Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senkululeko Engokwenkolo

Inkululeko yenkolo ingenye yamalungelo abantu aqashelwa kakhulu emiphakathini yanamuhla ebusa ngentando yeningi. Lelilungelo, elibekwe esigabeni 18 seSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke samaLuntu, liqinisekisa wonke umuntu inkululeko yokubambelela, yokushintsha, noma yokubonakalisa izinkolelo zakhe ekukhulekeleni, ukugcinwa, nokufundisa. Ngoba uhulumeni, ukuhlonipha nokusekela leli lungelo kudinga ukuhlelwa komthetho kwangamabomu, ukumiswa kwezimiso ezinengqondo, kanye nesibopho esiqhubekayo sokulinganisela izithakazelo eziphikisanayo. Indlela uhulumeni ophatha ngayo inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuvamile isebenza njengesibonakaliso esinokwethenjelwa sokufinyelela kwakhe amalungelo abantu, ubuni obuningi, ubunganiseki benkolo, nokubambisana komphakathi. Nakuba inzuzo yenkululeko yenkululeko iqashelwa emhlabeni wonke, izindlela eziwusizo ohulumeni abavikela futhi bavumela ukuba ihlukahluke kakhulu ezizweni, ezingokomthetho, namasiko engokomthetho.

Emnyombweni wayo, inkululeko engokwenkolo ihlanganisa izilinganiso ezimbili ezihlukene: inkululeko yangaphakathi yokukholelwa noma yokungakholelwa, nenkululeko yangaphandle yokuthatha isinyathelo kulezo zinkolelo. Inkululeko yangaphakathi iphelele futhi ayinakuvinjelwa ngokomthetho yinoma yimuphi uhulumeni. Nokho, ububanzi bangaphandle bungabekwa ngaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo edingekile edingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe ukulondeka komphakathi, ukuhleleka, impilo, noma amalungelo ayisisekelo abanye. Lomehluko ubalulekile ngoba uchaza imingcele lapho igunya likahulumeni lihlangana khona nonembeza wabantu ngabanye. Izizwe ezisebenzisa lomngcele ngokuphumelelayo zakha indawo lapho imiphakathi engokwenkolo ichuma khona, izinkolo ezimbalwa zivikelwa khona, futhi ukubusa kwezwe kuhlala kuqinile.

Imisebenzi Yamafastere Engokomthetho Evikela Ukuvivinya Inkolo

Imithetho-mthetho emhlabeni wonke inikeza izisekelo zenkululeko engokwenkolo, nakuba amagama nezinga layo zihluka kakhulu. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States sinqabela ukwenza noma yimuphi umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa ngenkululeko. Lokhu kunqabela okubili kwakha uhlelo lapho uhulumeni ehlala engathathi hlangothi enkolweni kuyilapho uvikela ngokunamandla ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisa inkululeko. UMthetho Oyisisekelo waseJalimane uqinisekisa inkululeko yokholo nonembeza futhi uqinisekisa ukuqhuba inkolo ngaphandle kwempoqo, kuyilapho uvumela umbuso ukuba uvumela ukubambisana nezindawo zenkolo ezinjengemfundo nezinkonzo zezenhlalo. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ulungiselela inkululeko kanembeza nelungelo lokuzibopha ngokukhululekile, ukuqhuba, ukuqhuba, nokusakaza inkolo, ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuziphatha, nempilo.

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano zomthetho-mthetho, imithetho yomthetho inikeza isivikelo esengeziwe. I-International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, egunyazwe yimibuso engu-173, ibopha abasayini ukuba bathathe izinyathelo ezinikeza inzuzo yenkululeko engokwenkolo. Amazwe amaningi aye amisa imithetho emelene nobandlululo evimbela ubandlululo lwenkolo emsebenzini, ezindaweni zokuhlala, nezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi. E-United States, i-Religional Consolation Act ifuna ukuba izenzo zikahulumeni ezithwesa ukuqeqeshwa kwenkolo zifeze isithakazelo esinesibopho esinezingakho. Umthetho ofanayo ukhona kwamanye amazwe, nakuba ukuhlolwa okukhethekile nezindinganiso kuhlukile. Lemicimbiso iveza uhlelo olungokomthetho lapho abantu ngabanye nezindawo zomphakathi zingafuna ukuvuselelwa lapho amalungelo abo enkolo incitshisiwe.

Isivikelo esingokomthetho esiphumelelayo sixhomeke futhi ezinkantolo ezizimele ezizimisele ukuphoqelela izivumelwano zenkululeko engokwenkolo. Izinkantolo ezisezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ziye zakhuluma ngezindaba ezisukela ekufakeni izimpawu ezingokwenkolo ezikoleni kuya ekuqashelweni kwemishado engokwenkolo nasekuhlalweni kwemikhuba engokwenkolo emajele nasemsebenzini wezempi. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu iye yasungula indikimba eqinile yecala elichaza iSiphakamiso 9 se-European Convention on Human Rights, imisa izimiso ezilinganisela ukukhulumela komuntu ngamunye okungokwenkolo kanye nezithakazelo zomphakathi. Lezi zinqumo zokwahlulela zibumba okuhlangenwe nakho kwenkululeko engokwenkolo engokwenkolo ngezindlela okungenakufinyelelwa ngazo kuphela umbhalo womthetho we-mthetho.

Indawo Yokuhlala Kahulumeni Nokusekela Okukhuthele

Ukuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kudinga okungaphezu kokugwema nje ukushushiswa. Ohulumeni abaningi bathatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokuvumelanisa imikhuba engokwenkolo nokusekela imiphakathi yenkolo ngezindlela ezikhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa nenhlonipho. Lendawo yokuhlala ingathatha izindlela eziningi, kusukela ekulungiseni izimiso zomphakathi ukuze kuhlangatsheliswe imikhosi yenkolo ukuze kunikezwe ukusekela okuqondile ngokwezimali ezinhlanganweni zenkolo. Umphumela walokhu kusekela ngokuvamile ubonisa ubuhlobo obungokomlando nenkolo nokuqonda kwayo ukungakhathaleli kwezwe.

Amaholide Nemikhosi Engokwenkolo

Enye yezinhlobo ezibonakala kakhulu zendawo yokuhlala kahulumeni ihlanganisa ukuqashelwa kwamaholide enkolo. Amazwe amaningi amisa amaholide enkolo amakhulu njengeholidi lomphakathi elingokomthetho, avumela abalandeli ukuba bagubhe ngaphandle kwesijeziso kuyilapho enza abanye bakwazi ukuhlela ngokufanele. Emazweni amaningi obuKristu, uKhisimusi no-Ista kuqashelwa kabanzi njengamaholide omphakathi. Amazwe anenani elikhulu lamaSulumane agcina ama-Eid al-aver-Adha njengeholide elingokomthetho. INdiya, nezinhlobonhlobo zayo zenkolo, iqaphela amaholide amaHindu, amaSulumane, amaSikh, amaBuddha, amaJain, namanye amasiko ezwe ezwe. Amanye amazwe aye ashukumisela kakhulu ezimisweni zamaholide ezinkonti zezelo ezivumela izisebenzi ukuba zishintshane amaholide emikhosi enkolo entandokazi. Imikhosi yonembeza womuntu ngamunye ngaphandle kokwenza noma isiphi isiko.

Ngalé kwamaholide angokomthetho, ohulumeni bangamukela imikhosi engokwenkolo ngokuhlela izindawo zokulala zezikhathi zomthandazo, amalungiselelo ezimfuneko zokudla ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi, nokungavunyelwe izimfuneko ezithile ezingokomthetho zezinhlangano zenkolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ibutho lezempi lase-United States linikeza abefundisi abavela emasikweni amaningi okukholwa futhi livumela imingcele yokudla okungokwenkolo ezinkonzweni zalo zokudla. Amajele emazweni amaningi anikeza ithuba lokunikeza iseluleko senkolo, imibhalo engcwele, nezindawo zokukhulekela. Lezindawo zokuhlala ezisebenzayo zibonisa isibopho sikahulumeni sokwenza inkululeko engokwenkolo iphile ngempela kunokuba kube yilungelo nje elivamile lokudla.

Iphunga Nezimpawu Ezingokwenkolo Ekuphileni Komphakathi

Indaba yezingubo ezingokwenkolo nezimpawu ezisemaqenjini omphakathi inikeza izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kohulumeni abafuna ukulinganisela ukuveza izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo nezinye izinkathazo ezinjengokuphepha, ukungathathi hlangothi, nokulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izindawo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni. I-United States ngokuvamile ivumela izingubo ezingokwenkolo ezimisweni zomphakathi, kuhlanganise nezikole namahhovisi kahulumeni, ezingekho isizathu esiqinile sokuzivimbela. IFrance, ngokuphambene, ivimbela izimpawu ezisobala ezingokwenkolo ezikoleni zomphakathi futhi ibeke imingcele ezindaweni zomphakathi, izimiso ezisekelwe esimisweni sayo somthetho we-laïcité noma ukungathathi hlangothi. ICanada ivumela izimpawu zenkolo ezisemoyeni yomphakathi eminingi kodwa ibambe umthetho wesifunda ivimbela ukuvalwa kweminyango lapho imukela izinkonzo zomphakathi.

Lezizindlela ezihlukene ziveza ukungavumelani okujulile kwefilosofi ngobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kwenkolo nokuphila komphakathi. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumela izimpawu ezingokwenkolo ezindaweni zomphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuhlukahluka nokubaluleka komuntu ngamunye. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukungathathi hlangothi kwezwe kuyadingeka kakhulu ukuze kulondolozwe ukubambisana komphakathi futhi kuvimbele ukuphoqelelwa okungokwenkolo. Zombili izikhundla zithi zivikela inkululeko engokwenkolo, kodwa zifinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nalokho okufunwa yilesivikelo. Izinkantolo ezisemikhakheni ehlukahlukene ziyaqhubeka zicwenga lemingcele, futhi ingxoxo yembulunga yonke ephathelene nokugqoka okungokwenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi ihlala ingenye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zomthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo.

Ukusekela Nokusekela Kwezinhlangano

Ukusekela okungokwezimali kukahulumeni ezinhlanganweni zenkolo kunezici eziningi futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo ecacile mayelana nokumiswa nokungathathi hlangothi. E-United States, izinhlangano zenkolo zingathola imali kahulumeni yokunikeza izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle ezinjengokunikeza izindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, amabhange okudla nezinhlelo zokwelapha utshwala, uma izimali zisetshenziselwa izinjongo zezwe futhi abazuzisi bengabandlululwa ngenxa yenkolo. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anezimiso eziqondile zokubambisana kwesonto nezwe, ohulumeni beqoqa intela yesonto emiphakathini eqashelwayo noma benikeza intela eqondile yokunakekela izinhlangano zenkolo nemisebenzi.

Isimiso sentela yesonto laseJalimane, esiqoqwe yizwe futhi sabelwe imiphakathi engokwenkolo esekelwe emalungwini, sinikeza ukusekela okukhulu ngokwezimali ezinhlanganweni zenkolo kuyilapho ilondoloza indawo ebanzi yokuphatha. Imiphakathi engokwenkolo eJalimane futhi ifeza indima ebalulekile emfundweni, ekunakekeleni impilo, nasezinkonzweni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile ngezimali eziqinile zikahulumeni. IBelgium ne-Austria inezimiso ezifanayo. Emazweni amaningi amaSulumane anezimo zobuSulumane, uhulumeni uqondisa izikhungo ezingokwenkolo nemfundo engokwenkolo ngenkonzo enikezelwe. La zimiso ziveza izindlela ezingokomlando zobuhlobo nezifunda zesonto futhi ulungisa indawo engokoqobo yenkululeko engokwenkolo ezweni ngalinye.

Ukulinganisela Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Namanye Amalungelo

Esinye sezici eziyinselele kakhulu zokubusa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo sihilela izimo lapho imikhuba engokwenkolo ingqubuzana khona namanye amalungelo avikelwe noma izithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. Ohulumeni kumelwe balusebenzise ngokucophelela lolu bunzima, bahloniphe unembeza ongokwenkolo kuyilapho besekela ezinye izindinganiso eziyisisekelo. Lezingxabano zivela ezindaweni eziningi futhi zidinga amakhambi acacile adumisa izimiso ezincintisanayo.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwempilo Yomphakathi Nokulondeka

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabonisa ngokuphawulekayo ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nempilo yomphakathi. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke bamisa imingcele emibuthanweni engokwenkolo, izindawo zokukhulekela ezivaliwe, kanye nokuhamba okulinganiselwe okungokwenkolo, isilinganiso sokuthi ezimweni ezivamile zingenza ukuphambanisa okukhulu kwenkululeko engokwenkolo. Izinkantolo ezisezindaweni eziningi zasekela lemingcele evumelani nokungavumelani nezimiso eziphoqelelwe zempilo yomphakathi, kuyilapho behlola ukuthi imibuthano engokwenkolo yayibhekwa ngokufanele yini ngokwesilinganiso semisebenzi yezwe engokomhlaba. Ubhadaba lwagcizelela ukubaluleka kokulungisa imingcele elinganiselwe nokuphatha imingcele engokwenkolo. Yaqokomisa futhi amandla emiphakathini engokwenkolo okuvumela inqubo ephuthumayo yobuchwepheshe yobuchwepheshe neyo yokusungula izinto, ibonakalisa ukuthuthukisa ukubhekana nokuzivumelanisa nokuzinzisasasa ngokulingana nemisebenzi yezwe.

Ngaphandle kobhadane, ohulumeni balawula njalo imikhuba engokwenkolo eletha izingozi eziqondile zokuphepha. Ukubulawa kwezilwane ngokwesiko ngaphandle kokushaqisa kuye kwabekwa imithetho kwamanye amazwe esekelwe ezinhluphekweni zezenhlalakahle yezilwane, ezinkantolo namalungu omthetho wezimiso ezifuna izindawo zokuhlala ezihlonipha izimfuneko ezingokwenkolo kuyilapho zilulaza ukuhlupheka. Ukuphatha izinyoka neminye imikhuba eyingozi engokwenkolo kungabekwa imingcele esekelwe ekulondekeni komphakathi. Imithetho yomlilo nezimiso zokwakha zisebenza ezindaweni zokukhulekela njengoba nje zisebenza kwezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi. Isimiso esivamile siwukuthi ukuvivinya inkolo akukhululi abantu noma imiphakathi yezindawo okungathathi hlangothi, ngokuvamile imithetho efeza izithakazelo ezishukumisayo zomphakathi, nakuba ukusebenza kwalesimiso esikhethekile sisebenza ngokungafani kwezinye izindawo.

Ukungavumelani Nokulingana

Mhlawumbe indawo ephikiswa kakhulu yomthetho wenkululeko engokwenkolo ihlanganisa izimpi phakathi kwezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo nesivikelo sokumelana nenzondo, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nendlela yokuzimela ngokobulili kanye nokuzichaza kwabantu bobulili obuhlukile. Abanikazi bezentengiselwano benkolo baye bafuna ukuhoxa ekunikezeni izinkonzo zomshado zemibhangqwana efanayo. Izinhlangano ezingokwenkolo zokutholwa ziye zafuna ukubeka izingane ezishade kuphela. Izikole zenkolo ziye zafuna ukugcina izimiso zomsebenzi zihambisana nezinkolelo zazo eziphathelene nobulili nomshado. Lezi zinkantolo eziphoqesha izinkantolo nezindlu zomthetho zokuchaza imingcele yendawo yokuhlala engokwenkolo emongweni lapho amalungelo abanye ethinteka khona ngokuqondile.

Imibuso ehlukene iye yafinyelela izinqumo ezihlukene kulezingxabano. I-United States iye yabona umsebenzi ombaxambili wemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni, kanye nokunikeza imingcele ebanzi engokwenkolo ezidingweni ezimelene nobandlululo nezinye ezithi imithetho yezindawo zomphakathi isebenza ngokufanayo kuwo wonke amabhizinisi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphikiswa okungokwenkolo. Le mithetho yokuthatha izingane zabantwana ngokungemthetho ivumela izinhlangano zenkolo ukuba zikhethe imibhangqwana eshadile kuyilapho ifuna ukuba icabangele imibhangqwana ehlukene. Impikiswano i-Canada iphethe ukuthi izinhlangano zomthetho zingayenqaba ukuvuma isikole somthetho esingokwenkolo esivimbela ubuhlobo obunye nobengeziwe. Lezi zinqubo zokungena ezingeni ezibonisa izahlulelo ezihlukahlukene ngendlela yokulinganisela amalungelo enkolo ngokulinganayo. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka, futhi akukho ukuvumelana okucacile okungahlanga phakathi kwemithetho emisha.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukuhlola indlela amazwe akhethekile aphatha ngayo inkululeko engokwenkolo kunikeza izibonelo ezicacile zezimiso nemikhuba okuxoxwe ngayo ngenhla. Indlela yesizwe ngasinye ilolongwa ngomlando waso oyingqayizivele, inani labantu, amasiko angokomthetho, kanye nezici zezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa izindlela zokulawula inkululeko engokwenkolo.

Isibonelo Sase - United States

I-United States ibhekana nenkululeko engokwenkolo ephawuleka ngesivikelo esiqinile somthetho sisekelo, ukuvikela okuzimele okuqinile kwemithetho yezomthetho, kanye nenkolo ehlukahlukene. ISichibiyelo sokuQokelela u-Fourst’s Free Expressifice Claus ifuna uhulumeni ukuba alungele imikhuba engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ibonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe ngezindlela ezingezinkulu. I-Pregimentment Claus ivimbela noma ikhethe inkolo ethile. Lesi simiso esihlangene sidala lokho izazi ezingokomthetho ezikuchaza ngokuthi "umkhethi" isibonelo, lapho uhulumeni elondoloza khona ukungathathi hlangothi enkolweni ngesikhathi esifanayo evikela inqubo yenkolo.

Inkululeko engokwenkolo yaseMelika iye yakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umlando waseMelika wakuqala wabona amasonto amiswe uhulumeni kanye nokuhlola okungokwenkolo kwehhovisi lomphakathi, imikhuba eyaqedwa kancane kancane. Ukufakwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala eNkantolo emelene nezifundazwe ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane leSichibiyelo seminyaka ephakathi kwekhulu leshumi namashumi amane leminyaka kwanwetshwa isivikelo esingokwenkolo ezweni lonke. Izinqumo zalandela zazivikela amalungelo enkolo yeqembu elincane elingokwenkolo kuhlanganise noFakazi BakaJehova, amaMennonite, namaSulumane. Izimpikiswano zeContery zigxile ekuncipheni kwemithetho engokwenkolo engokwesiko esebenzayo, amalungelo ezinhlangano zenkolo ezindabeni zemisebenzi, kanye nokuhlalisa izinhlangano zezenkolo ezikoleni zomphakathi nezinye izinhlangano.

Ukusondela KwamaNdiya

INdiya inikeza isibonelo esihlukile senkululeko engokwenkolo ebusayo phakathi kwebanga eliphansi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi enye yemiphakathi yayo ehlukene kakhulu ngokwenkolo. UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo kuyilapho uvumela umbuso ukuba ulawule imisebenzi yezwe ehlangene nomkhuba ongokwenkolo futhi unikeze izinguquko zezenhlalo. Indlela yelaseNdiya ngezinye izikhathi iphawulwa ngokuthi "ibanga eliphansi kakhulu," lapho umbuso uhlangana nemiphakathi engokwenkolo kuyilapho ulondoloza isimo senhlonipho efanayo ngazo zonke izinkolo. Lokhu kuvumela uhulumeni ukuba ungenele emikhubeni engokwenkolo ukuze uthuthukise ubulungisa bezenhlalo, njengokuvimbela ukuphatha nokungena ethempelini okusekelwe ekuhleleni ngokwesigaba somphakathi.

Isimiso saseNdiya sihlanganisa imithetho yomuntu siqu elawula umshado, isehlukaniso, ifa, nokutholwa okuhluka emphakathini wenkolo, nemithetho ehlukene yamaHindu, amaSulumane, amaSulumane, amaKristu, nabanye. Leli lungiselelo lihlonipha amasiko enkolo kodwa futhi libangele impikiswano, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulingana kwendoda nemithetho engokwenkolo. Ijaji laseNdiya liye laxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo kanye nezinye izindinganiso zomthetho ngokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezindawo ezihilela umhlatshelo wezilwane, imidwebo engokwenkolo ezindaweni ezichaphazekile, namalungelo enkolo efundayo. Okuhlangenwe nokuhlangenwe nakho kwelaseNdiya kubonisa kokubili amathuba nengxabano yesibonelo esifuna ukudumisa ukuhlukahluka kwezenkolo lapho iphishekela ushintsho lwezenhlalo.

Umsebenzi Wesakhelo WaseYurophu

Indlela yokusebenzisa inkululeko engokwenkolo yeYurophu iqondiswa i - European Convention on Human Rights nemithetho yeNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, kanye namasiko esizwe ahlukahlukene emibuso yamalungu. ISiphakamiso 9 seSivumelwano siqinisekisa inkululeko yokucabanga, unembeza, nenkolo, ingaphansi kwemingcele egunyazwe umthetho futhi edingekile emphakathini wentando yeningi ngenjongo yomphakathi oqondile. INkantolo yaseYurophu iye yasungula indikimba eqinile yecala elingokomthetho ekhuluma ngezimpawu zenkolo ezisezindaweni zomphakathini, ukuphikisa konembeza, ukucwasana ngenkolo emsebenzini, namalungelo amancane enkolo.

Isakhiwo saseYurophu sihlanganisa izinguquko ezinkulu phakathi kwezifundazwe ezingamalungu. Amanye amazwe agcina amasonto amisiwe, njengeSonto laseSheshi namasonto amaLuthela aseScandinavia. Amanye, njengaseFrance, anamathela ekuthatheni imingcele eqinile yokungavumelani nenkolo. Abanye, njengaseJalimane nase-Austria, balondoloza ubuhlobo obuzwanayo nemiphakathi eqashelwayo. I-European Convention inikeza iziphathimandla zesizwe inkululeko esemthethweni esemthethweni, eqaphela ukuthi izimo zesiko nezomlando zihlukile emazweni ahlukene. Lokhu kuvumela ukungeniswa kwezizwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene phakathi kwesimiso esisodwa samalungelo abantu, nakuba iye yabangela ukugxekwa yilabo abaphikisana ngezindinganiso ezifanayo.

Ukuxhumana Ngezinkolo Nokuhlangana Kwezenhlalo

Ohulumeni abasekela inkululeko engokwenkolo ngokuphumelelayo baqaphela ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho sodwa asinele ukusungula imiphakathi ehlukene ngokwenkolo. Imizamo esebenzayo yokuthuthukisa ukuqonda nokubambisana kwezinkolo iwumphelelisi obalulekile wohlelo olungokomthetho. Ohulumeni abaningi basekela noma bavumela ukusungulwa kwezingxoxo ezixubile, bahlanganisa abaholi benkolo abasuka emasikweni ahlukene ukuze baxazulule izinselele ezivamile, futhi basekele izinhlelo zemfundo ezifundisa ngamasiko enkolo ahlukene. Le mizamo yakha inhloko yezenhlalo futhi inciphise ubandlululo nokungaqondi okungabangela ubandlululo olungokwenkolo nezingxabano.

Izifundo ze-Pew Research Center ezinqingweni ezingokwenkolo emhlabeni wonke zibonisa ngokungaguquki ukuthi izimiso zikahulumeni nezimo zezenhlalo zihlangene kakhulu. Amazwe anezivikelo eziqinile ezingokomthetho zenkululeko engokwenkolo nokusekela uhulumeni okhuthele kwezenhlalo engokwenkolo athambekela ekubeni namazinga aphansi empi engokwenhlalo ehlanganisa inkolo. Ngokuphambene, amazwe lapho ohulumeni bebekela khona inkululeko engokwenkolo ivame ukubhekana namazinga aphakeme obudlova obungokwenkolo noshushiso. Lesivumelwano sisikisela ukuthi izenzakalo zikahulumeni ezijulile ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho okukhona kwenkululeko engokwenkolo, hhayi nje njengendaba yamalungelo angokomthetho kodwa njengengxenye engokwenhlalo.

Izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa izinkolelo zinezela futhi ekwakheni inkululeko engokwenkolo ngobuhlobo bokwethembana nokuqondana phakathi kwemingcele engokwenkolo. Uma imiphakathi engokwenkolo yazana ngengxoxo nangokubambisana, cishe iyosekelana ngamalungelo ahlukene enkolo futhi imelane nemizamo yokululaza noma yokushushisa izinhlangano zenkolo. Ukusekela kukahulumeni kulezi zinyathelo kungathatha izindlela eziningi, kusukela ekuxhaseni imikhandlu yokuxuba yenkolo kanye nezikhungo zokuxoxa, kuhlanganise nokufunda inkolo ezifundweni zomphakathi nasemasontweni asekela imithombo yezindaba engokwenkolo ehlukene. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom[[ iye yagcizelela ukubaluleka kwengxoxo yokuxubanisa izinkolo njengesiciko senkululeko ephumelelayo, kokubili emakhaya nasenkambisweni yezentekweni yezentengo yangaphandle neyangaphandle.

Izinselele Ezisemkhathini

Izinselele eziningi ezisavelayo zizohlela ikusasa lenkululeko engokwenkolo elawulwayo. Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuhlelwa kwenkolo kuyi-inthanethi, ukukhuliswa kwemithetho yenkolo, nemithwalo yemfanelo yamapulatifomu ezenhlalo ngokuphathelene nenkulumo yenzondo engokwenkolo. Ohulumeni balwa nezimpikiswano zokusebenzisa izimiso ezingokwesiko zenkululeko engokwenkolo ezingokwezinombolo ezindaweni lapho imingcele elawulayo ihluleka khona nokukhuphuka kokwaziswa. Imiphakathi yenkolo ngokwayo ivumelanisa ukukhulekela kwezimiso zezenkolo, i-i - Internet nemfundo yenkolo, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi, inqubo ephakamisa imibuzo ngezimiso zezimiso zenkolo nemingcele kahulumeni yemisebenzi yezenkolo ethinta i-intanethi.

Ukwanda kokuhlukahluka kwezenkolo emazweni amaningi kunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinselele zokubusa kwenkululeko engokwenkolo. Izindlela zokushintsha ukuncintisana kwenani labantu ezingokwenkolo eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, nezinye izindawo, ziguqula ukuhlanganisa imiphakathi emisha yokholo nokuveza izinkolelo ezincane. Lokhu kushintsha kwenani labantu kuhlola izisekelo zomthetho ezikhona namalungiselelo ezenhlalo, ngezinye izikhathi kudinga ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho yezenkolo elinganiselwe. Ohulumeni kumelwe baqondise lokhu kucindezela kuyilapho begcina izibopho ezinkonzweni zenkululeko engokwenkolo nenkululeko engadiscishiwe. .S. UMnyango wezwezwe wenkululeko yezenkolo ekhona kanye namalungiselelo ezenhlalo, ngezinye izikhathi kufaka izivumelwano zentuthuko kanye nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezizweni zomhlaba ezibhekene nenkululeko yenkolo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo abantu buyoqhubeka bubangela izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izingxabano phakathi kwezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ne-LGBTQ, ukulingana kwabobulili obufanayo, nenkululeko yokuzala azibonisi zimpawu zesinqumo. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe njengokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo zingaphakamisa imibuzo emisha yenkululeko engokwenkolo njengoba ihlangana nezimfundiso ezingokwenkolo eziphathelene nesithunzi somuntu, isimo sokuphila, nemingcele yokungenela komuntu ezinqubweni ezingokwemvelo. Ukushintsha kwesimo nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile nakho kungaba nemiphumela engokwenkolo, ikakhulukazi emiphakathini yabantu bomdabu obuhlobene eduze kakhulu nezindawo ezithile nezindawo ezithile. Ukuzibeka lezi zinselele kuyodinga ukuhlaziswe ngokucophelela okungokomthetho, ukuhlaziswe okuhloniphekile, ukulawulwa, kanye nemingcele yenkululeko engokwenkolo ehlobene nonembeza nesithunzi esingabantu.

Isiphetho

Inkululeko yenkolo ihlala iyilungelo elibalulekile lomuntu elidinga ukuvikelwa ngenkuthalo nokusekelwa okunengqondo kohulumeni emhlabeni wonke. Izimiso ezingokomthetho zinikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekushushisweni nasekucwatshweni, kodwa inkululeko engokwenkolo ephumelelayo idlulela ngalé kokuvinjelwa ekuhlanganiseni indawo yokuhlala eqondile, ukusekela komphakathi, nemizamo yokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinkolo. Ukuhlukahluka kwezindlela zokuhlola izimiso ezihlukene zomthetho kanye nezimiso zamasiko kubonisa ukuthi akukho sibonelo esisodwa sokuhlonipha nokusekela inkululeko engokwenkolo. Isizwe ngasinye kumelwe sihlakulele ukusondela ezimweni ezithile kuyilapho sinamathela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zamalungelo abantu nesithunzi somuntu.

Ohulumeni abasekela ngokuphumelelayo inkululeko engokwenkolo badala izimo lapho abantu bengaphila khona ngokwezinkolelo zabo ezijulile, imiphakathi engokwenkolo ingachuma futhi ibe nengxenye emphakathini, futhi abantu bezinkolo ezihlukene bangahlala ngokuthula futhi babambisane ngokuhle okufanayo. Lemiphumela ayenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo kodwa idinga isibopho esiqhubekayo, umklamo wezimiso ezicophelelayo, nokuqhubeka kwengxoxo phakathi kwabo bonke ababambene. Njengoba izimiso zenkolo zamazwe ziqhubeka ziguquka, izimiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo, ukulingana, nokuhloniphana kuyohlala kunezinhloniphi ezidingekayo ezisemqokalweni engokwenkolo ezinhlobonhlobo. Umsebenzi wokuvikela nokusekela inkululeko engokwenkolo awusoze waphelela, kodwa usebenza lowo ovuza imizamo ngokulunga, ngokuthula, nangokuhlanganisa imiphakathi.