Inqubo yenkantolo ingaba okuhlangenwe nakho okunzima nokunzima kakhulu kubantu abaningi. Ukuqonda okwenzekayo lapho uya enkantolo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile esimisweni somthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa, ummangalelwa, ufakazi, noma umane uyingqapheli ethakazelayo, ukwazi izigaba zomkhakha wokuqulwa kwecala kunciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi kukuvumele ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe. Lesihloko sizophula izigaba ezihlukahlukene zenqubo yenkantolo, kusukela ekutheni uthatheni isinqumo sokugcina, futhi sichaze umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwecala lombango wombango nobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwecala nebhentshi, kanye nokukhetha okukhona ngemva kokufinyelelwa kwesinqumo. Nakuba icala ngalinye liyingqayizivele elichazwe lapha lisebenza ekulingweni okukhulu eUnited States. Umbuso uPlaye uhlola inqubo yemvume njalo, njalo uhambe ngelayise ngemvume.

Izindlela Zokuhloba

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe ukuqulwa kwecala, kuthatha izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile. Lezi zinyathelo eziqinisekisa ukuthi bobabili bakulungele, ukuthi izindaba zichazwe kahle, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kuqhubeke kahle. Izinqubo zokwahlulela zingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga, kuye ngokuthi udaba luyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Ukungafinyeleli isikhathi noma ukuhluleka ukuvumelana nohlelo lwangaphambi kwe-credium kungalimaza kakhulu ukuma kweqembu, ngakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani phakathi nale ngxenye.

Ukukhononda Nempendulo

Lenqubo iqala lapho ummangaleli (umuntu oletha icala) ekhipha isikhalo esingokomthetho enkantolo. Isikhalo sinikeza amaqiniso ecala, izikhalo ezingokomthetho, nokuthi isiphi isikhalazo esifunwa ummangalelwa esifuna (njengemali ewohlokile noma isiyalo). Emacaleni obugebengu, okufanayo ukugcinwa kwecala noma ukwaziswa komshushisi. Ngokwewebhusayithi U.S. inkantolo iqala ukuveza icala lobugebengu lapho ijaji elikhulu likhipha icala noma umshushisi.

Uma isikhalo sesidluliselwe kummangalelwa, ummangalelwa unesikhathi esiqondile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-21 kuya kwezingu-30) sokubhala impendulo. Impendulo ekumangaleleni ngakunye esikhaloni ("a) ukuphendula, ukuphika, noma ukusho ukuthi ummangalelwa akanalo ulwazi olwanele lokuphendula. Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula ngesikhathi esifanele, ummangalelwa angase acele isahlulelo esiphelele.

Ukuthola: Ukuqoqa Ubufakazi

Ukutholakala kwemininingwane kungezinye zezimo ezibucayi kakhulu ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo. Zombili izinhlangothi zishintshanisa ukwaziswa nobufakazi ukuze zingamangalisi uma kuqulwa. Izindlela zokuthola izenzakalo zihlanganisa:

  • Izimo:[ Ubufakazi obunikezwa ofakazi noma amaqembu, obuqoshwe yintatheli yenkantolo. Ama-Attorney angabuza imibuzo futhi ahlole imininingwane.
  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo, ngokuvamile elinganiselwe ngenani ngemithetho yenkantolo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokuveza: Izicelo zamabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izithombe, noma obunye ubufakazi obungokoqobo.
  • Izimemo ezicela ukudluliswa: Izinkulumo omunye acela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike, anciphise izimpikiswano zokulingwa.

Ukuthola imidlalo kungaphikisana. Imikhosi ingaphoqelela ukuba kuthathwe amafayela uma olunye uhlangothi lwenqaba ukuveza ubufakazi. Isigaba sokuthola silapho ofakazi abangochwepheshe betholakala futhi kuphikwa imibiko yabo. Ukuze kubhekwe ngokujule kakhulu imithetho etholakele, iMithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procedire[ inikeza uhlelo olubanzi.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, abameli bangathatha izintambo ukuze baxazulule izindaba zomthetho noma baze ngisho baqede icala ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Izenzo zangaphambi komthetho ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha: Ama-Ague ukuthi ngisho noma yonke into i-pasttiff eshoyo iyiqiniso, asikho isisekelo esingokomthetho sokusho.
  • [[INTLA:0] i-Motion ye-fusion Justice Justice Justice: icela umahluleli ukuba anqume ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela mayelana namaqiniso nokuthi i-patting inelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho.
  • [Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekunikezelweni ekuqulweni kwecala, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezizathu zobandlululo noma ukuvala i-elev.
  • Ukuhlobanisa ukucindezelwa (icala lobugebengu): icela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ommangalelwa.

Uma kunikezwa ukunyakaza okungaqondile (njengokwahlulela okufushanisiwe), icala lingaphela ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

Imihlangano Neziqondiso Zangaphambi Kwezimo

Abahluleli bavame ukuba nengqungquthela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngaphambi kwenkantolo ukuze baxoxe ngezindlela zokuxazulula izigwebo, izimpikiswano ezilandelanayo, futhi bamise isikhathi esimisiwe. Ingqungquthela yokugcina yangaphambi kwenkantolo ingaphumela ekuhleleni kwangaphambi kwenkundla okuhlela ofakazi, imibukiso, nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ohlangothini ngalunye oluhlela ukuzisebenzisa.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala

Ukuqonda uhlelo lwezenzakalo kungakusiza ukuba ususe okuhlangenwe nakho futhi uvumele ukugxila kulokhu kulandisa kunokuba ugxile kuleyonqubo.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Uma icala liyicala lokwahlulela, isinyathelo sokuqala ukukhetha ikomiti yabahluleli. Lenqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi ivoir dash (isithombe se-French se-literation"), ihlanganisa ukubuza abamele ukuba abahluleli bavubukuli ukuze bavulule ubandlululo noma ubandlululo olungabavimbela ukuba bangakhethi. Ama-Athorney kumacala womabili, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umahluleli, abuza imibuzo ngezizinda zamalungu ojaji, imisebenzi, nokuhlangenwe nakho. Ilungu ngalinye lingabekela inselele inani elilinganiselwe labagcini bejaji ngemzazelo (umz., uma umsizi azi iqembu elithile) futhi angasebenzisa inani elinqunyiwe kusengaphambili ukuze axazulule ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu. Ijaji yokugcina lihlanganisa amalungu angu-6 kuya kumalungu angu-12, futhi abalalela ngokulandelanayo ngaphandle kokuba kudingenze lutho.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Ngemva kokuba abahluleli befungele, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza isifungo. Inkulumo yokuqala ayisho lutho olucacile (noma umshushisi ecaleni lobugebengu). Inkulumo yokuqala ayisho ukuthi impikiswano “‘ iwukucaciswa okufushane kobufakazi obulindelwe yiqembu ukuba libunikeze. Isiza ijaji nabahluleli ukuba baqonde isimo secala. Amazwi ahluliwe anikeza indaba ecacile neshukumisayo ngaphandle kokushaya isigxobo esingokomthetho. Impicazelo inganikeza inkulumo yayo yokuvula ngokushesha ngemva kwe-paltiff, noma ingagcina inkulumo yayo kuze kube ngemva kokuba isikhulu secala layo.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ingxenye eyinhloko yecala inikeza ubufakazi. Iqembu elinomthwalo wobufakazi (ekumangalelani kwezakhamuzi, ukuquliswa kwecala lobugebengu) linikeza icala lalo kuqala. Ubufakazi buhlanganisa:

  • [ Ubufakazi boFakazi: babizwa esikhungweni futhi baphenywa ngokuhlolwa ngokuqondile yiqembu elababiza. Iqembu eliphikisayo libe selinethuba lokuhlola i-past à cross à recuntry, elingabekela inselele ukungethembiki, ukuveza ukungavumelani, noma ukuthola amaqiniso angcono.
  • Amabhukwana: amabhukwana, izithombe, amavidiyo, izinto ezingokoqobo(izinto ezingokoqobo) ezithinta icala. Izibuko kumele ziqinisekiswe futhi zivunywe njengobufakazi ngokwemithetho yobufakazi.
  • Izibalo:[ Amaqiniso avumelanayo nhlangothi zombili, afundelwa abahluleli ngaphandle kokudinga ubufakazi.
  • [ Ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe: Imibono ekhethekile evela kuchwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe emikhakheni enjengezemithi, ubunjiniyela, noma izimali.

Ngemva kokuba isikhulu secala sisomile, ukuzivikela kungathatha isinqumo esiqondisiwe (njengoba kusendabeni yomthetho), siphikisa ngokuthi ummangalelwa akanikezi bufakazi obanele bokusekela isinqumo. Uma ephikwa, ukuzivikela kunikeza ubufakazi bakho, kulandela indlela efanayo yokuqondisa nokuhlola. Khona - ke umlahli angase anikeze ubufakazi obubodwa bokuphikisa amaphuzu amasha aphakanyiswe yizilwe.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Uma nje bonke ubufakazi bunikezwa, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha. Lesi isikhathi sokufihla izibalo: abameli bafingqa ubufakazi, baqokomisa amaphuzu ayinhloko, futhi baphikisane ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bathole umusa wabo. I-Placttiff/proxeseshor akhulume kuqala, bese ukuzivikela, futhi ekugcineni umbulali angaba nomphikisi omfushane. Izimpikiswano zingaba nesasasa kodwa kumelwe zihlale ngaphakathi kombhalo we-$attney azikwazi ukuveza amaqiniso amasha noma ukuchaza ubufakazi obungaqondile.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, ijaji liyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenza ecaleni. Iziqondiso zihlanganisa izici zecala ngalinye, umthwalo wobufakazi (ukuqashelwa kobufakazi emacaleni omphakathi; ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo ezicabeni zobugebengu), nezinqubo zokucabanga. Khona - ke izigwegwe zithatha indawo yegumbi elizimele ukuze zixoxe futhi zifinyelele isinqumo. Ezindaweni eziningi, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane ezicabeni zobugebengu; amacala omphakathi angavumela isinqumo esikhulu kuye ngemithetho kahulumeni.

Isinqumo singathatha amahora noma izinsuku. Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo ngemva kwesikhathi esifanelekile, umahluleli angamemezela icala elingalungile (“ijaji elingalawuleki”). Icala lingase liphinde liqulwe nejaji elisha.

Ukuvivinywa Kwe - Benco: Akukho Jury

Isinqumo se-procedrop siyafana, kodwa umahluleli angase abuze imibuzo futhi angathatha icala ngaphansi kweseluleko ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokukhipha isinqumo esibhaliwe. Ukuqulwa kwecala lika-Bench kuvamile emacaleni ahilela izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho noma lapho bobabili abameleli belisebenzisa ilungelo labo kumajaji.

3. Izinhlobo Zovivinyo

Ubufakazi obuphathekayo, imiphumela engenzeka, kanye nesimo esisenkantolo.

Ukuvivinywa Kwangaphakathi Kuphikisana Nokuvivinywa Kwesigebengu

Ukulingwa kuhilela izingxabano phakathi kwabantu abazimele `abangamele', amabhizinisi,' noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni] ukufuna amakhambi okulimala. I-paltiff kumele ifakazele icala layo nge-[ ukudalelwa kobufakazi (cishe kakhulu). Izenzakalo ezivamile zomphakathi zihlanganisa ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, nokuxabana kwempahla. Imiphumela ihilela izindleko zemali noma iziyalezo zenkantolo (informations).

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqulwa komthetho kuhilela uhulumeni (ukushushisa) ukumangalela umuntu ngobugebengu. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphakeme kakhulu: umshushisi kumelwe abonise icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo[[. Ukuqulwa kwecala kungaphumela esinqumweni esinecala esiholela ekuhlawulweni, ekuboshweni, noma ekufeni ezinkantolo ezinkulu. Ummangalelwa unezivikelo ezinkulu zomthetho, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokuyaleza, kanye nelungelo lofakazi. Imininingwane eminingi yenqubo yobugebengu ingatholakala engosini ye-webhukwi-webh [[FLT:][FLD][FLD][FD][FLD][FFD]

Ukuvivinywa Kwe - Jury v.

Ecaleni , abahluleli banquma amaqiniso futhi basebenzise umthetho njengoba ufundiswe umahluleli. Ukuqulwa kwamacala ecala amaningi obugebengu namacala amaningi angokwezenhlalakahle (ISichibiyelo seshumi nambili ezicaleni zikahulumeni, nemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ezisho imibuso eminingi). Ukuqulwa kwecala likaJury ngokuvamile kuyakhethwa uma icala lihilela ukunxusa okungokomzwelo noma izindinganiso zomphakathi.

Ukuqulwa kwecala leBench kuzwakala umahluleli kuphela. Kuvame ukusetshenziswa ezinkantolo ezincane, emacaleni athile okuphatha, futhi uma bobabili bevuma ukulahla ijaji. Ukuqulwa kwe-Bench kungashesha futhi kungangenwa ngokomthetho, futhi umahluleli angazimisele kakhulu ukuzwa ubufakazi obuphathekayo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ijaji. Nokho, isinqumo somahluleli siyoma ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe iphutha elicacile ekudluliseni.

Ezinye Izilingo Ezikhethekile

Amanye amacala akhishwa ezinkantolo ezikhethekile noma ezinqubweni ezikhethekile:

  • Arbitution:[ Inqubo ebophayo ngaphandle kwenkantolo lapho umqondisi enquma khona umphumela. Nakuba kungelona icala, lithatha indawo yecala.
  • Iziphakamiso Ezincane zeNkantolo:[ Imicimbi elula yezimpikiswano ezihilela izilinganiso ezimbalwa zemali, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwabameli.
  • Inkantolo yamaTraffic: isingatha ukwephulwa kwezimoto; izinqubo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu.
  • [[IQUMT:0] Inkantolo yomkhaya:[ isingatha isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuhlala nabantwana, nobudlova basekhaya; amanye amacala angaqulwa, kodwa amaningi axazululwa ngokuqulwa kwecala.

4. Izindlela Zokwelapha Zangemva Komshado

Isinqumo sokugcina asigcini njalo lapho umgwaqo uthatha khona isigwebo, ugwebe, futhi udlulisele izicelo zawo isikhathi eside.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Uma ijaji (noma ijaji) lifika esinqumweni, kumenyezelwa enkantolo esobala. Endaweni yomphakathi, isinqumo sisho ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala (noma akunjalo) futhi uma enecala, isilinganiso semali ebulewe. Ecaleni lobugebengu, isinqumo siwukuthi “unecala” noma“ akanacala.” Isinqumo esingathi 93guilty siqeda icala − izingozi eziphindwe kabili zivimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphinde avivimbele ummangalelwa. Isinqumo esinecala siholela ekwahluleleni kwecala, ngemva kwalokho inkantolo iyonquma ukugwetshwa.

Ukugwetshwa (Izimo Zobugebengu)

Ukugweba kuyisigwebo esihlukene lapho umahluleli ekhipha khona isijeziso. Ngaphambi kokuba agwetshwe, isikhulu sezeluleko silungiselela umbiko wokuhlola kwangaphambi kokugunyazwa kommangalelwa ochaza isizinda sommangalelwa nethonya lobugebengu. Zombili izinhlangothi zinganikeza ubufakazi nempikiswano. Ukukhetha okuhlanganisa ukuboshwa, amaface, ukujeziswa, ukugcinwa kwecala, inkonzo yomphakathi, nezinhlelo zokwelapha. Ezinye iziqondiso zisebenzisa imilandulo elinganiselwe esemthethweni emacala athile, imingcele yokwahlulela. Iziqondiso zemithetho yemithetho, nakuba i-dvisory ngemva United States V. Incwadi yezincwadi, isadlala indima ebalulekile. Ukuze ubone ukucubuthwa kwe-osethi. [FLT:].US.GPU.GPUS.[FT]

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komshado

Ngemva kwesinqumo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase libhale phansi izinqubo zangemva kwenkantolo, njengethi:

  • [[NT.:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: Ama-ague amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala (umzk., ubufakazi obungafanele, ukuziphatha okubi kokhetho) aphuca iqembu elilahlekelwayo icala elilungile.
  • Umjonion for Justice Confict Direct (JNOV): ucela umahluleli ukuba abeke eceleni isinqumo sejaji ngoba akukho bahluleli abanengqondo ababengafinyelela leso siphetho.
  • Ukunciphisa indiva: Kuncintisana nomonakalo ongaphezulu.

Lokhu kuthatha isikhathi esiningi kuyazwela (isib., izinsuku ezingu - 14 ngemva kokungena enkantolo kahulumeni). Uma kunqatshwa, icala lingase lidluliselwe.

Ukukhanga

Ukudlulisa isikhalo akusilona ikhambi elisha; ukubukeza irekhodi lokuqulwa kwecala lamaphutha angokomthetho. Icala (leliqembu elikhangayo) kumelwe libonise ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenza iphutha elathinta umphumela. Izikhalo ngokuvamile zizwakala yiqembu labahluleli ababukeza futhi bezwe izimpikiswano ezicubungulwayo. Bangaqinisekisa, baphendule, noma baphendule icala eliqhubekayo. Emacala obugebenguni, ummangalelwa angase afake isikhalo esiqondile njengesokudla, kodwa ukuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile akunakudluliswa.

Usizo Nokuphoqelelwa Kwangemva Kokudingiswa

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa oye wacela ukudluliswa kwezicelo eziqondile angase afune usizo ngezicelo ze-habeas corpus (umphathi) noma i-coram nobis, esho ukuthi uphulwa umthetho-sisekelo noma ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa. Emacalani omphakathi, ummangalelwa owindile kumelwe abophe isahlulelo [1] ngokuthatha izinto zempahla, ngokuphaka, noma ngokufaka amaphutha (uma iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingazikhokheli ngokuzithandela.)

isiphetho.

Ukuqonda inqubo yenkantolo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekile ekuqulweni kwecala. Kusukela ezinqulwini zangaphambi kwecala kuya ekuqulweni kwecala, isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza indima ebalulekile ohambweni olungokomthetho. Ukuzwa kungasiza abantu ukuba balawule inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yenkantolo ngokuqiniseka okukhulu. Khumbula ukuthi lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ovamile; konke okulawulayo kunemithetho yako siqu nokuguquguquka. Uma ubhekene nokuqulwa kwecala, ukuqasha ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuvikela amalungelo akho futhi ufinyelele umphumela ongcono kakhulu. Inqubo yenkantolo ingasezwa isabisa, kodwa ngokulungiselela nangolwazi, ungabhekana nayo ngekhanda lakho.