Ukuqonda Indima YeRaje Sabha Ekulungiseni Umthetho - sisekelo WaseNdiya

Umthetho-sisekelo wase-Indiya umelela igunya eliphakeme elingokomthetho lesizwe, futhi ulishintshayo liyindaba ebalulekile. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile, odinga iningi elivamile ePhalamende, ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kudinga umnyango ophezulu wokuvumelana nokusemthethweni. Yilapho iRajeya Sabhaha, uMkhandlu wase-United States, isebenzisa khona igunya layo elikhulu. Njengoba i House ehlala njalo emelela amazwe nezindawo ezihlangene, iJajiya Sabhaha isebenza njengesivikelo esibucayi ekumelaneni nezinguquko ezithathelwe phambili noma ezisekelwe kwezombangazwe.

Inqubo yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo ayichazwa ngokuzenzekela; ihlanganiswe ngokucophelela esiQinisekweni 368 soMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sihloko simisa amandla aqondile ePhalamende ukuba alungise idokhumende futhi sichaze izinqubo eziqondile okumelwe zilandelwe. IRajiya Sabhaha ayiyona nje enye ingxenye ethatha umzabalazo kulenqubo; ime njengomngane olinganayo neLok Sabba. Noma imuphi umthetho-mgaqo-mthetho kumelwe uqinisekise ukuvunyelwa kwazo zombili izindlu. Ngenxa yokuthi iRajiya Sabra ayiyona inqubo okumelwe ilandelwe, inikeza ukuqhubekela nenkumbulo yezenhlangano, ngokuvamile imelana nezingcindezi zezombangazwe ezingase zithonyezele iNdluya ephansi.

Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo: ISiphakamiso 368

Itshe lesisekelo lenqubo yokulungisa i- Article 368. Inikeza iPhalamende amandla okususa ngokuhlanganisa, ukuhlukahluka, noma ukuguqula noma iliphi ilungiselelo loMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvumelana nenqubo ebekwe esihlokweni ngokwaso. Le mithetho ezimele isungula izigaba ezintathu ezihlukene ze-mendices, ngayinye edinga izinga elihlukile lokusekela kwephalamende. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kubalulekile ekuqondeni indima ethile ye-Rajiya Sabba.

Kuyinkolelo eyisimo eyisidala ukuthi zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zidinga abantu abaningi ababili-ntathu eRaje Sabha. Eqinisweni, amalungiselelo athile oMthetho-sisekelo angalungiswa yiziningi zezindlu. Nokho, igama elithi “inguquko ye-athostigal” ngokuvamile ligcinelwe ushintsho oluyinguquko ekhethekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 368. Ukuqina kweSiphakamiso 368 kuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni azishintshwa iningi elidlulayo, kanti iRajiya Sabha yenza njengomphathi wale mithetho eqinile.

Izinhlobo Zobukhulu Ezidingekayo ERaje Sabha

Izinga leningi elidingeka kuyiRaje Sabha lixhomeke ngokuphelele esimweni selungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo elilungiswayo. Kunezinhlalo ezintathu ezihlukene.

Izinqumo Ezinkulu Ezilula

Izihloko eziningana zoMthetho-sisekelo zivumela ngokuqondile ukulungiswa kwengxenye enkulu yendlu ekhona kanye nokuvota. Lezi azibhekwa njengezinguquko ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 368. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa noma ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezindawo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 3, izinguquko ezisemfanelekweni wokuba isakhamuzi ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 11, noma ukushintsha kwemiholo nokuvunyelwa kwamalungu ePhalamende. Kulezi zimo, iRajya Sabba isebenza kakhulu njengasemthethweni ovamile, ifuna ukuba kube neningi elilula ukuba lingene.

Inani Elikhethekile ngaphansi KweSiphakamiso 368

Lena inqubo ejwayelekile yokulungisa okuningi komthetho- sisekelo ongaphansi. Imfuneko ichazwe eSiphakamisweni 368(2). UBill kumele adluliswe endlini ngayinye ngengqikithi yamalungu aleyo ndlu ne ngenani elingaphansi kwezintathu zamalungu aleyondlu kanye nokuvota.

Lesi isimo esikabili. Ake sikuhlolisise lokhu:

  • Absuete Majority: UBill kumelwe athole amavoti athandwe yiyo evela kuma-50% amandla aphelele endlu. KuRajiya Sabha, enamandla amakhulu amalunga angu 245, lokhu kusho ukuthi okungenani amalungu angu-123 kumelwe avote ngokuvumelana. Akwanele ukuba nabaningi balabo abakhona; ukuvuselelwa komthetho sisekelo kudinga imvume yendlu njengendawo yonke.
  • AmaThirdi amabili eSikhona no Voting: Ngaphezu kwenani eliphelele, uBill kumele asekelwe okungenani yizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamalungu akhona ngempela futhi avote. Uma amalungu angama 200 ekhona, okungenani ayi-134 kumelwe avote.

Okungaphezulu kwalezizinombolo ezimbili kuyisisulu esiphumelelayo. Uma amalungu angu-200 ekhona, uBill udinga amavoti ayi-134, okwanelisa kokubili isimo so-3, nesenani eliphelele. Lo khiye eliphindwe kabili liqinisekisa ukuthi ukubuyiselwa akunakudluliswa ngengxenye encane yendlu noma ngeningi elincane esiqenjini esikhona nje.

Izikhulu Ezikhethekile Ngokukhishwa Kwezimpahla KukaHulumeni

Isigaba esikhethiwe sokulungisa, lezo ezithinta isakhiwo sikahulumeni, zidinga inqubo eqinile nakakhulu. Ngemva kokudlula zombili izakhiwo zePhalamende kanye neningi elikhethekile elichazwe ngenhla, iBill kumelwe yamukelwe yizishaya-mthetho zezwe okungenani ingxenye eyodwa. Lokhu kudinga isinqumo esidluliswa isishaya-mthetho ngasinye sombuso.

Izihloko ezibangela lemfuneko zibhalwe ngokucacile esiphakamisweni 368(2) futhi zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli.
  • Izinga lamandla aphakeme e - Union ne - United States.
  • Izinkantolo Eziphakeme Ne - Union Judicary.
  • Ukusakazwa kwemibuso yomthetho phakathi kwe - Union ne - United States.
  • Ummeleli kaHulumeni ePhalamende.
  • ISiphakamiso 368 ngokwaso.

Kulolu hlu, indima yeRaje Sabha iqala ukugqama. Ngenxa yokuthi izifundazwe zimelelwe ngokuqondile kuyiRaje Sabba, izwi lazo kulempikiswano yokulungisa linesisindo esengeziwe. Imfuneko kahulumeni yokulungisa iguqula lenqubo ibe inqubo ewumthetho ngempela.

Imithetho Enemininingwane Ewumthetho ERaje Sabha

Uhambo lweSichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo uBill ngeRaje Sabha lulawulwa iMiyalo Yezentengiselwano Nezokuziphatha eMkhandlwini Wase - United States.

Ukumenyezelwa Kwencwadi

ISichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo singasungulwa kunoma yiyiphi indlu yePhalamende. Singangeniswa uNgqongqoshe noma ilungu lomuntu. Ngokungafani ne-Fall yemali, ukutuswa kukaMongameli waseNdiya kwangaphambili akudingekile ukuze kusungulwe iSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa amazwi amafushane ezinto nezizathu zokulungisa.

Ukucatshangelwa IKomiti Ekhethiwe Noma Ehlangene

Uma kucatshangelwa amandla okulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, uBill uvame ukubhekiselwa eKomitini Yokukhetha yeRaje Sabha noma iKomiti Ehlangene yalezi zindlu ezimbili. Lesi sigaba sivumela ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe ochwepheshe nabaphethe. IKomiti ihlola isimemezelo sikaBill nge-regial, imema ukuzithoba komphakathi, futhi inikeze umbiko eNdlu. Nakuba lesisigaba singesona isibopho, sivamile ekulungiseni izinguquko, njengeSiphendulo somthetho-mthetho we-791 (Panchati Raj) noma i-Intelligement ye-10% (GST), ivumela ukuba kube nengxoxo ebanzi esesitejiyenziswayo.

Ukufunda Okwesibili: Ingxoxo Efundwayo KaClaus

Leli isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu. Indlu ixoxa ngezimiso zeBill bese iqhubekela ekucabangeleni okungamagama ahlukene. Isigaba ngasinye sikaBill sibekwa ukuba sivote ngokwahlukana. Kuphakathi nalesisigaba lapho imfuneko ekhethekile yeningi isetshenziswa khona. Uma iRajiya Sabba ifuna ukuqeda umbhalo kaBill, kumelwe ikwenze lokho ngokusho ngokusho. Noma ikuphi ukuvumelana noBill ohlongozwa yilungu kumelwe kudlule futhi ngenani elifanayo elikhethekile elichazwe eSiphakathini 368.

Ukufunda Kwesithathu Nokudlulayo

Ngemva kokuba izigaba zithathiwe, ilungu eliphethe iBill lihamba lidlulise iBhili. Inkulumo - mpikiswano ilinganiselwe ohlotsheni lokugcina lukaBill. Uma ukunyakaza kunyakaziswa, abaningi ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 368 (2), isetshenziswa ekuvoti yokugcina. Uma uSihlalo weRajiya Sabata ufaka umphumela. Uma uBill ehluleka ukuvikela lena, umelwa eRajiya Sabraha, ngokuphumelela ukubulala i-andrement yalesosimiso.

Uhambo Ngemva KweRaje Sabra: ILok Sabba Nangalé Kwezwe

Lapho iBhili selidlulisiwe eRaje Sabha, lidluliselwa ku-Lok Sabha. I-Lok Sabha kumelwe icabange futhi idlulise iBill efanayo neningi elifanayo. Isici esibalulekile senguquko yomthetho-sisekelo siwukuthi akukho lungiselelo lokuhlala kwelungu lezindlu ezimbili ukuxazulula isondo elifile. Uma iLok Sabha enqaba uBill, noma idlulisa nge-mendments ukuthi i-Rayya Sabha ayilwamukeli, uBill uthathwa njengohlulekile. Lokhu kunikeza u-Rajiya-jaha'atho' amandla adeto omphakathi wonke, i-mgalelo-mgalelo wayo.

Indima Ebucayi KaMongameli

Ngemva kokuba iSichibiyelo soMthetho-sisekelo seSigqizo soMnyango weMiyalo sidlulisiwe yizo zombili iziNdlu zePhalamende ezinezimfuneko ezikhethekile (futhi, uma zikhona, zigunyazwe yimibuso), zinikezwa uMongameli waseNdiya ukuba avume. Indima kaMongameli lapha ihlukile kakhulu kuleyo ephathelene nezikweletu ezivamile. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 368, uMongameli u- uboshelwe ukuvumelana neSimende somthetho womthetho. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile, lapho uMongameli ekwazi ukusebenzisa khona ukuthatha i-veto (petts tototototo) noma ukubuyisa izimali, amandla ancishiswa ngokucacile ngokuphathelene nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Uma nje uMongameli ekhipha umsebenzi we-Aplimente.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nemfundiso Eyisisekelo Yezimiso

Akukho kuxoxiswa ngenqubo yokulungisa inqubo ephelele ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngesithunzi esikhulu esiphonswe yiSici seSiciko seMithetho,. Endabeni evelele ye Khavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala [777]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya ibambelele ukuthi nakuba iPalamente inamagunya amakhulu okuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo, ayinakulahla noma ishintshe “isakhiwo sayo esiqinile.” Nakuba iNkantolo ingazange inikeze uhlu oluphelele, isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sihlanganisa izici ezinjengobukhulu bomthetho-mthetho, umthetho, ukuzimela kwezwe, umbutho wombuso wezwe, nesimiso sezwe.

Lemfundiso ibeka imingcele ebalulekile, nakuba ibekwa yona ngokwayo, ilinganiselwe kule mfundiso yaseRaje Sabba. Lapho iphikisana ngokulungisa komthetho-mthetho, iNdlu kulindeleke ukuba icabangele ukuthi ushintsho oluhlongozwayo luwukwephula yini lo hlelo oluyisisekelo. Izimpikiswano kuyiRajiya Sabba ekulungiseni inguquko efana ne-99th Reconstructives Commissions (Izinqumo Zesizwe) zazithonyelwe kakhulu yilemfundiso. INkanto ePhakathi i-Syya Sabha, njengendikimba elawulayo, kumelwe ihambe kahle lendawo engokomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-partmentmentments Com ayiphectivess) ayitholwanga ngokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi isebenza ngokomthetho.

Izibonelo Eziphawulekayo Zenqubo Yesichibiyelo Ziyasebenza

Ukuhlola izinguquko eziqondile kucacisa indlela iRaje Sabha aye asebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

  • ISichibiyelo samashumi amane nanye se-Enday (196): Idlula phakathi ne-Emergency, lena ngenye yezinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu. Yafaka amagama athi “Umbangisi,” kanye nethi“Intriaty” eGququlweni. Yadluliswa ngeRapya Sabba. Iyisibonelo esiyinhloko sendlela iningi elingasunduza ngayo ngezinguquko ezicijile, nakuba kamuva ladlula ngengxenye.
  • ISichibiyelo se 44 se-1988): Uhulumeni wePhakathi laseJanta udlula ukuze abuyisele amasheke amaningana emandleni okuqondisa ayesusiwe iSichibiyelo samashumi amane nane. Sisuse ilungelo lempahla njengelungelo eliyisisekelo. Kubonisa ikhono leningi elisha eRapya Sabba ukuguqula imikhuba yangaphambili yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Izichibiyelo ze- 73th no-74th (1992: Lezinguquko zenezelwe iNgxenyana IX ne-IX-A kuMthetho-A, kubekwa umthetho-mthetho uPanchayati Raj Institutions and Manicinetics. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zinguquko zathinta isimo sikahulumeni kanye nokumelelwa, zadinga ukuhlaziywa ngengxenye yezifundazwe. Lokhu kwafezwa ngokuphumelelayo, kwaveza inqubo eqinile yombuso.
  • ISichibiyelo se-10st (2016) – GST: Ukungena kwentengiso yeMali neNkonzo yezeNsitho kwadinga ukuvuselelwa okuyisisekelo kokuhlelwa kwe-fiscal unistism. ISiphendu somthetho-sisekelo uBill sadluliswa yiRajiya Sabba ngemva kwenkulumo - mpikiswano enkulu nokulungisa okuncane. Kamuva kwadingeka ukuba kukhuliswe izishaya-mthetho ezingaphezu kwengxenye zikahulumeni, okwafinyelelwa ngemva kokwamcimbiso wezombangazwe. Lokhu kubonisa imidlalo eyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwePhalamende ne-Stalogne.
  • ISichibiyelo se 103 se-209) – i-EWS Reservation: Lenguquko yenza kube nesabelo esingu-10% ezikhungweni zemfundo nasemsebenzini womphakathi wezezomnotho ezingxenyeni ezibuthakathaka kakhulu zomphakathi. Yadluliswa kalula kuzo zombili izindlu ngokusekela okukhulu kwezombangazwe. Ingxoxo yeRajiya Sabba yagxila ekuphukeni kophahla olungu-50% esabelweni esasungulwa yiNkanto ephakeme, iqokomisa ukushukuma kwemithetho yezomthetho nemfundiso yokwahlulela.

Isiphetho: IRaje Sabra njengeNkongozelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo yokudlulisa ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho nge-Raje Sabha akuyona nje indlela yokuzivoca; inqubo eqinile eklanyelwe ukulondoloza ubuqotho nokuqhubeka komthetho-sisekelo obhalwe isikhathi eside kakhulu emhlabeni. Imfuneko yeningi elikhethekile .ukuhlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yendlu namalungu amabili akhona kanye nokuvota ivimbela izinguquko ezivamile. IRajiya Sabba, ngemvelo yayo kanye njengegumbi elimelela izifunda futhi elikhona, kunikeza ukulinganisa kwenani elikhulu kakhulu lalabo abakhona nabavotayo.

Ngokusebenza njengehange elikhipha imvume, iRaje Sabha iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zihlolwa kakhulu ngokolwazi nangezombangazwe. Indlu ephezulu isebenza njengomqaphi oyinhloko wobuzwe bomthetho-sisekelo nemfundiso eyisisekelo. Indima yayo enqubweni yokulungisa iwukuvumelana kokubona kusengaphambili kwabakhi be-flames, ababeqonda ukuthi umthetho ophakeme wezwe kumelwe ukuba kube nzima ukuwuguqula, idinga ukuvumelana okukhulu nokujule okudlula ukudlula imingcele eyinhloko nentelezi yezombangazwe.