Inqubo yomthetho indikimba yomthetho emisa imithetho nezindinganiso ezilandelwa izinkantolo lapho zikhipha ukumangalelwa komphakathi. Lemithetho ibusa zonke izici zecala lomphakathi, kusukela ekuququzeleleni komthetho kokuqala ngokuthola isikhalo, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuqulwa, nanoma isiphi isikhalo esingaba khona. Abafundi bomthetho, ama-paragali, nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda okuphelele kwenqubo yomphakathi akuyona nje imfundo efundwayo, kubalulekile ukuqondisa izinqumo zecala langempela. Ngokungafani nenqubo yobugebengu, ehilela uhulumeni ukumangalela umuntu ngokophulwa komthetho wobugebengu, inqubo yombangokwabantu abazimele (i-paredians, izinhlangano, izinhlangano, izikhungo) ezimelelweni, izibopho, neminye imikhankano. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukukhuliswa, ezingenisweni zezelelwa ezicikweni zomphakathi, nezingathwano, nezinganiso zanamuhla.

Ukubukeza Inqubo Yangaphakathi

Inqubo yomphakathi iwumkhakha omkhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. E-United States, iklanyelwe ngokuyinhloko [i-FLT:0] Imithetho e-Federal of Civil Procedure (FRCP) ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi ngemithetho kahulumeni esemthethweni ebekwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Imithetho iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, ukuphumelela, nokubikezela ezinqumweni. Bakhuluma yonke into kusukela ekuhlanganeni kweqembu leqembu namazwi, ukunxusa izimfuneko zokuthola izinto, umkhuba wokuhamba, nokuhlola. Ukuqonda lemithetho kuyagxeka ngoba ngisho nemithetho emincane ebekwe engekho mthethweni yecala noma ukukhishwa kobufakazi obuyinhloko.

Umgomo oweqisayo wenqubo yomphakathi uwukunikeza uhlelo oluhleliwe oluvumela kokubili abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa ukuba banikeze amacala abo, bathole amaqiniso ahlobene, futhi bathole isinqumo esilungile (ngoba kungenzeka ngesahlulelo, ukuhlaziywa, noma ngesinqumo sokuphikisana okuhlukile. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iphawule ngokuphindaphindiwe, imithetho yemiklamo ihloselwe ukuvikela ukuzimisela “ngokulunga, okusheshayo, nokungabizi lutho nokungabizi lutho kwezenzo nenqubo” (FRCP Lawurence).

Izinga Lecala Lezakhamuzi

Amacala angaphakathi avame ukuqhubekela phambili ngokulandelana kwezigaba ezicacisiwe. Nakuba kungezona zonke izimo ezizofika emacaleni", izikhithi eziningi noma zixoshwa ngaphambi kwe-($"i-procedtural map ayiguquguquki. Ngezansi kungokokuwohloka kwesigaba ngasinye.

1. Ukuziphilisa Kwangaphambili Nesidingo

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe, amaqembu avame ukwenza imisebenzi yangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Lesi sigaba singahlanganisa ukuxoxisana ngokwethukela, ukuthumela uhlamvu olubhalwe phansi [ (lapho ummangalelwa echaza izikhalo zawo futhi ecela ikhambi eliqondile), futhi eqoqa ubufakazi bokuqala. Izivumelwano eziningi zidinga ukukhishwa noma ukukhishwa kwemvume ngaphambi kokuba kuqale. I-patrydiation iyisikhathi futhi sokuhlola amandla ecala labo, cabangela izindleko ze-ligiation, nokuhlola izinketho ezithile. Izinhlangano ze-mishuwalkhomsmu zivame ukuhileleka kulesigaba, ikakhulukazi ekulimaleni noma ekulimaleni impahla yomuntu siqu.

Ukumangalela icala kuyabiza futhi kuthatha isikhathi, ngakho abameli abanokuhlangenwe nakho bavame ukuzama ukuxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kokungenela kwenkantolo. Nokho, uma izingxoxo zihluleka, icala lithatha ukuncenga okungokomthetho.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Icala elingokomthetho liqala uma i-paltiff ifaka umbango ngenkantolo efanele. Ukukhononda kuyisikhalazo esiyisisekelo esiveza izisho zomholi. Ngaphansi kwe-FRCP nemithetho eminingi yombuso, isikhalo kumelwe siqukethe:

  • Amazwi amafushane nacacile aphathelene nesisekelo sokubusa kwenkantolo (isib., ukubusa kwezindaba ezihlukahlukene noma ukubusa kwezwe).
  • Amazwi amafushane nacacile okuzisholo abonisa ukuthi umncengi unelungelo lokukhululeka.
  • Isidingo sokukhululeka safunwa (ngokwesibonelo, ukulimala kwemali, ukukhululeka okungalawuleki, noma ukwahlulela okuhlasimulisayo).

Izindinganiso zokuncenga zanamuhla, ezibunjwe yizinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme iBell Atlantic Corp. v. Ezimbili zibekwe nge- (2007) kanye Ashcroft v. Iqbal [209]), ifuna ukuba ukukhononda kube neziphakamiso eziyiqiniso ezanele ukuveza ukuthi isiqubulo “siyaqondakala ebusweni." Lokhu kuye kwaphakamisa ibhar ye-partffs, okumelwe manje kunikeze amalebula naziphetho nje.

Inkonzo yenqubo

Ngemva kokuvala isikhalo, ummangalelwa kumelwe azise ummangalelwa ngokusemthethweni ngenqubo yecala . Lokhu kuhilela ukuhambisa ikhophi yecala kanye ne-off (noma isaziso esifanayo) kummangalelwa. Inkonzo kumelwe ihambisane nemithetho eqinile esemthethweni yecala ngokuhambisa komuntu siqu, ishiye amaphepha endaweni evamile yokuhlala kommangalelwa eneminyaka efanelekile, noma ngeposi esayinwa. Inkonzo ingaholela ekuxoshweni icala noma ukubambezela. I-FRCP nemithetho yombuso kunikezelwe izindlela ezithile, njengokukhishwa kwezincwadi, uma ummangalelwa engenakho.

4. Ukusabela Kweqembu Eliyilwe

Uma eseqediwe, ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule phakathi nesikhathi esinqunyiwe (ngokwesibonelo izinsuku ezingu-21 ngaphansi kwe-FRCP, nakuba imithetho kahulumeni ihluka. Ummangalelwa unezindlela eziningana:

  • Impendulo: Ummangalelwa ufaka impendulo, uvuma noma uphika impikiswano ngayinye ekukhonondeni. Ukwehluleka ukuphika ukumangalela kungabhekwa njengokuvuma.
  • Ukukhipha: Esikhundleni sempendulo, ummangalelwa angafaka umzila wokuxosha ngaphansi komthetho 12(b) ngenxa yokungabinagunyaza, indawo engafanelekile, inqubo enganele, ukuhluleka ukusho ukuzisho, noma okunye ukushiyeka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ikholiji: Ummangalelwa angaqinisa icala ngokufaka i-staff evunayo emdlalweni ofanayo. I-Counterclaims ingaphoqelelwa (ukukhipha intengo efanayo) noma ukuyekelela.
  • Crossclaim:[[FL:1] Ezimweni ezinabamangalelwa abaningi, ummangalelwa angagomela ngokumelene nomphathi we-defanti.

Uma ukuxoshwa kwecala kunqatshelwa, inkantolo izoyala ummangalelwa ukuba abhale impendulo.

Ukutholwa. 5.

Ukuvubukulwa kuvame ukuba yisigaba esikhulu kakhulu nebizayo sokunikezana ulwazi. Yinqubo lapho bobabili abantu bexoxa ngokwaziswa nobufakazi belungiselela ukuqulwa kwecala. I-FRCP ivumela ukutholakala okubanzi “kwento engahlelekile evumelana nokusho noma yikuphi noma yikuphi ukuzivikela kweqembu futhi kulingana nezidingo zendaba” (Rule 26(b)(1). Amathuluzi abalulekile okutholakele ahlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFL:0] Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ngokuvamile ilinganiselwe ku 25 wemibuzo ngaphansi kwe-FRCP.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izindawo:[ Ubufakazi bomlomo obuthathwa phambi kwentatheli yenkantolo noma umshini wevidiyo, onethuba lokuhlola ukunqamule. Izimo zingaba ezomthendeleko, ofakazi, noma ochwepheshe.
  • Izicelo zempumelelo: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki (ESI), nezinto ezibonakalayo. I-e-revolution yanamuhla iye yaba insimu enkulu, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezihilela imiqulu emikhulu yama-imeyili nemininingwane yohlelo.
  • [ Izimemo zokugunyaza: izimemezelo okumelwe ukuthi umbangi uvume noma aphike, ezisetshenziselwa ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukuhlola okungokomzimba nokungokwengqondo: kuhlelwe inkantolo kuphela uma isimo somzimba noma sengqondo yomunye umuntu siphikisana.

Ukuthola kudinga futhi abahlangene ukuba baqambe futhi benze uhlelo lokuthola, futhi izinkantolo zibeke izijeziso zokwehluleka ukubambisana. Ukwanda kwe-e-revory kuye kwenezela izingqimba zobunkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi wokulondoloza i-ESI kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-codemic ekubukezeni imibhalo. Inzuzo ewusizo emithethweni eyimfihlo iyi- Imithetho ye-Federal Procediture njenge-diction.

6. Izingxoxo Nemihlangano Yangaphambi Kwezikhathi

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, amaqembu angahlanganisa izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ezihloselwe ukuxazulula icala noma ukulinganisela izimpikiswano. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo sesifushaniso: Ngaphansi komthetho 56, iqembu lingase lithathele ukwahlulela ukuncenga kanye nezinto ezitholakalayo uma kungekho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo futhi i-movant inelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Indinganiso iphakeme; izinkantolo zibheka ubufakazi ekukhanyeni ngokuvumelana kakhulu neqembu elingahambi.
  • Motion in Limine: Ukunyakaza kokukhipha ubufakazi ekuqulweni kwecala, ngokuvamile ngokuphathelene nenzwabethi, ilungelo, noma izinto ezicwasayo.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: ifaywe uma umkhakha ehluleka ukuphendula izicelo ezitholakele noma unikeza izimpendulo ezanele.
  • Ukujoyina ukuhlambuluka: ngokwephulwa kwemithetho etholakele noma iziyalezo zenkantolo.

Inkantolo izobamba futhi izingqungquthela zangaphambi komthetho (ngaphansi komthetho 16) ukuxoxa ngokuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, kanye nokulawulwa kwezokuhlola. Ingqungquthela yokugcina iphumela ohlelweni lwangaphambi kwezokuhlolwa olulawula inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokuxazulula, ukwahlulela okufushanisiwe, noma ukuxoshwa, liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukuqulwa kungaba ukuqulwa kwebhentshi (ukwahlulela kuphela) noma ukuqulwa kwecala (uma isicelo sabahluleli senziwe ngokufanele). Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala iveza ngokulandelana okuvamile:

  • Ukukhetha (Uhlobo oluphezulu): emacaleni abahluleli, abameli namajaji babuza abahluleli abangathola ubandlululo futhi baqinisekise amajaji angakhethi.
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izinhlangothi zonke zihlela ubufakazi ezihlose ukubunikeza, ngaphandle kokuphikisana namaqiniso.
  • Icala lika-Platotiff: I-paltiff inikeza ubufakazi ngofakazi nangemibukiso, okumelwe iqondiswe futhi incitshiswe.
  • [ Icala le-Defentant:[ Ummangalelwa unikeza ubufakazi bakhe nofakazi.
  • [[UMTH:0] Inqaba kanye nomthetho: yalinganisela ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuphikisa indaba yolunye uhlangothi.
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Ama-Attorney afingqa ubufakazi futhi aphikisane ngesinqumo esivumelana nabo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imiyalo e-Jury: Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingafaka iziyalezo ezihlongozwayo.
  • Jurlibration and Verdact: Abasizi bamajaji ngamabomu ngasese futhi babuyisa isinqumo. Enkantolo kahulumeni, izinqumo zejaji lezakhamuzi akudingeki ukuba zivumelane ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu avumelane.

[ umthwalo wobufakazi ezimweni zomphakathi uwubuqondisisa ubufakazi ." kusho i-pacttiff kumelwe ibonise ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kunaleyo “engakholeki ngokunengqondo” indinganiso ezicabeni zobugebengu.

8. Ukuhamba Nokukhanga Kwangemva Kwempi

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekile lingase lithathe uhambo lwangemva kwe-testry, kuhlanganise:

  • [[NT.0] Ukuthatha i-Motion yokwahlulela njengendaba yoMthetho (JMOL):[ Ukunyakaza okuvuselelwe ngaphansi koMthetho 50(b), uphikisa ngokuthi abukho ubufakazi obanele obusekela isinqumo.
  • [[INT:0] Ukubekwa kwecala elisha:[ ngaphansi komthetho 59, osekelwe kumaphutha ekuqulweni kwecala, ukuziphatha okubi, noma isinqumo esimelene nobunzima bobufakazi.
  • [[I- Ukuhlanganisa ukuthatha noma ukwahlulela okunganqamukiyo: Ngaphansi kokubusa 59(e), ukulungisa amaphutha asobala omthetho noma iqiniso.

Uma le mithetho inqatshelwa, umkhandlu ungafaka appal enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zigxila kakhulu emaphuthani omthetho, hhayi izimpikiswano ezingokoqobo (ngaphandle kwephutha). Inkantolo ye-appelte ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma iphinde ilungise icala. Enkantolo yesifunda, izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ziya eNkantolweni Yezikhalo, futhi ekugcineni zibhekise eNkantolo Ephakeme (ngezona izimpikiswano ze-partortiari). ISikhundla sokwaziswa esisemthethweni inikeza ukucubukiswa okubanzi kwenqubo ye-AUPLT]

Enye Impikiswano

Akuzona zonke izingxabano zomphakathi okumelwe ziphele ecaleni. Izinkantolo zikhuthaza kakhulu ukuphikisana ngesinqumo esihlukile [ izinqubo zokunciphisa ukuqulwa kwamacala nezindleko. Izindlela ezimbili ezivamile ze-ADR yi:

  • [ I-mediation:[ Iqembu lesithathu elingathathi-hlangothi lisiza izingxoxo phakathi kwamaqembu ukuba zisize ukuba zifinyelele indawo yokuhlala yokuzithandela. Ukubuyisana akukhona ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sisayinwe.
  • I-Arbitration: Isiphathi-mkhatha sezwa ubufakazi futhi sikhipha isinqumo esibophayo noma esingabophi. Izivumelwano eziningi zezentengiselwano zihlanganisa izigaba ezibophekile zokuhlanganisa.
  • [[QULT:0] Ukuhlola komnyombo [ kanye [[FTL:2] premial Serafining ezinye izindlela ze-ADR ezisetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo.

Izinkantolo zivame ukuba nemithetho yendawo efuna amaqembu athathe i-ADR ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. i-American Bar Association’s Language on Dispute Resolution inikeza isiqondiso esengeziwe.

Izindima Zabahlanganyeli Abayinhloko

Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani owenza lokho endabeni yomphakathi kubalulekile.

I - caltiff

Ummangaleli uqala icala futhi abe nobufakazi obuyikho. Kumelwe akhulume ngokunengqondo, abeke icala icala icala ngokufanelekile, futhi avumelane nezikhathi ezimisiwe. Ummangalelwa angase abe umuntu, ibhizinisi, noma inhlangano kahulumeni. Ezindinganisweni zekilasi, ummangalelwa umelela iqembu labantu abasendaweni efanayo (obekwe ngaphansi komthetho).

Umvikeli

Ummangalelwa uphendula ekukhonondeni futhi avikele ekumangalelweni. Ummangalelwa angase futhi alethe izikhangiso eziphikisayo noma isigaba sesithathu. Izinqumo zeqhinga − njengalapho kufanele aphendule noma athuthe ukuze axoshe isigwebo. Ummangalelwa ohlulekayo ukuphendula angase abhekane nesahlulelo esiphelele.

Ijaji

Umahluleli uqondisa icala, ubusa ngezenzo, ukwahlulela, ukusingatha ukuqulwa kwecala, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi icala liyoqulwa kahle. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli unquma futhi amaqiniso. Abahluleli banokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekuhleleni imicimbi nasekuqondiseni amacala, futhi bangase babeke izijeziso zokuziphatha okubi. Amajaji angokoMasterl amiswa ukuze aphile, kuyilapho amajaji ezwe engase akhethwe noma amiswe.

Ama - attorney

Ama-athorney amelela izigigaba. Imisebenzi yabo ihlanganisa ukuphenya amaqiniso, ukuncenga nokuthatha isinyathelo, ukuthatha izinto ezizohlolwa, ukuxoxa ngezindawo zokuhlala, nokuphikisana lapho kuqulwa icala. Izibopho zobushiqela ngaphansi kwe-Model Reals of Professional Pavel zidinga abameli ukuba benze izinto ngokufanele, baxhumane namakhasimende, futhi bagweme izingxabano zesithakazelo. Ummeli onekhono angawenza umehluko phakathi kokunqoba nokunqoba.

Jury

Enkantolo yamajaji, abahluleli basebenza njengomtholi weqiniso. abameleli balalela ubufakazi, bathola iziyalezo zomthetho ezivela kumajaji, futhi ngamabomu bafinyelele isinqumo. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwenkantolo yejaji engokomthetho liqinisekiswa iSichibiyelo Sesikhombisa sesambande sesambase sesamba sesamba secala somthetho lapho isambatha sempikiswano singaphezu kuka - R2.

Abanye Ababambi - qhaza

Omabhalane baphatha amashekethi namadokisi; [ isikhulu senkantolo sidala ama-copyrgins; [ ofakazi abacuphi banikeza ulwazi olukhethekile; kanye nama-paragales[[[ asiza abameli ngokucwaninga nangendlela yezincwadi.

Ukucabangela Okubi

Phambi kokuqulisa icala, inkantolo ekhethiwe kumelwe inqume ukuthi inkantolo ekhethiwe inawo womabili amagunya ayinhloko-mathematime kanye no-[FLT] umbuso wabanye [[ ku-mmangalelwa]. Igunya lecala libhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo elikhethekile lokuzwa uhlobo lwecala (umz., izinkantolo zombuso zilinganiselwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III, kuhlanganise nemithetho ehlukahlukene ngaphansi kwe-U.S.C. 7632 ne-oversition ngaphansi kwe-28.U.C.[3]][3][3]] [5]]

Ukucabangela Okunengqondo Nokuwusizo

Izimiso zokuphatha ezihlaziywayo zidlulela ngalé kokuziphatha kommeli. Abameli kumelwe bavumelane nemithetho yemithwalo yemfanelo yobuchwepheshe, bagweme iziphakamiso eziwubala (Izijeziso ezingu-11), futhi balondoloze imfihlo yekhasimende. Ukuthumba i-Discove. "njengokugodlela amabhukwana ahlobene naleyo mithetho noma ukugwema) ukujezisa ukujezisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko eziphakeme zezingcindezi eziphonqisa amaqembu ukuba ahlale, ngisho noma bekholelwa ukuthi anqoba ekuqulweni. Ukuqonda inqubo yomphakathi kuqinisa amaqembu nabameli ukuba basebenzise izinqumo zolwazi ukuze benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngenqubo, ukubuyisana nokuqulwa kwecala.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yomphakathi iyisici esiqinile sokubekwa kwemithetho yesizwe. Ngokufunda izigaba ezisukela ekuhlolweni kwangaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-covil Procedure, ukutholwa, ukuthatha uhambo, ukulingwa, nokukhanga ("studenti") , nokukhanga) − izikhombo kanye nothisha bangakwazisa ukufakwa kwemithetho, amasu, nobulungisa okulawula inqubo yobulungisa. Isimiso esimiswe yi-Federal Games of Civil Proceduredare futhi sigunyaze ukuqondwa okujulile kwenqubo yomphakathi akunakwenzeka ngokulandelana.