Ukugcinwa kwamandla emithetho kuwumgogodla wanoma yimuphi umphakathi oyaliwe. Kuguqula inhloso engabonakali yesinqumo ibe yinto engokoqobo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho ethathwa yizindikimba ezibusayo iyalandelwa futhi labo abayephulayo babhekene nemiphumela. Kusukela enqubweni elula, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kunguhambo olubanzi oluqala ngokudwetshwa kwemithetho futhi kungaphelela ekwahlulelweni kwenkantolo noma esinqubeni. Ukuqonda i-acerba ukusuka enkantolo ukuya enkantolo kuya enkantolo kuyimfuneko kunoma ubani ohilelekile esimisweni somthetho ongokomthetho. Kusukela kubafundi bomthetho nabafundisi kubenzi bemithetho esemthethweni. Lesi sihloko sinikeza abaphathi bezomthetho abanegunya, isigaba esinegunya, ukunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela esenziwe ngayo, ephoqwayo, ephoqwayo, epholisweni, ephoqwayo, futhi egxiliswe, ngokugxila esimisweni somthetho esisemthethweni esikhona eUnited States.

Isisekelo Semithetho: Indlela Imithetho Ezalwa Ngayo

Ngaphambi kokuba noma yimuphi umthetho uqaliswe, kumelwe kube nomthetho olandelwayo. Umthetho uwumsuka oyinhloko womthetho wezomthetho, owakhiwa ngenqubo yamabomu, enezinyathelo eziningi eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphakanyiswa okubanzi nokucatshangelwa ngokucophelela. Kuyi-Congress yase-U.S., uhambo lwesivumelwano sokukhipha imvume , kusukela embonweni wokushaya umthetho. Kumelwe ukuba umthetho ulandele indlela emiswe kahle elawulwa yizibuko ezisebenza ezindlini eziningi zentando yeningi.

Ukuhlongozwa Nokunxenxwa

Le nqubo iqala lapho ilungu leKhongolo-karth [1] i-Mmeleli noma i-Senator .(i-introd) inikeza isiphakamiso. Nakuba uMongameli noma izinhlangano eziphethe zingasikisela umthetho, abameli bomthetho kuphela abangaxhasa ngokusemthethweni isikhwama somthetho. Imali inikezwa inombolo (umz. H.R. 1 noma S. 1) futhi ibhekise ekomitini efanelekile esekelwe endabeni yendaba − juriscip enganquma isiphetho somthetho.

Isenzo Sekomiti

AmaKomiti asendaweni lapho umsebenzi onzima kakhulu wenzeka khona. Amakomiti anezimemezelo lapho ochwepheshe, abagcini bezimali, nezikhulu zikahulumeni befaka khona ubufakazi. Ikomiti egcwele ihlanganyela “eqenjini lokuphawula”, lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngokuthunyelwa nokuvota embhalweni wencwadi. Ngokwenqubo ye- Conreg.gov iqondisa izigwebo zemithetho[[[, izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini ngenxa yokuhluleka ukusekela komnyobozelo onele noma ukungahlelwanga. Isikhwama esiphuma ekomitini sikhulunyelelwa egumbini eligcwele ngombiko obhaliwe ukuchaza izinjongo zayo nezinhlelo.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Umthetho ungena phansi kwendlu noma iSigele, lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngaphansi kwemithetho eqondile. Indlu ngokuvamile isebenza ngaphansi komthetho ohlelwe kahle olinganiselayo, kuyilapho iSigele sivumela ukuvuleka kwempikiswano (kuhlanganise nethuba le-palbuster, okudinga inani eliyisithathu le-after. Ngemva kwenkulumo-mpikiswano, amavoti asegumbini. Iningi (51% esigele, ngokwesiko) lidlulisa umthetho, nakuba ezinye izinyathelo zidinga ukuba kube khona i-protheni enkulu.

Ukubuyisana Nokuvunyelwa Kokugcina

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqubo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ikomiti yengqungquthela − ehlanganiswe amalungu asemagumbini womabili − ibangela ukuhlehla. Isivumelwano sokuyekethisa kumelwe sivunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi anesimo esifanayo. Ekugcineni, umthetho uyisa kuMongameli, angase awusayine emthethweni, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi, noma ukuwufaka. UMkhandlu ungawudlulisa ngevota enezingxenye ezimbili emakamelweni amabili. Uma nje usungulile, umthetho umiswa eKhonselweni ye-United States futhi ube yisibopho kubo bonke abantu nezinhlangano ezingaphakathi kwe-U.S.

Ukusuka Ekubekeni Imithetho Kuya Ekubuyiselweni: Indima Yezinhlangano Zokuqondisa

Umthetho uvame ukubeka imigomo emikhulu kodwa untula imininingwane edingekayo ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuba ihlelwe usuku nosuku. Yilapho izinhlangano zokuqondisa zingenela khona. Ingqungquthela ithumela igunya ezinhlanganweni phakathi kwegatsha eliphetheyo ukuze zakhe imithetho − ukushaya imithetho ethwala ithonya lomthetho − ngenqubo eyaziwa njengokubeka umthetho. Izimo eziphuthumayo njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-Sceturance and Exchange Commission (SEC), kanye ne-Occational Safety Safety and Health Administration (OSA) idlala indima ebalulekile ekuguquleni izinhloso zokuphatha ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

Inqubo Yokubusa

Izimo eziphuthumayo zilandela uMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (APA) lapho kukhishwa imithetho. Lenqubo ngokuvamile ihlanganisa:

  • Isici se-Proced Rulect (NPRM): Inhlangano ikhipha umthetho ohlongozwayo ku- Féderal register[, imema ukukhulumela komphakathi isikhathi esicacisiwe, futhi ifaka u-30 kuya ku-60 zinsuku.
  • Phendula iPublic Chaltic:[ Imicimbi ethakazelayo(ihlanganise amabhizinisi, amaqembu okuqasha, nezakhamuzi ezizimele) nokubhala izinkulumo. Izintshumayelo kumelwe zicabangele lokhu kukhulumela ngaphambi kokuqeda umthetho.
  • Ukubusa okumbaxambili: Ngemva kokubukeza ukukhulumela, inxusa likhipha umthetho wokugcina ku- REP [ ngenkulumo yesisekelo nenjongo. Umthetho ukhona uhlanganiswa eKhoneni ye-Federal Revolution (CFR).

Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhanya kuyacaca futhi ivumela ukungenwa yizinto ezingochwepheshe, kodwa ingathatha isikhathi eside — ngezinye izikhathi ithatha iminyaka eminingi yemithetho ephikisanayo.

Amandla Aphoqelelwayo Emishini

Izimo zikahulumeni akuzona nje ababhali abalawulayo; bamane nje baphoqelela. Amathuluzi abo okuqinisekisa ahlanganisa ukuhlolwa, ukuhlola, ukuhlola, ukuqondisa, ukuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezemisebenzi yezezimboni i-EPA] luyikhombisa ukuhlola izikhungo zezimboni, ukuhlola ukugunyaza imibiko, futhi lungakhipha iziyalezo zokuqondisa noma lubhekise izindaba kuMnyango wokwahlulela ngezenzo zokwahlulela. I-AAARP ingaphonsa izijeziso zomphakathi, amalayisense, noma idi edinga izenzo zokulungisa ngaphandle kokuthintana kwenkantolo ngokuqondile, ukubukezwa kwezelelwa kwezenkantolo. Le khono lokuqondisa lokuphatha livumela ukuba uhulumeni ukuphathwa kwemibiko ezindaweni zokuphaka ngokunelisayo, ukungcoliswa kwezindawo ezisemsebenzini.

Izenzo Zokuphoqelela: Kusuka Ekucwaningeni Kuya Ekuvuselelweni

Lapho umthetho noma umthetho wephulwa, izinhlangano zokuphoqelela ziqala izenzo ezikhula ngomkhuba oqinile nonzima. Lenqubo iklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo afanele enqubo kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi kulandisa.

Ukuhlola Nobufakazi

Impoqo iqala ngokuhlola. Abacwaningi bangase baqhube ukuhambela kwezindawo, ofakazi bengxoxo, izincwadi zamabhukwana, nokuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo noma obungobuchwepheshe. Ezimweni zobugebengu, izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho − njenge-FBI noma amaphoyisa kahulumeni . Indingahlanganyela ekuhloleni. Indinganiso yobufakazi kuleliqophelo kungenzeka ukuthi iyimbangela, okudingekile ukuthola imvume yokufuna noma ukubopha izimvume ezindabeni zobugebengu. Uphenyo lwangaphakathi lungabangelwa ukukhononda kwabavuli, ukuhlola okuvamile, noma ukuhlola ukwaziswa (umz., ukuphawula izindlela zokuthathela ama-pasa.)

Isaziso Nethuba Lokusabela

Uma nje sekuqoqwe ubufakazi obanele, le nhlangano iveza ukuthi lowo obizwa ngokuthi umkhohlisi wephula umthetho. Ezokuqondisa, lokhu kuvame ukuba “nophawu lokwephula umthetho” noma“ ukubonisa impoqo”, ukuchaza lokho okuthiwa kungukwephula umthetho futhi uvumele ukuba umniniyo abhale impendulo ebhaliwe. Lesi sinyathelo sihlanganisa isimiso se-audi trantem . Ilungelo lokuzwakala (ukuthi) okubalulekile ekuchazeni ngokungakhethi. I-aquactive transmem.

Ukunqatshelwa Kwesimiso Sokuphatha

Izinhlangano eziningi zinabahluleli bazo bomthetho wokuphatha abahluleli abaphethe ukuqulwa kwecala. Lamacala awakholeki kakhulu kunokuqulwa kwecala kodwa ayaqhubeka elandela imithetho yobufakazi nenqubo. I-ALJ izwa ubufakazi, ibukeze ubufakazi, futhi ikhiphe isinqumo sokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Social Security Administration isebenzisa i-ALJ ukuze inqume iziphakamiso zokukhubazeka; i-SEC izisebenzisa ngokwephula umthetho oqinile. I-partes inganxusa isinqumo se-ALLJ equaliste Complete, futhi ekugcineni inkantolo ye-outhoric.

Ukwahlulela

Uma amakhambi okuphatha enganele noma lapho ukwephulwa komthetho kuhilela ukuziphatha okungathi sína, inhlangano ingathumela lendaba kuMnyango woMahlulelo noma kummeli jikelele kahulumeni ozomangalelwa. Lokhu kuphawula ushintsho olusuka ekubekeni umthetho wezomthetho ukuya enkantolo. Empeleni, amahhovisi amaningi kahulumeni asebenza eduze ne-U.S. Attorney ukuze alethe izigila-macala adinga izijeziso zenkantolo ezihlelwe ngokweziyalezo, izigwebo zobugebengu, noma ukuboshwa.

Intuthuko Yangaphambili: Ukulungiselela Inkantolo

Ngaphambi kokuba icala lifike ecaleni, kumelwe kubekwe isisekelo esiphawulekayo. Izenzakalo zangaphambi komthetho zisiza ekuncipheni kwezindaba, zikwazi ukuxazulula udaba ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala eliphelele, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zisiza ekunikezeni isikhathi nemithombo yezimiso zokwahlulela.

Ukuqeda Ukukhononda Nokusola

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalo enkantolo efanele, esho izikhalo ezingokomthetho nesisekelo esiyiqiniso. Ummangalelwa kumelwe aphendule phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe cishe izinsuku ezingu-21 enkantolo kahulumeni − enempendulo evuma noma ephika izimangalo futhi angaphakamisa izivikelo zokuzivikela noma ukumelana nezikhalo. Emacalani obugebengu, uhulumeni uthola icala kumphathi omkhulu (ngenxa yamajaji) noma afake ukwaziswa kobugebengu (kwabangenisi). Ummangalelwa ubekwa icala, lapho anikezwa khona isixwayiso esingokomthetho samacala futhi angene ekuqulweni: unecala, hhayi icala, noma ungenamncintiswano.

Ukutholakala: Ukwaziswa Okukhishwayo

Ukuthola ukuthi isigaba esithatha isikhathi eside futhi esibucayi. Bobabili kumelwe baveze ukwaziswa okubalulekile nobufakazi komunye nomunye. Amathuluzi okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izindawo:[ Ubufakazi obubodwa obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkantolo.
  • Izicelo zokuveza: Isidingo samabhukwana, ama-imeyili, noma ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimemo zokugunyaza: izisho okumelwe olunye uhlangothi zivume noma ziphike.

Ingxenye yokuthola ibanzi, ingathola noma yiziphi izinto ezingavumelani nento eshiwo noma yimuphi umphi umbango noma ukuzivikela. Le ngxenye ingaveza amaqiniso ayinhloko, iholele ekwakhekeni, noma kudalule ubuthakathaka. Imithetho ye-Civil Procedire[[[FLT]] ibusa ukutholwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngemithetho efanayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izindlela Zokuthutha Nezingqungquthela Zangaphambi Kokugadla

Zombili izinhlangothi zingahlela ukuqulwa kwecala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba zomthetho ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulahla (ngaphansi komthetho 12(b)(6) kubekela inselele engokomthetho yokukhononda. Ukuhamba kwesahlulelo esifingqiwe ngaphansi komthetho 56 kucela inkantolo ukuba ilawule icala uma kungekho ukuphikisana okuqotho ngamaqiniso mayelana nezinto ezibonakalayo. Iphuzu lifanele ukulahlwa njengendaba yomthetho. Uma le nqubo ihluleka, icala liqhubeka ukuqulwa. Ingqungquthelana phakathi komahluleli nabameli icela usizo lokumisa isimiso, ukuxoxa ngenqubo, futhi kucaciswe izindaba ezilula.

Ukuqubuka Kwezigebengu (Izimo Zobugebengu)

Emacaleni obugebengu, iningi elingaphezu kuka-90% (kukahulumeni) lixazululwe ngezicelo ezithenjiswayo, hhayi ukuqulwa kwecala. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala, ngokuvamile kumacala amancane, ukuze athole isigwebo esithathekayo noma ukuxoshwa kwezinye izikhalo. Nakuba kuphikiswana, isicelo esithenjiswayo sivumela izinkantolo ukuba zikwazi ukusingatha amacala anzima futhi zinikeze abamangalelwa isiqinisekiso. Nokho, kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokuphoqelelwa kwecala kanye nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga.

Inkantolo Iyaqhubeka: Ukuqulwa Kwecala Necala

Uma icala lisinda lithatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kwenkantolo futhi lingaxazululwa noma lixazululwe, liqhubekela ecaleni. Icala liyisigaba esibonakala kakhulu senkantolo, lapho kukhishwa khona isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala ngaphansi kweso eliqaphile lomahluleli (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ijaji).

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ezimweni lapho icala labahluleli lifunwa (njengoba iSichibiyelo seSember sivunyelwe ngenxa yamacala omphakathi neSichibiyelo Sesithupha samacala obugebengu), isinyathelo sokuqala siyingozi. Abahluleli abangase bancintiswe amajaji nabameli ukuba baphawule ubandlululo noma izizathu zokungalungisi. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungabekela inselele inani elilinganiselwe labasizi bejaji ngenxa yesizathu (umzk., ubandlululo) futhi basebenzise izinselele (akukho ukucabanga okudingekayo, kodwa abangeke basetshenziswe ekubekeni izabandlululo esekelwe ohlalweni kwezinhlanga noma ubulili). Umgomo uwukuhlala enkantolo engakhethi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izinkulumo zokuvula .Izici ezicatshangelweyo zalokho ezihlose ukukufakazela. Lezi akuwona amabalazwe kodwa amabalazwe omgwaqo. Umshushisi uhamba kuqala, uchaza amaqiniso nemibono engokomthetho. Okulandelayo, ukubhekisisa ukuhunyushwa kwayo kwezenzakalo. Izinkulumo ezinhle zokuvula zicacile, ziyashukumisa, futhi zisekelwe ebufakazini obuzonikezwa.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ingxenye enkulu yecala iwukunikeza ubufakazi. I-asttiff (noma umshushisi) iphethe ubufakazi. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, indinganiso isho “ukwaziswa kobufakazi” (cishe hhayi). Ezimweni zobugebengu, indinganiso ingukuthi“kungangatshazwa kahle.” Ubufakazi buthatha uhlobo:

  • Ubufakazi obuyi-odoli: oFakazi bafakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo, befuna ukuhlolwa okuqondile (ngapha kwalabo ababizwayo) nokuncinwa (ngapha nangapha). Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola ukuthembeka nokudalula ukungavumelani.
  • Ubufakazi obungabhaliwe: Ama-Contract, ama-imeyili, izithombe, neminye imibhalo ye-octal iqala ukuboniswa njengemibukiso.
  • Ubufakazi obuphathekayo: Izinto ezinjengezikhali, imilaliso, noma amasampula omkhiqizo zingavunywa.
  • [ Ubufakazi obungagunyaziwe: ochwepheshe abafanelekayo banikeza imibono ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe (ngokwesibonelo, abagcini bama-akaundics ezicakelweni zokukhwabanisa noma ochwepheshe bezokwelapha abafuna amasu angasebenzi kahle.

Abahluleli bamisa imithetho yobufakazi, njengemithetho esemthethweni yobufakazi, ukuze baqinisekise ukwethenjelwa nokulunga. Izwi (izimemezelo ezinikezwa ngaphandle kwekhothalo zendaba) ngokuvamile alikho bufakazi uma ungekho obehlukile.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza impikiswano yokuphetha efushanisa ubufakazi futhi lunxuse abahluleli (noma amajaji ekuqulweni kwecala ebhentshi) ukuba bafinyelele isinqumo esithile. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuyaqala futhi kuthathe futhi kuthathe impikiswano ngemva kokuvala isivikelo. Izimpikiswano eziqinile zokuphetha zihlanganisa ubufakazi, izincwadi, nomthetho ukuba zilandise indaba evumelanayo esekela isinqumo.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho ovumelanayo, “‘ ukuthi iziphi izici okumelwe zivunywe, umthwalo wobufakazi, nendlela yokuhlola ubufakazi. Ijaji libe selithatha umhlalaphansi ngasese, lixoxe ngecala futhi lifinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo (emacaleni obugebengu) noma iningi elikhethekile (ecaleni lomphakathi, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kokungalingani). Uma abahluleli bengenakuvumelana, inkantolo ingaqulwa ngokungafanele, futhi icala lingase livunywe futhi lingase livunyelwe.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Ijaji (noma ijaji enkantolo) likhipha isahlulelo. Ezicaleni zomphakathi, isinqumo sinquma ukuthi kunecala, futhi uma kudingekile, isilinganiso semali echithwe. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, isinqumo sinecala noma asinacala. Uma icala likhona, inkantolo iyaqhubeka igweba (ngaphandle kwesigwebo siyalahlwa, njengasecaleni elibulalayo). Uma ijaji likhipha isahlulelo sokukhipha umphumela. Iqembu eliphethe lingase likhokhelwe izindleko futhi kwezinye izimo, izindleko, izindleko zommeli.

Inqubo Yokudlulisa Izingcingo: Ukulungisa Amaphutha Nokukhuthaza Ubulungisa

Ilungelo lokudlulisa icala alilona ithuba lesibili elingenamkhawulo; liyisivikelo emaphutha angokomthetho athinta amalungelo amakhulu. Izikhalo zizwakala ezinkantolo eziphakeme − njengezinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala zase-U.S. (izinkantolo ze-corcuit) ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo zezikhulu zezwe ezisezinkantolo zezehholo.

Ukuphawula Ukukhanga Nokuqopha Izindaba

U-appelant (umkhandlu olahlekelwayo ocela izicelo) kumelwe afake isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo ngefasitela elifushane cishe izinsuku ezingu-30 emacaleni omphakathi, izinsuku ezingu-14 emacaleni obugebengu. Umabhalane wenkantolo wabe esehlanganisa wonke amashekethisi, imibukiso, amarekhodi, amarekhodi, nesahlulelo. Lombhalo ubalulekile ngoba izinkantolo zibukeza okwenzeka ngezansi, hhayi ubufakazi obusha.

Izimpikiswano Ezimfushane Nezingamazwi

Zombili izinhlangothi zifaka iziqondiso ezibhaliwe ezimfushane. Impikiswano emfushane yenkantolo yecala yenza iphutha elingalungiseki − ngokwesibonelo, ngokuwusebenzisa kabi umthetho, ngokukhipha ubufakazi obungaqondakali, noma ngokunikeza iziyalezo zejaji ezinephutha. Impikiswano ka-apelle isho kafushane isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo. Lemifushane ilawulwa ngokuhlela okuqinile nemithetho emide. Inkantolo ingabamba impikiswano ngomlomo, lapho abameli benikeza khona amaphuzu abo ayinhloko futhi baphendule imibuzo yabahluleli. Impikiswano yomlomo ngokuvamile imfishaye imizuzu engu-30 hlangothi lonke------lonke ayiyona indlela yokulungisa impikiswano engokomthetho.

Isinqumo Esihlosiwe

Inkantolo yesivumelwano inikeza umbono obhaliwe − ngokuvamile ekhishwa kuyi Federal Reporter noma kuhulumeni uyabika — okuchaza ukucabanga kwayo. Inkantolo ingathi:

  • Isiqinisekiso: Ukusekela isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
  • landela i-check: guqula isinqumo ngokuphelele.
  • I-Remand: Icala lithumela enkantolo ephansi ukuze kuqhutshwe ama-catery avumelana nesinqumo se-appellate.
  • [[UMTL:0] guqula ukwahlulela, njengokunciphisa umonakalo.

Inkantolo ihlola imibuzo engokomthetho de novo (intsha) kodwa ithatha isikhathi lapho inkantolo ithola amaqiniso ngaphandle kokuba inephutha.

Ukudluliswa Kwezicelo Nokubukezwa KweNkantolo Ephakeme

Iqembu lingase lifune ukubukezwa inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ("iNkantolo Ephakeme) noma inkantolo ephakeme yase-U.S. . Nokho, lezinkantolo zinegunya elingokomthetho; zinikeza i-certiori (noma ikhefu lokudlulisa) ingxenye encane kakhulu yamacala ). Ngokusho ukuthi yilezo eziphakamisa imibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. INkantolo Ephakeme izwa amacala angaphansi kwekhulu aphuma ezicelweni ezingaphezu kuka - 7.000. Ngakho, inkantolo eningi edlulisa icala, inqanda umphetho.

Isiphetho: Ukwakhiwa Kwemvume Engokomthetho Ehlangene

Inqubo yokuqapha umthetho ayisona isenzakalo esisodwa kodwa isenzakalo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokulungisa izinto esihlanganisa amagatsha amathathu kahulumeni nezingqimba eziningi zenqubo. Siqala ngokuhlela umthetho wegatsha elilawulayo (ngezinhlangano nomthetho) sisebenzisa futhi siqinise inqubo, futhi sifinyelele ekugcineni egatsheni elilawulayo, futhi sivikela imibandela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kufanele kubekwe icala. Isigaba ngasinye esisukela ekuhleleni umthetho ngokuhlola ngomthetho, ukuphoqelela umthetho, ukuqondisa, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukuqulwa kwejaji, ukuqulwa kwejaji, nokuhlola i-(incorporate) nokuhlola okuklanywe ngohlelo olusemthethweni, futhi oluklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo angokomthetho, nokuthuthukisa ukulunga. Ukuqonda loluhambo lubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlola, noma ukuthuthukisa isimiso somthetho.