Ukuqonda Inkathi Yokwaziswa

I-Digital Age, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Digital Age, ayiqalanga ngokusungula into eyodwa kodwa kunalokho yazivelela ngokuhlangana kokuhlanganisa kwe-computer, i-locat, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokugcina izinto ngemishini ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ama-microces akuqala, ukuvela kwamacomputer ethu e-1980, nokuthunyelwa komphakathi kwe-World Wide Web ekuqaleni kwawo, kwashintsha kakhulu ukushintsha indlela ukwaziswa okudalwe ngayo, kwasakazwana, futhi kwasetshenziswa ngayo. Namuhla, i-cell phone yathwala amandla ephaketheni ngaphezu kwemishini eqondisa imikhankampane, kanye nemininingwane ehamba ngesivinini esibonakala singenakuphumelela ezizizukulwane ezimbili kuphela ezidlule.

Lenkathi ichazwa yisici sayo esisobala kakhulu: inala. Lapho izizukulwane zangaphambili zabhekana nokuntula kolwazi — okulinganiselwe emaphephandabeni ambalwa, iziteshi zomsakazo, kanye namathelevishini — manje silwa noxhaxha olungapheli oluvela ezigidini zemithombo. Imijikelezo yezindaba iye yancikelelwa kusuka nsuku zonke kuya kunyaka wonke. Amasiteji ezokuxhumana, ukusekela-algorithm-althme, kanye nokuxhumana komsebenzisi kusho ukuthi noma ubani ohlangene ne-inthanethi angasakaza isigijimi ezilalelini zembulunga yonke.

Lokhu kubekwa kwezwi ngokwentando yeningi kunenzuzo engenakuphikwa. Imiphakathi ehlukene ingahlanganyela izindaba zayo. Izintatheli zezakhamuzi zingabhala izenzakalo ezinganakwa. Abasizi bemithetho bangahlela ukunqamula imingcele. Kodwa isisekelo esifanayo esivumela lemiphumela eqondile futhi ivumela ukudukiswa, ukususwa kwezwi, kanye nenkulumo ephakamile ukuba zisakazeke ngesivinini esithusayo. Indaba engamanga ingaba nethuba lokusakaza inguquko. Ama-fieces nezithombe ezicushwe ngokuphindiwe zingawufiphaza umugqa phakathi kweqiniso nenkohliso. Umqulu wezinto eziqukethwe yikho kuvumela ukuba ulwe amandla ethu emvelo okuhlola ngokucophelela, kushiye ngisho nokuzinza kwabafundi bekho ukuba bangakwazi ukuyekelela.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuhamba kule ndawo akudingeki nje ukuba bangabaze — kudinga amakhono ahlelwe kahle angafundiswa, asetshenziswe futhi athuthukiswe.

Amakhono Ayinhloko Okusakaza Izindaba Nemithombo Yezindaba

Ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokuhlola izindaba nemithombo yezindaba ngokugxeka kuhilela ukwazi izilinganiso eziningana ezihlobene. Amakhono alandelayo aqashelwa kabanzi izinhlangano zezokubhala zemithombo yezindaba nabafundisi njengezici eziyinhloko zethuluzi lokuhlola eliphumelelayo:

  • Umsuka wokuhlola: Ukuhlela ukwethenjelwa nenhloso yommemezeli noma umqambi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Inkomba-mfa: Usebenzisa imithombo eminingi ezimele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ikuphi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqonda iBias: Ukuveza imibono yezombangazwe, yezentengiselwano, noma yemibono enesimo sokubika.
  • [[Uphawu:0]-Isikhombi-samvelo:[[Umthetho:1] Usebenzisa amathuluzi akhethekile nezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu ezicacisiwe ziyiqiniso.
  • I-media Literacy: Ukuqonda indlela amafomethi ezindaba ahlukene, amasu okukhiqiza, kanye neziteshi ezisakazayo ezithinta ngayo ukuchaza umyalezo.

Ngalinye lala makhono lidinga ukuhlola ngokujulile, ngoba aligcini nje ngokuhlola izinto kodwa liyimikhuba yokucabanga edinga ukujwayela ukuzisebenzisa ngaphakathi.

Ukuhlola Umthombo

Ukukhipha umthombo kuqala ngemibuzo eyisisekelo: Ubani owadala lokhu okuqukethwe? Banolwazi olunjani? Kodwa kunezici ezinembile zokubika? Kodwa ezisemzileni we-metalog, lemibuzo ixazululeka kakhulu. Iwebhusayithi elingisa umklamo wesikhangiso sezindaba esisemthethweni ingaba yinkohliso ngamabomu. Indaba yezokuxhumana nezinkulungwane zabalandeli ingaba yi-bot noma ukusebenza okuhlangene okungahambisani ne-recury.

Practical steps for source evaluation include:

  • Bheka ikhasi le webhusayithi "Ngena" ukuze uthole ukwaziswa mayelana nobunikazi, ukuxhasa ngemali, izinkambiso zomhleli, nezinqubo zokulungisa. Izindawo ezibonisa ngokucacile zisho ngokucacile lemininingwane; efiphele kakhulu ivame ukuyifihla.
  • Bheka igama lendawo ngokucophelela. Izindawo eziphezulu ezingavamile (njenge .com.co.co..infotainment) noma ukupeputsa okuncane kwezindawo zokukhipha ezaziwayo (njenge "cnn-trending.com") amaflagi abomvu.
  • Phendula igama lomlobi ukuze ubone isizinda somsebenzi wabo kanye nenye incwadi enyathelisiwe. Umlobi obhala kuphela ngendaba eyodwa noma onomlando wokukhuthaza izinkolelo-mbono zozungu kufanele aqashelwe.
  • Sebenzisa izinhlelo ezigciniwe njenge-Media Bias/Fact Hlola ukuze ubone ukuthi imithombo yezinga yokwethembeka nobandlululo iphelele kanjani. Nakuba kungekho simiso sokulinganisela isilinganiso esisodwa, la mathuluzi anikeza indawo yokuqala yokuqhathanisa.

Enye indlela enamandla efundiswa yi-Stanford History Education Group "ss" — ishiya ikhasi lokuqala livule ama-tab amasha futhi ifune ukwaziswa ngomsuka kanye nalokho okufunwayo. Kunokuba ihlale engosini eyodwa futhi izame ukwahlulela ukwethenjelwa kwayo ngaphakathi, abafundi basebenzisa ulwembu olubanzi ukuze bahlole umongo. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi abahloli bamaphuzu bathembele kakhulu kulendlela, kuyilapho abafundi ngokuvamile behlala bevalele ngaphakathi kwekhasi lokuqala.

Uphawu-imvume

Ukukhipha isigwebo kuwumkhuba wokuqinisekisa ukwaziswa ngokuhlola imithombo eminingi ezimele. Uma indaba ivela kuphela kuwebhusayithi eyodwa engaqondakali futhi ingeke itholakale kwenye indawo, lokho kuwuphawu olunamandla lokungaguquguquki. Ngokuphambene, uma izikhanyiso eziningi ezinedumela elidumile zibika amaqiniso afanayo, ukuqiniseka kuyakhula.

Ukubuyisela okuphumelelayo kuhilela okungaphezu kokuqinisekisa ukuthi indaba ikhona kwenye indawo. Ukucabangela okuyinhloko kuhlanganisa:

  • Uma imithombo ehlukene iphikisana, qhubeka uhlola.
  • Ungazi ukuthi izihloko ezindala eziye zahlelwa kabusha azinamsebenzi noma ziyadukisa uma zichazwa njengezishayelwayo.
  • Uma yonke imibiko ivela ezikhungweni ezisekela izombangazwe ezifanayo noma ezinabantu abazimele, kungase kube nendaba efiphele.

Ukubola kwesiphambano kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni amagciwane ahlangane nemithombo yezokuxhumana. Isihloko esikhulu esiphawulekayo noma isithombe esishaqisayo sivame ukususwa kumongo waso wokuqala. Ukufuna lokho okushiwoyo emongweni obanzi — ukusebenzisa amagama agqamile, ukuphenya, noma ukubheka ama-data ezithombe — kungaveza ngokushesha ukuthi okuqukethwe kunembile noma kusetshenziswe kabi.

Ukuqonda I - Bias

IBias ezindabeni ayiyona into embi ngokwemvelo; ngokuvamile iwumkhiqizo ongenakugwenywa wokwahlulela komuntu, izinto eziza kuqala, nowamathemba ezilalelini.

  • ubandlululo olukhethwayo:[ Yiziphi izindaba ezikhethelwe ukuhlanganiswa futhi ezinganakwa. Zonke izikhangiso zezindaba zenza lezinqumo, futhi ukukhetha kubonisa izindinganiso zomhleli.
  • ubandlululo oluchazayo: Indlela indaba evezwa ngayo — ulimi olusetshenziswayo, imithombo ecashunwe, izithombe ezikhethiwe, kanye nomongo onikeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ichaza ukubhikisha ngokuthi "umthetho" kanye "udemoni" kunezincazelo ezihlukene.
  • ubandlululo lwe-parisan:[ Ukuhlelwa okungalawuleki neqembu lezombangazwe noma imibono. Iziphazamiso ezidumisa elinye iqembu njalo futhi zilahle elinye elibonisa ubandlululo.
  • [ ubandlululo: Ithonya labakhangisi, abaxhasi, noma abanikazi benkampani ekuqukethe. Izindaba ezingase zithukuthelise abakhangisi zingalulazwa noma zigwenywe.

Ukuze uhlole ukuthi ukhethani, zibuze: Isiphi isimo sendaba? Ulimi lwemizwelo oluzama ukuvusa intukuthelo, ukwesaba, noma intukuthelo lusikisela ukuveza imibono eminingi ephambene, noma ingabe lesi sihloko sicaphuna kuphela imithombo evumelana nombono othile? Ingabe le mibono ecacile, izihloko zezindaba, kanye nokuhlaziya kuhlukile ekubikeni izindaba okuqondile?

Amathuluzi anjenge - AllSides abonisa ukucwasana kwemithombo yezindaba angasiza abafundi ukuba bafake izingcaphuno ezisukela kwesobunxele kuya kwesokunxele. Nokho, alikho ishadi eliqinisekile. Indlela ethembeke kakhulu iwukuqeda izindaba ngemithombo eminingi kwezombangazwe futhi baqaphele nobandlululo lwakho — ubandlululo oluqinisekisayo olusenza sibe nokwenzeka ukwamukela ukwaziswa okuvumelana nezinkolelo zethu ezikhona ngaphambili.

Ukuvinjelwa Kweqiniso

Iqiniso lokuhlola seliyisiyalo sobuchwepheshe, nezinhlangano ezinjenge Snopes, FactCcock.org, futhi Plat] Pholitict[ ezinikezelwe ekuhloleni izinto ezicacisiwe. Lezizingosi ezinikeza izimpawu ezihlanganisa imithombo, izikhombo zezikhathi, nezinqumiso (Iqiniso, Iqiniso, iQiniso, njll.). Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukwazi ukusebenzisa lemithombo kuyikhono ebucayi.

Ngaphandle kokuthembela kuchwepheshe abahlola amaqiniso, abantu bangasebenzisa indlela yeSIFT eyasungulwa uMike Caulfield wase Washington State University. SIFT imelela:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Misa:[ Ngaphambi kokwabelana noma ukwenza ngokwaziswa, yima ukuze uhlole ukuthi unawo yini umongo owanele.
  • [[UMTL:0] Hlanganisa umthombo: Sebenzisa ukufunda okulandelayo ukufunda ngommemezeli nomqambi.
  • Thola ubhaxa olungcono: Funa ukubika okuthenjwayo ngesihloko esifanayo kunokuhlaziya ukusho kwakuqala ngokuzehlukanisa.
  • izisho, izingcaphuno, nemithombo yezindaba kubuyela emuva emongweni wokuqala: Ingcaphuno noma isithombe kungenzeka ukuthi ithathwe ngaphandle komongo; thola inkulumo yokuqala, ingxoxo, noma isenzakalo sokuqonda lokho okushiwo noma okuboniswe.

Inqubo yesiFT iklanyelwe ukuba isheshe — ngokuvamile ithatha umzuzu omncane — futhi ivumelana nendlela abaqondisi bamaqiniso abasebenza ngayo. Ukufundisa abafundi lezi zinyathelo kungathuthukisa kakhulu ikhono labo lokusebenzisa ulwazi olunganembile.

Ulwazi lwemidiya

Ukwaziswa kwezindaba kuhlanganisa ulwazi lweziteshi ezihlukene (ithelevishini, umsakazo, ukunyathelisa, izindaba ze-website, imithombo yezokuxhumana) ukuma okuhlukile; indlela amanani okuzondla ngayo nokudala amagemfe; indlela ukukhangisa nokusekela okubhalwe ngayo (noma hhayi); nendlela ukunaka imithombo yezindaba okungalinganisela ngayo izinhlobonhlobo zamaphimbo.

Uhlelo oluwusizo lokuhlola ulwazi yi-CRAAP, emele C uphengululo, R elevince, [[[[FLT:]]][FLT]]A[[FLT]][5] ulwelwelwe, [[FLT] [FLT] [uhlu], [[FLT]] [ult:9]] [uhlulo, u-'uhlu] [uhlu], [uhlu]. luthuthulwe yi-frialgority University University, Chico, i-CRAP inikeza ukuhlelwa kwemibuzo yesiqondiso. Isibonelo:

  • Imali: Ukwaziswa okwanyatheliswa noma okwagcina ukuthuthukiswa nini?
  • Ukubheka izinto njengezibalulekile: Ingabe ukwaziswa kuhlobene nesidingo sakho?
  • Igunya: Ubani umlobi/impubilisheri?
  • Ukunemba: Ingabe ukwaziswa kusekelwa ubufakazi?
  • Injongo: Kungani kukhona lokhu kwaziswa — ukwazisa, ukuthonya, ukujabulisa noma ukuthengisa?

Abafundi abaqonda indlela izithombe ezingahlelwa ngayo noma zihlelwe ngayo, indlela imiphumela enengqondo engathonya ngayo umzwelo nendlela izihloko zezindaba ezingakumelela ngayo kabi kuhlonyiselwe ngayo kangcono ukuqaphela lawo masu lapho esetshenziswa abanye.

Imizwa Yokujezisa Nethonya Layo

Ngisho noma sinamakhono aqinile ekuhloleni nasekuhloleni iqiniso, ukuhlobana kwabantu kuye kwakha ubandlululo olungase lunciphise imizamo yethu engcono kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokhu bandlululo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokufunda imithombo yezindaba.

Ukuvumisa ukucwasana [ kuwukuthambekela ekufuneni nokusekela ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zethu ezikhona kuyilapho singabunaki ubufakazi obuphikisanayo. Ku-Drama yokwaziswa, ukuqinisekisa ukucwasa kukhula ngemithetho-algorith-drivet okusifaka esikwanele cishe kuvumelana. Umphumela uyindawo enamazwi lapho imibono ephikisayo ingena khona.

Ukukwazi ukuphelela [ kusiholela ekulinganiseleni kakhulu amathuba ezenzakalo ezicacile, zamuva, noma ezingokomzwelo. Ukulandelana kwezihloko ezishaqisayo ezikhuluma ngobugebengu, izifo eziyivelakancane, noma amahlazo ezombangazwe kungaphazamisa indlela esibona ngayo ingozi neqiniso.

[ Imiphumela ye-Kurgunter ichaza indlela abantu abanolwazi olulinganiselwe ngesihloko ngokuvamile abanolwazi olungaphezu kwamandla abo, kuyilapho ochwepheshe beqaphela kakhulu ukulinganiselwa kwabo. Lokhu kungaholela ekuhlanganyeleni ngokuqiniseka ulwazi olunganembile ngoba ababuqapheli ubunkimbinkimbi bendaba.

Imiphumela yeqiniso [ isho ukuthi ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe emangeni kwenza kuzizwe kuyiqiniso kakhulu. Yingakho inkulumo - ze nemikhankaso yokususa kuxhomeke ekuphindaphindaneni njalo emapulatifomu amaningi. Ngisho noma ukuzisho kukhunjulwa, ukujwayelana nje komyalezo wokuqala kungahlala engqondweni.

Othisha kufanele bafundise abafundi ngokucacile ngalokhu bandlululo futhi bakhuthaze ukuthatheka — ukucabanga ngemicabango yakho siqu. Imikhuba yokucabanga, njengokubuza ukuthi "Kungani ngikukholelwa lokhu?" noma "Yibuphi ubufakazi obungaguqula ingqondo yami?" ingasiza ekulweni nobandlululo.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zothisha

Ukufundisa ukufunda nokubhala akuyona indlela yokunikeza inkulumo eyodwa; kuphathelene nokugxeka ngokunesandla ekuqeqesheni amakilasi nsuku zonke. Nawa amasu awusizo angazisetshenziswa abafundisi:

  • Sebenzisa izibonelo zezwe:[ Hlaziya ukudukiswa kwamagciwane abafundi abake bahlangabezana nakho. Xoxani ukuthi kusakazeka kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izindlela ezenza ukuba ikhohlise.
  • Phumisela ukufunda okulandelayo ngokucacile: chitha isifundo sokuba abafundi bavule ama-tab amaningi ukuze bahlole imithombo, kunokuhlola ikhasi elilodwa. Dlulisa imibuzo eqondiswe i-tab ngalinye.
  • [[QULT:0] Ukuvivinya ukubheka iqiniso: nikeza abafundi umbono ophikisanayo futhi ubacele ukuba basebenzise i-Snopes, FactCheck.org, noma i-Pritifact ukuqinisekisa. Batshele ikilasi lokho abakutholile.
  • hlola ama-sakhi ezindaba okufunda: Imishini yokuhlola izakhiwo ze-'FLT' ku- Iprojekthi yezindaba yokubhala nokwenza ulwazi [, enikeza izinto zekilasi zamahhala, kuhlanganise nepulatifomu yemfundo ye-inthanethi ebizwa ngokuthi i-checkology.
  • [ Izikhangiso ze-Analyze kanye nokuqukethwe okuxhaswe: Bonisa abafundi izibonelo zokukhangisa komdabu (izikhangiso ezilingisa okuqukethwe uhlu lomhleli) futhi ubacele ukuba babone umehluko phakathi kwezindaba nokukhushulelwa.
  • Akhile ikilasi "i-misformation coge hele":[ phezu kwe-semester, qoqa izibonelo zezindaba ezingamanga noma ezidukisayo futhi uhlaziye ukuthi yini eyenza ukuba zithembeke noma zingakholeki. Vuselela ifayela uma kuvela izimo ezintsha.

Ukuhlolwa kungahlanganisa ukuba abafundi bakhiqize i-portfolio yemithombo yezindaba, lapho besebenzisa khona ukuhlolwa kwe-CRAAP noma indlela ye-SIFT ochungechungeni lwezihloko zezindaba futhi bachaze indlela abacabanga ngayo.

Isiphetho

I-Information Age isibek umthwalo ongavamile kithina ngabanye: ukusebenza njengabahleli bethu, abahloli bamaqiniso, nabahlaziyi bezindaba. Ukuwa kwabagcini besango abavamile — abahleli, abagcini-zincwadi, abalobi bezincwadi abangochwepheshe — kusho ukuthi abantu ngabanye kumelwe bathathe umthwalo ngenxa yokwaziswa abakusebenzisayo futhi bakuhlanganyele nabanye. Lona akuwona umsebenzi abantu abaningi abaye baqeqeshelwa wona, kodwa yiwo ongafundwa.

Ngokufunda amakhono anjengokuhlola imithombo, ukuhlanganisa, ukuqonda ubandlululo, ukuhlola iqiniso, nokufunda imithombo yezindaba, abafundi nothisha bangasebenzisa i-methodic yolwazi ngokuqiniseka. Lamakhono awayona nje imfundo; abalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezifundile ngempilo, ezombangazwe, izimali, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Enkathini lapho ukudukisa okungaqondi kungasilulaza khona idemokrasi ngokwayo, ukufunda imithombo yezindaba akuyona into yokunethezeka — akudingekile.

Umkhuba ngamunye omncane — ukuhlola umthombo ngaphambi kokuhlanganyela, ukufuna imibiko eminingi ngaphambi kokukholelwa isihloko esikhulu, ukungabaza injongo eyingxenye yezindaba — wakha isimo sokwaziswa esiqinile. Othisha abahlela lamakhono abagcini nje ngokufundisa abafundi; bavikela izisekelo zomphakathi onolwazi.