright[, kanye [[FLT]BN v. Ibhodi yemfundo zonke zaqala ngecala elivamile enkantolo equlwayo.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zabafundi Nabafundisi

Kubafundi bomthetho, inkantolo kanye ne [FLT]] izinhlelo zilingisa ukuqulwa kwecala kwangempela, zifundisa amakhono enkantolo, ubufakazi, necebo lokulawula. Icala lobugebengu nabafundisi bangaphambi komthetho ngokuvamile ziletha abafundi ukuba baqaphele ukuqulwa okungokoqobo egcekeni lesifunda. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza futhi imithombo yosizo yezentengiselwano ekwazi ukunikeza abameli abangakwazi ukukhokhela. Ukukhokha imvume enkantolo izakhamuzi ezinikezwa imvume yokusebenza njengejaji, ofakazi, noma amaqembu enkantolo.

[[I-FLT:0] inzuzo yemfundo yejaji [ inikeza amapulani ezifundo, amavidiyo, kanye nabaqondisi bothisha nabafundi.

Isiphetho: INkantolo NjengeNsika Yobulungisa

Kusukela ekuqaleni kokukhononda kuya ekuphetheni kwempikiswano, inkantolo ilapho izimiso ezingekho ngqiqweni ziba khona lapho izimiso zomthetho eziqinile zithinta khona ukuphila kwangempela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuxazulula isivumelwano sesivumelwano sesigidi se-dollar noma ukunquma isiphetho sommangalelwa wesigebengu, lenqubo yakhiwe emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esiko.

Ukuqonda izinqubo zomthetho zomphakathi nowezigebengu kwenza leli qembu liphelelwe amandla futhi kugcizelela umqondo wokuthi ubulungisa abuzenzakaleli; kudinga ukuba abahluleli, abameli, abahluleli nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo.