Ukuqonda Inqubo Efanele Yomthetho Wesigebengu

Umqondo wenqubo efanele ungenye yezinsika eziyisisekelo zezimiso zokwahlulela zanamuhla zobugebengu, ikakhulukazi e-United States lapho ufakwe khona ezinzibeni zesihlanu nezeshumi nane. Enqubeni yayo efanelekile, uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile nezimisiwe ngaphambi kokuba ancishe noma imuphi umuntu wokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abamangalelwe ngobugebengu baphathwa ngokulunga, banikwe ithuba elibalulekile lokuzwa, futhi bavikelwe esenzweni sombuso. Kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, nabafundisi, ukuqonda okujulile kwenqubo efanelekile akuyona nje imfundo kuphela. Lokhu kubalulekile ekulondolozeni ubuqotho nokufaneleka kwesimiso sobulungisa.

Inqubo elindelekile isebenza emazingeni amabili ahlukene kodwa ahlobene: inqubo ekhethekile ne-procedatic. Ukuhlukanisa inqubo efanele kuphathelene nenqubo yezomthetho yezenzo ezingokomthetho] izinyathelo eziqondile nezivikelwe okumelwe zibe khona lapho uhulumeni elwa nomuntu ngamunye. Inqubo edinga ukubekwayo, ngokuphikisana, ihlola [[isenzo sikahulumeni ngokwaso siphula amalungelo ayisisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziswa ngokufanelekile kangakanani. Zonke lezi zimfundiso zenza uhlaka olunamandla olulinganisa isilinganiso esiphakathi kwe-̱ isithakazelo ekuvikeleni komphakathi no-&8; ukucindezelwa kwesokudla.

Imisuka Ejulile Yomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wokuthi ukuqulwa kwamacala okungokomthetho kumelwe kube nokulunga futhi akukho muntu ongajeziswa ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kuqhubeke ngaphambi kokuba kumiswe umthetho-sisekelo waseMelika emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Okudume kakhulu okuqashelwayo kungu uMagna Carta, okhishwe ngo-1215, omenyezelwe ngeSahluko 39, ukuthi i-#8220; akukho muntu okhululekileyo ozakubanjwa noma asuswe amalungelo akhe noma impahla, noma adingiswe, noma aphucwe ukuma kwakhe nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, noma angayiqhubekela ngenkani yakhe, noma athunyelwe abanye ukuba benze kanjalo, ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sabantu bakhe noma umthetho wezwe. &&82; lesici sezinga eliphakathi sezwe noma elingokomthetho elingokomthetho elidlulele eNkakhulu #1; #1; #222; #222;

Umthetho ovamile wesiNgisi wathuthukisa umqondo ngemibhalo ephawuliwe enjenge Ukubekwa Kwesokudla [1628] kanye ne-[FLT] French Bill of Rights (1689)], eyaqinisa imingcele egunya lobukhosi nelungelo lokuvivinywa ngokungakhethi. Uma abalandeli bamakolone behlulwa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, izikhalo zabo zahlanganisa ukuphikwa kwalezi zivikelo ezingokwesiko ezingokomthetho. ISiphendulo sesihlanu, sagunyazwa ngo1791, saba isiqinisekiso sokuqala esicacile senqubo efanelekile yenqubo engokomthetho: “ Akukho muntu ozakuncishwa... ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.&81;

Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iSichibiyelo somthetho (18568) sandisa lesisivikelo esifanayo nasemisebenzini yohulumeni bezwe. Ingxenye 1 yenguquko imemezela ngodumo: i-̴... nolunye uHulumeni luzonciphisa noma imuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma ukuphika noma yimuphi umuntu ophakathi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. i-” i-#820; i-Incorporation Doctinective, i-Enquet, i-̵ yakhiwe yiNkanto ePhakakhulu phakathi nekhulu yekhulu lekhulu lekhulu lamakhulu lama-20, kancane kancane isebenzise i-Bill yamalungelo amaningi ezindaweni ze-Exmast Clauss of the 149, i-Expresstion ye-Express, i-'eqedmentmentmentmentation ye-yongmentation yesizwe elungele ubugebengu.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Imishini Yokwenza Okulungile

Iyiphi Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba uhulumeni anikeze isaziso esiqinile kanye nokulalela okunengqondo ngaphambi kokuba aphuce umuntu isithakazelo esivikelekile. Emongweni wesigebengu, lokhu kuguqulela eqenjini eliningilisweni lamalungelo asetshenziswa kusukela esikhathini sokuboshwa ngokunxusa. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iqambe ukuhlolwa okuvumelanayo, okudume kakhulu [kuyi- Maws v. Eldridge [1966][[FL:1], ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi isivikelo se-produalturacture sidingeka kanjani ngokomthetho. Izici ezintathu zinesisindo esiyinhloko: (1) isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintekile, (2) izingozi zokuncishwa okungelutho ngaphansi kwemiyaniso ekhona, kanye nenani elilinganayo lezenezekwezelweyo, kanye nenani likahulumeni i-&8; inzuzo yenkondla kanye ne-fil.

Nakuba ukuhlola iMathews kwaqala ezicaleni zomphakathi, ukuhluzeka kwalo kusekela imithetho eminingi yobugebengu.

Isihluthulelo Sesivikelo Esingokwemvelo Ezigebengwini Zezigebengu

  • Notice of Inlances:[ ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uzotshelwa ngesimo nembangela yamacala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze incwadi eqondile, ebhaliwe echaza ubugebengu obabekiwe.
  • Ilunga elulekweni: Icala eliphawulayo Gedeon v. Wainright (1963) yakholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSithandathu sidinga ukunikeza ummeli ukuba anikeze ummeli omangalelwe ngecala elingathi sína. Kamuva izinqumo zanwetshwa kulo noma kuphi lapho ukuboshwa kuyisijeziso esingase sibe khona ([[[FLT:]]] Arrigering v. Hamlin, 1972],. Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko lisebenza futhi ezigabani ezibucayi ezinjengamacala anzima, ukuphenywa, nokuncelwa.
  • Isivikelo sokumelene nokwethukela: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthula. [Ku Miranda v. Arizona (1966, iNkantolo ePhakeme yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa kumelwe azise ukusolwa ngalelilungelo, kanye kwesokudla kummeli, ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kunganikeza noma ikuphi ukuvuma okungaqondakali.
  • Esokudla kuya e-Price and Public Treast Treau: IsiHlanzi seSihlalo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abaphumi ejele belindele ukuqulwa kwecala futhi ukuthi amacala avulekele ukuhlolwa umphakathi. INkantolo ku- Barker v. Wingo [1972] yasungula uvivinyo olune lwezehlakalo lokuhlola okusheshayo: ubude besikhathi sokulibala, isizathu sokulibala, ummangalelwa ̱ ukufinyeza kweso kwesokudla, nobandlululo kummangalelwa.
  • Esokudla kuJury Ongakhethi: ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala yijaji elingakhethi elikhethwe eqenjini elimelelwe umphakathi. Inqubo yokukhetha abahluleli, ivumela abameli ukuba bangabaze futhi baphikise abangaba abakhohlisi bobandlululo.
  • Isokudla kuMnyango WobuPhofu: ISiphakamiso sika-Claus weSichibiyelo sesithupha sinikeza abamangalelwa ilungelo lokunikeza ofakazi abamelene nabo. I-CPromp Program Claus Expresse ivumela abamangalelwa ukuba basebenzise inkantolo i’ amandla okuletha ofakazi abahle ukuze bafakazele.
  • I-Standard of Ubufakazi (I-Beyond Attification Enengqondo): Inqubo elindelekile ifuna u-Claus ashicilelwe ukufakazela zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo ([] Ku-Rewinship[, 1970]). Lena indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi emthethweni waseMelika, ebonisa imiphumela emibi yecala lobugebengu.
  • Isivikelo sokulwa no-Reopardy: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba amangalele umuntu kabili icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunywa, nakuba kuvela uhulumeni ohlukile (imfundiso engokomthetho).

Inqubo Eyisisekelo Efanele: Isimiso Senkululeko

Nakuba inqubo efanelekile ebhekiselwa ekuqondeni ngokulunga ezimisweni zikahulumeni, inqubo edingayo engaphansi kwe-octal ihlola ukuthi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni ngokwaso siphula amalungelo ayisisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza i-Six Process Clauss ukuvikela amalungelo athile ango-#8220;impulitit emqondweni wenkululeko e-𔄭 ([ Plat] Platko v. Connecticut[FL:1]], 1937 [#8220]; isekelwe ngokujulile kule-Nation &̱ umlando nesiko i-𔄮 ([FL:1]; [[FLT]]][FT]]][FT]]

Emthethoni wobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile engathi sína ivame ukusetshenziswa ekubekeni imithetho engacacile noma engekho ngqiqweni. I-“ igwema imfundiso engacacile i-̵ ifuna ukuba imithetho yobugebengu inikeze isaziso esicacile sokuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi inikeze izindinganiso ezicacile zokuvimbela ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0]] i-Moracos[[FLT][FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [1999]] [1999], iNkanto eshaya iqembu lemithetho enganakiweyo ngenxa yokuthi lalingaqondise amaphoyisa ngokuqondisisa. [imithetho],[5], i-Foctalt], [5],[5], i-eyesvoctive [eyesting [5],[5],[5] kanye ne-G.[5] Amalungelo angathi:[fL], ngezinye ezinye izig.[f.[5]]

Uphawu Oluvelele Lwecala Lenkantolo Ephakeme Luyehlisa Inqubo Efaneleyo Emthetho Wobugebengu

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenqubo efanele akunakuqondwa ngaphandle kokuhlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezanikeza incazelo ecacile embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo.

UGideon (1963)

Clarence Earl Gideon wamangalelwa ngokuphula nokungena eFlorida. Engenakukwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, isicelo sakhe seseluleko esimisiwe saphiwa ngoba iFlorida yamane yanikeza abameli emacaleni abulalayo. Ezimelela yena, uGideyoni waboshwa futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. Esinqumweni sabo sonke, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSihla Yesithupha siyilungelo elibalulekile ekuqulweni okulungile futhi sisebenza ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngeSimemezelo seGazelo-Adth Claus Claus. Isinqumo sashintshwa isimiso somphakathi sokuzivikela esizwe sonke.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda waboshwa ngenxa yokuthumba nokudlwengula, futhi ngemva kwamahora amabili ephenywa, wasayina isivumelo esasihlanganisa amazwi athi wayene-̴ ulwazi olugcwele lwamalungelo ami angokomthetho. ̵ iNkantolo, esinqumweni esingu-5-4, yaveza ukuthi ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuthumba nokuzithumba, lidinga ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuze lazise ukusolwa kwamalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuphenywa. I-iconic [[FLT]] Miranda isixwayiso [[[#1] #812]; isokudla ukuhlala buthule, ukuthi noma yini eshiwoyo ukuthi idinga ukumiswa ngokumelene nawe, ummeli, nesokudla ukuba abe nommeli omisiwe.

Maryland (1963)

John Brady walahlwa icala lokubulala ngemva kokugwetshwa ukufa, futhi umshushisi wagodla ubufakazi bokuthi lowo ayehamba naye wayevume ngempela ekubulaleni. INkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ngokuthi i-Calct Claus ifuna abashushisi ukuba badlulise ubufakazi obuhle bokuthi inecala noma isijeziso. Le-#820; Brady grady ” iphonsa umsebenzi oqhubekayo kubashushisi ukuba baphendule ubufakazi bokukhipha isigwebo, futhi ukuphula kwayo kungaholela ekunqandeni izinkolelo, njengoba kuboniswa emacaleni anjenge [[FLT:]. [FLT] .

Ekuwineni kabusha (1970)

LeNkantolo yanikeza indinganiso enengqondo enqubweni yobuhlongandlebe bentsha, icabanga ukuthi i - Status Proce Claus yayifuna indinganiso ephakeme yobufakazi entsheni nakubantu abadala ngoba imiphumela (yenkululeko) yayimibi ngokufanayo. lesi sinqumo saqinisa isimiso sokuthi umshushisi uthwele umthwalo wobufakazi nokuthi indinganiso kumelwe ingangatshazwa kuzo zonke izigebengu nobuhlongandlebe babantwana.

Inqubo Efanele Emsebenzini: Izitebhisi Zezigebengu Eziqhubekayo

Ukuqonda indlela inqubo efanele esebenza ngayo kancane kancane esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu kubalulekile kodokotela nakubafundi ngokufanayo.

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Ukuboshwa kumelwe kusekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka, imfuneko esekelwe eSichibiyelweni sesine kodwa ehlobene eduze nenqubo efanelekile. Ngemva kokuboshwa, ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile (i-#820; Gerstein ukuzwa, i-̵ kusukela [[FL:0] Gerstein v. Pugh[, 1975]) ukuze kuthole ukuthi izimbangela zisekela ijele noma ikhona. Inqubo yencwadi ihlanganisa ukuthwebula iminwe, ukuthwebula, nokuthatha izithombe, kanye nerekhodi engokomthetho yemicilo.

Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nebhantshi

Ekuqhameni kokuqala, ummangalelwa utshelwa ngamacala, utshelwa ngamalungelo abo, futhi unikezwa ithuba lokuzimisela ngebheyili. ISichibiyelo se-Heighth senqabela ibheyili ephakeme, kodwa inqubo efanele idinga ukuba noma ikuphi ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi kokwahlulela kuthethelelwe ngokuthola ingozi yokundiza noma ingozi emphakathini ( United States v.Sallerno, 1987). Izifunda eziningi manje zisebenzisa amathuluzi asengozini yokwazisa ngentambo, nakuba kuvela ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo lohlanga nobulungisa.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Noma Impicabadala Ephakeme

Kumacala ecala, iSichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuqulwa kwecala kwakuqala okusheshayo noma ukubekwa icala yijaji elikhulu. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwandulela kuvumela umahluleli ukuba anqume ukuthi yini okungase kusekele amacala; ukuzivikela kunganikeza ubufakazi obuphambanisa i-examine. Ijaji elikhulu, elisetshenziswa emacaleni kahulumeni nakwamanye amazwe, lizwa ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi ngasese futhi linqume ukuthi likhipha icala (umthetho wangempela) yini.

Icala

Kulelizinga, inkantolo iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuthi uyawaqonda amacala nezijeziso ezingase zitholakale, nokuthi noma ubani owenqabela amalungelo ngokuzithandela futhi uhlakaniphile.

Ukuthola Nokuhamba

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukutholakala okunenjongo: ukuqulwa kwecala kumelwe kwembule ubufakazi obuyingcaca (izinto eziwubufakazi), uhlu lofakazi nemibiko engochwepheshe. Iseluleko sezempi singavimbela ukuthatha amafayela ukuze sicindezele ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, njengokuphenya okungekho emthethweni noma ukuphoqelelwa. Ukuvinjelwa kuyisivikelo esibucayi senqubo efanelekile.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala ngokwalo liyinqubo eyisisekelo yokuqulwa kwecala. Ummangalelwa ujabulela umbono wokungasoleki, umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, futhi ulwelwelo lungaveza icala lalo, ufakazi we-expampane, futhi aphikisane nabahluleli. Iziqondiso zikaJury kumelwe zisho ngokunembile umthetho, futhi umahluleli kumelwe ahlale engakhethi.

Ukugwetshwa Nokukhanga

Ngemva kokuqiniseka, inqubo efanele idinga ukuba isigwebo sisekelwe ebufakazini obunokwethenjelwa futhi ummangalelwa unethuba lokuveza izici ezicazulula. Apprendi umugqa wezenzakalo (]] Alleppndi v. New Jersey[FLT]]], 2000; Blakn v. Washington, 2004; Alleyne v. United [FLT] FLT], 2013] uphethe ukuthi noma iphuzu elikhulisa izinga noma umusho olinganiselwe kumelwe liboniswe ngaphandle kokungabaza okungatsha. Ukuhlenga okunengqondo, ukubukeza okuvumelana nokugwedayo okungokomthetho (unyakaze u-utho (uhlu: 5,5]) okuvumelana nokugwetyelwe ngokugwetyelwa ngokulunga.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwezimo zayo ezigxilile, inqubo efanele ibhekana nezingcindezi ezinkulu endaweni yokwahlulela ngobugebengu yanamuhla.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Nezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Ukuhlola kubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi abamangalelwa abamnyama nababhishobhi abangamaHispanic basengozini enkulu yokuboshwa, bamangalelwe ngokunamandla kakhulu, banikezwa izivumelwano ezivumayo, futhi bagwetshwa ngonya kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo. Ukungalingani komnotho kusho ukuthi abamangalelwa abangenele ngokomthetho abathola izimpawu ezisemthethweni ezingafanele ezivela kubavikeli bomphakathi abasindayo i̬ usongo oluqondile ku- Gideon[ isithembiso. I-Liberiberos Union (ACLU) ephakathi kwe-America)[FLT] kanye namanye amaqembu alwayo amaqembu azimele ayaqhubeka encwadini lokuhlukanisa nokuguqula inguquko.

Ukuhluthulwa Kwamaningi Nokufakwa Kwemicu Eyingozi

Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kwamaphesenti axazululwa ngokuncenga, hhayi ngokuqulwa kwecala. Umthamo omkhulu wamacala, uhlangene nesigwebo esikhulu esihlukene phakathi kwezicelo nesigwebo sangemva kwecala, kubangela ukucindezela okukhulu kubamangalelwa ukuba balahle amalungelo abo okuqulwa. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso sibulala ngisho nabamangalelwa abangenacala ukuba bamangalelwe ngecala ukuze bagweme isigwebo esingokomthetho sobudrakoni, silulaze inqubo efanele.

Inqubo Yobuchwepheshe Nezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sesine i-’ izivikelo zokuhlola okungacabangeli nokuquleka ziye zacishwa ubufakazi bemitapo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yazama ukuvumelana, ibusa ku- Riley v. California (Unyaka ka-2014 ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola ucingo lwesehlakalo sokuboshwa, futhi [[FLT:]]] Carbatenbrent v. United States[FLT]] [2018]) ukuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando kwe-sethi kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa ngokunokwenzeka. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe obusha obufana nokuqashelwa kobuso, imilayelelo ebhukwizi ye-layisense, nokulungisa amapayipile e-om aphakamisa imibuzo ye-ommediod mayelana nokuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa kwe-isuswe.

Ukufuduka Nemingcele Yenqubo Efanele

Izehlo zokuthunyelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe azikho ngaphansi kwesivikelo esiphelele sobugebengu obuvamile. Abantu abangaboshiwe ngaphandle kwesibopho, bangathola iseluleko esilinganiselwe (esingagunyazwa uhulumeni), futhi badingiswe ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephansi enikeza ubufakazi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside kungafinyeza inqubo efanele, kodwa ama-asethi ayaqhubeka encintisana.

Ukuqinisa Inqubo Efanele Yesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuvikela nokwandisa inqubo efanele kudinga umzamo ohlangene. Izikole zomthetho zingagcizelela inqubo yobugebengu yomthetho-mthetho njengendlela yokuncintisana. Abenzi bemithetho kufanele bafake izinqubo zomphakathi zokuzivikela ngokwaneleyo, basuse imisho ebophelele ephazamisa ukuncenga, futhi badinge ukuba sobala nokulandisa ekwenzeni izinqumo zomphakathi. Okunye okusekelwe emphakathini ukuqungatha, njengokulungisa izigaba zomthetho, kunganikeza uhlobo olungcono lokulandisa olubonisa ukuphakama nokuthatha icala okudumisa izindinganiso ezifanele.

Ukuze ufunde futhi ufunde imithombo enegunya, hlola Isikhungo solwazi se-Cornell Law School , [, [[[FLT:][[FLT]]] [[FLT]] Oyez Project[[FLT]][FLT] [ngendlela yokubhala nokufusha,[[FLT:][FLT]] ACLU] AKOLWAMAGU] [[[FLT]][FLT:][FLT][FLT][FLT]][11]

Inqubo ayiyona inqubo ehleliwe; iyisimiso esiphilayo esidinga ukuqapha njalo nokuchazwa kabusha njengoba umphakathi ushintsha. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi olungiselela ibha, uthisha oklama uhlelo lwezifundo, noma isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, ukuqonda nokusekela inqubo efanelekile kulokhu kungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini wentando yeningi olangazelela ubulungisa kubo bonke.