Inkokhelo Kamongameli Nokuhlobana Kwayo Nenkolo Yangaphakathi YaseMelika

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla singaphezu kwemfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo, kuyisiko elihlanganisa isisekelo sezwe laseMelika. Ngayo yonke iminyaka emine, umongameli ozayo umi phambi kwesizwe futhi usho iqoqo lamagama elingashintshiwe kusukela ngo-1789. Lesi senzo sifanekisela ukudluliswa okunokuthula kwamandla, ukuqhubekeka kokubusa, kanye nokusemthethweni kwegatsha eliphethe. Nakuba ngaphansi kwesakhiwo salo esingokomthetho sinendlela ejulile engokwesiko nengokomoya. Izazi sekuyisikhathi eside ziqaphela ukuthi isifungo sisebenza njengesici esiyinhloko salokho isazi sezenhlalo uRobert N. Bellah abiza ngakho ukuthi "inkolo yaseMelika yesizwe", izimpawu, nemikhuba yokukhulekela, kanye nemikhosi yokuhlanganisa isizwe ngezindinganiso nenkolo yaso.

Umbhalo Womthetho - sisekelo Wesihlwathi

Amazwi anembile esifungo sikamongameli agunyazwe uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. esiphakamisweni II, Ingxenye 1, uClaus 8.

“Ngiyafunga, noma ngiqinise, ngithi ngiyakuyifeza iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-A.S., ngizimisele ngokusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele, ngivikele, ngivikele umthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.”

Umzali "noma ukuqinisekisa" kwakuyisenezelo esibucayi sokuhlanganisa amaQuaker namanye amaqembu enkolo izinkolelo zawo ezinqabela ukufunga. Lelungiselelo libonisa ukuqaphela kwabasunguli ukuhlukahluka kwenkolo nokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso (ngoba imikhosi ngokwayo ivame ukuvusa imizwelo engokomoya. Ngokuphawulekayo, uMthetho-sisekelo awufuni ukuba umongameli abeke isandla eBhayibhelini noma wengezelwe inkulumo ethi "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu," kodwa le mikhuba iye yaba ngeyandawo yonke ngesiko.

Umbhalo ngokwawo ufingqa ngokuphawulekayo. Ugxila emisebenzini emithathu: ukukhishwa kokwethembeka kwesikhundla, nokulondolozwa, ukuvikelwa, nokuvikelwa koMthetho-sisekelo. Isifungo sibopha umongameli hhayi enkosini, eqenjini, noma ngisho nakubantu ngokuqondile, kodwa eMthethweni-sisekelo ngokwawo [1] ibhukwini ophethe amaMelika ngegunya elingekho ngokomBhalo. Lokhu kulunga kolimi kumisa ukubekwa komthetho nokuziphatha, kuqinisa umthetho njengetshe elingumthetho eliyitshe le-Greastday.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Nemithelela Engokwesiko

Isenzakalo Esiyingozi SaseGeorge Washington

George Washington wathatha isifungo sokuqala sikamongameli ngoApril 30, 1789, kuvulanda we-Federal Hall eNew York City. Ngokwezindaba zamanje, iWashington yanezela amazwi athi "Ngisize uNkulunkulu" ngemva kokuphindaphinda umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, khona - ke wanga iBhayibheli. Nakuba ezinye izazi zesayensi zaphikisana ngobuqiniso balemininingwane, iye yaba itshe eliyinhloko lokubekwa phambili kwesakhiwo. Umongameli ngamunye uye walandela lesi sibonelo, nakuba amagama aqondile aye ahlukahluka. Isibonelo, ngo-Franklin D. Rooselt washo ngo-"Soniza uNkulunkulu" ngesikhathi ebeka isandla sakhe phezu komkhaya; ngo- 1961 uJohn F. Kennedy wasebenzisa iBhayibheli lamaKatolika futhi wanezela amazwi ngaphandle kokudlulisa. Ukuhlanganisa "So Nkulunkulu" kuguqula isifungo esithembisweni esilula.

Ukuguquguquka Nezingxabano

Nakuba umbhalo oyisisekelo womthetho-sisekelo umisiwe, amongameli baye bazenzela okuthile ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngo-2009, uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts waphuthelwa isifungo uBarack Obama aphinda ngaso, okwaholela ekuvuselelweni komthetho oyinhloko. Okubaluleke kakhulu, abanye amongameli baye bakhetha ukushiya "Ngisizeni uNkulunkulu" noma ukusebenzisa imibhalo ehlukile. Kucatshangwa ukuthi uTheodore Roosevelt wawayeka amagama ngo-1905; uHerbert Hoover wasebenzisa iBhayibheli kodwa akazange asho la mazwi; futhi ngo-2021, uJoe Biden wafaka izifishi zakhe siqu ngesikhathi esahlanganisa nenkombaza engokwesiko. Lokhu kugcizelela ukungezwana phakathi komthetho oqinile nomthetho nemikhosi yokuzivumelanisa izinto phakathi kobuzwe phakathi kwenkolo nomphakathi.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umkhosi wezifungo uye waba uningiliziwe. i-Joint Congress on Inaugral Ceremonies (JCCIC) ihlanganisa yonke imininingwane, kusukela ekufakweni kweBhayibheli kuya ekungenisweni kwemithandazo namaculo.

Isigodlo Njengensika Yenkolo Yombango WaseMelika

Ukuchaza Inkolo Yombango

Robert N. Bellah ka1967 ethi "Inkolo yeSivumelwano eMelika" yaphikisa ngokuthi i-United States inenkolo yomphakathi ehlukile(iqoqo lezinkolelo, izimpawu, nemikhuba ehambisana nezihloko zobuKristu obukaJuda kodwa idlule emahlelweni athile. Izici eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukukholelwa ekuqondiseni kwaphezulu okuqondisa isizwe, ukuhlonishwa koMthetho-sisekelo kanye noMthetho wokuzibusa njengemibhalo engcwele, nokuthathwa kwamaholide nemikhosi yesizwe njengezikhathi ezingcwele. Ukunikezelwa komongameli, kuhlanganise nesifungo, kungomunye wemiciko engabonakali kakhulu yalenkolo yomphakathi. Kuyisikhathi lapho isizwe siphinda futhi sihlonipha izimiso zaso: inkululeko, ubulungisa, nokulandela imikhosi yobuzwe nezikhathi ezinhle.

Izikhulu Zenkolo Nezokuziphatha Ze - Oath

Isifungo somongameli sisesenzo esixubile: siyisithembiso esingokomthetho nesivumelwano sokuziphatha. Uma umongameli efunga ukuthi "ungagcini, uvikele, futhi uvikele uMthetho-sisekelo," lolu limi luveza ukufaneleka kwesifungo esenziwe phambi kukaNkulunkulu. Ukwenezelwa okubodwa "Ngakho ngisiza uNkulunkulu" ngokusobala, ufaka isikhululo sobuphathi njengobuphathi esizolandisa hhayi nje kuphela kwabakhethiweyo kodwa egunyeni eliphakeme. Lolu hlobo olufanayo luthinta amaMelika abheka isizwe njengesibusiswe ngokukhethekile noma esikhethwe − isihloko esisuka kumaPilgrimscture "unyakazo" egqumeni" ngekheli lika-Abrahama wesibili (mahlulele, ukuthi asihlulelwanga nje kuphela i-Ronalbaansburg""'."

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sifungo sinikezwa uMahluleli omkhulu wase-United States, umuntu kulomongo osebenza njengokuthile okufana nompristi omkhulu wenkolo yomphakathi. Isimiso [1] iNtshonalanga Front yeCapitol, kanye nezakhiwo zayo zamuva kanye nezikhombo ezingokomfanekiso zeRome republicismism, noma, ezikhathini zenhlekelele, indawo esondele kakhulu [1] ukuhlangana nenqaba engcwele. Ukuba khona kwe-United States Capitol Police, inhlonipho yamasosha, kanye nezwe eligcwele izakhamuzi zonke zinikela emoyeni wempi oqinisa amandla esifungo.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: I - oat Kwezinye Izizwe

Nakuba amazwe amaningi efuna ukuba izindumiso zawo zezwe zifunge izifungo, inguqulo ye-United States ihlukile ngokufushanisa kwayo, igxile kuMthetho-sisekelo kunokuba igxile enkosini noma eqenjini, kanye nezifungo zalo ezingokwenkolo ezibanzi. EUnited Kingdom, umbusi wenza isifungo esibophayo esihlanganisa izithembiso zokubusa ngokuvumelana nomthetho kanye nokugcina inkolo yeReformed. EFrance, uMongameli ufunga ukuthi umela "uMthetho-sisekelo" ngaphandle kwezikhombo ezingokwenkolo. Inhlanganisela yenkolo yomthetho wokwethenjwa nokweqashelwa kwaphezulu okungokomthetho: akuyona intelezi nkonzo zomphakathi eziyingqayizivele zesizwe: awukho umbuso ongokwasezulwini noma umbuso wezwe ophelele, kodwa uyingxube lapho inkolo nezombangazwe zitshela enye.

Umphumela Wokuthi Ukhona Umzimba WaseMelika

Ukuhlanganisa Izindinganiso Ezingafani

Isifungo sikamongameli sisebenza njengesiko elihlanganisayo elidlula ukuhlukana kwezinhlanga nezifunda. Esizweni esihlukene sabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu- 330, umkhosi wesifungo unikeza isikhathi sokugxila kweqembu lonke. Lapho umongameli esho la mazwi, umongameli ngamunye owandulelayo uye wenza kanjalo ngqa kusukela kuGeorge Washington kuya kuJoe Biden . Ukuqhubekela phambili okuqinisa ukuma kwesizwe. Lo mkhuba unamandla kakhulu phakathi kokuguqula iqembu kuya kwelinye, lapho ukudluliswa ngokuthula kwegunya kudlalwa phambi kwezilaleli zembulunga yonke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi lwenkolo lunikeza amagama avamile esifiso sokuziphatha. Ngisho nezakhamuzi ezingezona ezenkolo zingaqonda amandla esithembiso se "soulemn". Ngaleyondlela isifungo sisebenza njengesakramente "eliyi-civil" (ukuboleka amazwi avela kuNancy Ammerman wezenhlala-khona) ahlanganisa umongameli ngokwezimo zokuziphatha kwabantu. Ukuphula isifungo − njengokungathandeki noma ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. [1] kubhekwa njengokuphulwa kwento ephathiswe into engcwele, njengoba kubhekwa ngokwezimo ezingafanele ezivame ukuveza isifungo njengendinganiso yokuziphatha kwabantu.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ama - oath Phakathi Nenhlekelele Yesizwe

Izifungo eziningana zomongameli ziye zaba nokubaluleka okungokomfanekiso ngokwengeziwe phakathi nezinhlekelele, ziqinisa inkolo yomphakathi ngezikhathi zosongo.

  • uAbraham Lincoln (1861 no-1865): Isifungo sokuqala sikaLincoln sathathwa ngaphansi kwethunzi lokuthatheka. Waphetha ikheli lakhe ngokunxusa "amaphimbo ayimfihlo enkumbulo" kanye "izingelosi ezingcono zesimo sethu" .Ulimi olwadwetshwa ngemifanekiso engokwenkolo yomphakathi. Isifungo sakhe sesibili, emasontweni ambalwa ngaphambi kokubulawa kwakhe, salandelwa inkulumo eyayicaphuna umBhalo futhi yabeka iMpi Yombango njengesijeziso saphezulu sobugqila.
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933 no 1945): Isifungo sokuqala sokumisa i-FDR safika ekujuleni kweNkathi Enkulu Yokwehla Kwezomnotho. Umgca wakhe odumile "ekuphela kwento okumelwe siyenze ukwesaba yiso ngokwakho" wanxusa isibindi sokuziphatha esasihambisana nezihloko zenkolo zokukhulula komphakathi. Ukuqala kwakhe kwesine kwabekwa eWhite House phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ngomkhosi ovamile owawususa umbukiso, ugcizelela umhlatshelo nokuqhubeka.
  • John F. Kennedy (1961): Kennedy] isifungo sikamongameli ongumKatolika, yena ngokwakhe owabekela inselele umProthestani oqashelwayo enkolweni yomphakathi. Ikheli lakhe lalinamazwi achazayo athi "Buza ukuthi izwe lakho lingakwenzelani, lifaka lokho ongakwenza ezweni lakini," elifaka umsebenzi wesizwe wezezenkolo yezwe lakini.
  • George W. Bush (2001 no 2005): Isifungo sokuqala sobuThwa senzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa nje ngemva kokhetho luka 2000 oluphikisanayo, futhi inkulumo yakhe yagcizelela ubunye kanye "nokuzinikela okusha empucukweni" isifungo sakhe sesibili sokuqalisa ngo 2005, ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, sabiza "abantu abakhethiwe" umfanekiso futhi sakhuluma ngokunweba inkululeko emhlabeni wonke (isibonelo esicacile senjongo yenkolo yomphakathi.)
  • UBarack Obama (2009 no 2013): Isifungo sokuqala sika-Oma sasiyingqopha - mlando ukuba siqondiswe nguMahluleli wokuqala waseMelika (John Roberts) wokuqala oMkhulu (John Roberts) futhi sihlanganise neLincoln Bible. Isixuku esikhulu esiseMall nesihloko se "ithemba" ne"sivuselelo" sathathwa ezindabeni zenkolo ezintsha.

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela lo mkhosi wezifungo ovumelana ngayo nomongo kuyilapho ulondoloza umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko: ukwamukela umongameli njengomholi wesizwe onokuziphatha nowezombangazwe.

Ukuchazwa Kwesifungo Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ngalé kwemikhosi, isifungo sibuye silolonge inkulumo engokomthetho nezombangazwe. Abameli bavame ukubhekisela esifungweni sabo lapho bethethelela izinqumo zesimiso noma befuna ukusekelwa umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvikela kuka-Andrew Jackson ukususwa kwamaNdiya kwaphawula umsebenzi wakhe woku "gcina, ukuvikela, nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo" njengoba ayeqonda. URichard Nixon washo isifungo sakhe safuna ukuba avikele ukulondeka kwesizwe phakathi ne-Watergate. Ngo-2020, uJoe Biden wanxusa ngokuqondile "isibopho esingcwele kuMthetho-sisekelo" ekhelini lakhe lokuqala. Lokhu kubonisa njalo ukuthi isifungo siba yi-divolute sho eyisayo i-mfashini ephethe yezimiso zomthetho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo siye sasetshenziswa ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene namandla obupresidente. Endabeni ka-1959 yaseUnited States v. uNixon, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakwenqaba ukusho kukaNixon ilungelo lokulawula eliphelele, ngokwengxenye ezimisweni lapho isifungo sikamongameli simfuna ukuba "aqaphele ukuba imithetho ibulawe ngokwethembeka." Ngokufanayo, ekuqulweni kwecala lika-20202020 ka-Donald Trump, izikhulu zendlu zaphikisa ngokuthi uTrump wayephule isifungo sakhe ngokufuna ukugxazululwa kwamanye amazwe. Ngaleyo ndlela isifungo sisebenza njengesigqeshana segceke sokuziphatha komongameli, siqinisekisa umqondo wokuthi umongameli uthembekile, hhayi ilayisensense.

Impikiswano Yanamuhla Nekusasa Lesihlwathi

Ukungakhathaleli Inkolo Kuphikisana Nesiko Lenkolo

Kumazwe aseMelika angokwezwe nangokwenkolo ayanda kakhulu, inkulumo ethi "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu" iye yaveza ukugxeka kwezwe eliphikisana nakho abangewona amakholwa. Abanye abafesla ekwakheni baye bakhetha ukungalisebenzisi iBhayibheli noma ukwenezela lamazwi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2017 Donald Trump wasebenzisa amaBhayibheli amabili (okwakhe noAbraham Lincoln) futhi wathi "Ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu," kodwa ngo-2021 Joe Biden wasebenzisa umndeni futhi wasebenzisa ibinzana. Ukukhetha kuyaqhubeka ngesiko noma ukuqhubekela emcimbisweni wezwe wonke. Noma impikiswano cishe impikiswano ngendima yenkolo yasobala yaseMelika ngokwayo.

Imfihlo Ezikhathini Zosizi Oluqondwayo Lomthetho - sisekelo

Ezinye izazi zixwayisa ngokuthi ubungcwele besifungo buye baqedwa ukuhlukaniswa okungalawuleki. Uma umongameli ebheka isifungo njengesiwumthetho nje noma lapho izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi zingabaza ukuba ngokomthetho kokhetho lukamongameli, amandla angokwesiko okuhlanganisa ancipha. Ukhetho lwama 2020 kanye nokuhlasela kukaCapitol kwaqokomisa ukuwohloka okujulile. Nokho iqiniso lokuthi lesi sifungo sasisasetshenziswa, nokuthi uMongameli uBiden wasisho ngokucacile isifungo sakhe emvuthwaneni, futhi kungabonakala ukuthi silungile. Inkolo yombango ingaphikiswa, kodwa iyaqhubeka iyisici esiqinile sokuzichaza njengesizwe.

Isiphetho

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla siwukubonakaliswa okufushane kodwa okujulile komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nenkolo yomphakathi. Sisekelwe embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, uhlotshiswe amakhulu eminyaka esiko, futhi ugcwele ukubaluleka kwezenkolo nokuziphatha, isifungo sihlanganisa igama ngalinye lomongameli nemibono eyisisekelo sesizwe. Isikhathi lapho umongameli eba umholi wezombangazwe kodwa uphawu lokuzibophezela okuhlangene kuMthetho-sisekelo, i-(a incwajana ngokwayo esebenza njengomBhalo ongcwele enkolweni yomphakathi waseMelika. Njengoba lesi sizwe siqhubeka siphikisana ngokwengeziwe nokuphila kwaso komphakathi, cishe isifungo siyoqhubeka siguquka. Kodwa umsebenzi waso oyinhloko uhlanganisa isikhundla esiphezulu sokubusa komthetho kanye nezindinganiso zenkululeko, inkululeko kanye nenyunyana njengoba kwakunjalo ngo-1989.

[[FLT: 0] ifunda ngokuphindaphindeneyo: Izinqolobane zeNational Archives zinikeza umbhalo ophelele womthetho-sisekelo ( i-Constitution of the United States). Ikomiti ye-Congressionionational Committee on Inaugical Ceremonies inikeza imininingwane engokomlando ([ JCIC] Imbali ye-[FLT:]]). URobert N. Bellah's projective ikhona ([[FLT:]5]ILT] Inkolo eMelika). Ukuhlola kwamanje, bheka uPhilip Rovkiskis [FL] [FT]