Table of Contents
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zimelela ezinye zezinguquko ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingathathwa yisizwe, zishintshe uhlelo oluyisisekelo lomthetho olulawula umphakathi. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho-mthetho engashintshwa ngayo kubalulekile kuyisakhamuzi ngasinye esifisa ukuhileleka ngokunenjongo ezimisweni zentando yeningi nasekuphileni komphakathi. Inqubo yokulungisa iklanyelwe ukuba ibe ngenziwa ngamabomu, ifune ukucubungula ngokucophelela, ukuvumelana okukhulu, kanye nezingxenye eziningi zokuvunyelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonakalisa intando yangempela yabantu futhi zimelane novivinyo lwesikhathi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda isayensi yezombangazwe, isakhamuzi esithembisene, noma umane unelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi ukuthi izinhlangano zentando yeningi zisebenza kanjani, lesiqondiso esibanzi sizokuhambisa ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihilelekile ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo, umongo ongokomlando ongemva kwalezi zinqubo, kanye nemiphumela esebenzayo yezakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhlanganyela ekulolongeni incwadi engokomthetho yesizwe sazo.
Ukuqonda Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo: Isisekelo Soshintsho Lwentando Yeningi
Umthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukumisa isimo sikahulumeni, ukuchaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nezakhamuzi zalo, nokuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo nenkululeko. Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwawo okukhulu, inqubo yokuhlela umthetho-sisekelo ifuna okukhulu ngamabomu kunokudlulisa umthetho ovamile. Lo mnyango owengeziwe uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo azizenziwa ngokuxhamazela noma ngokuzuzisa izakhamuzi, kodwa kunalokho zibonisa izindinganiso ezihlala njalo nokuvumelana kwezenhlalo.
Inqubo yokulungisa ilinganisela izidingo ezimbili ezincintisanayo: imfuneko yokuzinza nokuqhubeka kumthetho oyisisekelo, nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezenhlalo, zezomnotho, nezezombangazwe. Umthetho-sisekelo ongenakulungiswa wezingozi eziphelelwa isikhathi nezingasasebenzi kumaqiniso amanje, nakuba engashintshwa kalula kakhulu ungase untule isisekelo esiqinile sokubusa.
Amazwe ahlukene aye athatha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, abonisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwawo okuyingqayizivele komlando, amasiko ezombangazwe, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni. Amanye amazwe adinga kuphela izikhulu zemithetho ezinkulu, kuyilapho amanye agunyaza ukumiswa kwemithetho ethandwayo, umbuso noma izifunda, noma ingxube yalezi zinqubo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela izimiso zedemokrasi ezivumelana ngayo nokuqhubeka kwesimiso somthetho.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sase - United States
UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, owagunyazwa ngo - 1788, uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu - 27 kuphela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, okubonisa isimo esiyinselele yenqubo yokulungisa emiswe ngamabomu oFata abaFundi abaFundi. ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo sichaza izindlela ezimbili zokulungisa nokulungisa kanye nezindlela ezimbili zokuzilungisa, kwakha izindlela ezine ezingase zishintshe umthetho.
Izinqumo Ezisikiselayo E - United States
Indlela yokuqala yokulungisa idinga amavoti amabili-ntathu kokubili eNdlu yabameleli naseSigele. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zisekelwa kakhulu futhi akuwona nje umkhiqizo wezikhulu zezombangazwe zesikhashana. Lendlela iye yasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinguquko ezingu-7 eziye zagunyazwa ngokuphumelelayo.
Indlela yesibili ihlanganisa umhlangano womthetho-mthetho obizwa yiKhongolose ngokusebenza kwezishaya-mthetho ezimbili-ntathu zezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (manje ezingo-34). Lendlela ayikaze isetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo, nakuba izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ziye zazama ukuvusa umhlangano ngezindaba ezisukela ezidingweni ezilinganiselwe zemali zokulungisa izimali. Indlela yomhlangano yahlanganiswa ukunikeza izimemezelo zokuhlobisa ngisho noma uMkhandlu ungafuni ukwenza okuthile.
Izindlela Zokushefa E - United States
Uma nje isilungiso sesicetshiwe, kumelwe sigunyazwe izingxenye ezintathu-ne zezwe (izifundazwe ezingama-38 manje). Umhlangano unquma ukuthi ukuhlanjululwa kwenzeka ngezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni noma ngemihlangano yombuso ekhethekile. Indlela yombuso yokulungisa izinguquko iye yasetshenziswa ngaphandle kweSichibiyelo sokuqala samashumi amabili, esabuye savunyelwa ngemihlangano kahulumeni.
Inqubo yokuhlanganisa ayinaso isilinganiso sesikhathi esimiswe umthetho-sisekelo, nakuba uMkhandlu ngokuvamile uhlanganisa isikhathi esimisiwe, ngokuvamile iminyaka eyisikhombisa, embhalweni wezinguquko ezihlongozwayo noma esinqumweni esihambisana nalesi. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu, ngokuphathelene nokukhushulwa kweholo lengqungquthela, sathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-202 ukuba sigunyazwe, futhi seqiniswe ngo-1789 futhi ekugcineni sagunyazwa ngo-1992.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo Emhlabeni Wonke
Nakuba iUnited States inikeza isibonelo esisodwa sokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo, ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi iye yasungula izinqubo zayo siqu ezibonisa amasiko ahlukile omthetho - sisekelo nezimiso zezombangazwe.
Izimiso Zasephalamende Nenguquko Yomthetho - sisekelo
Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi yentando yeningi isebenzisa izinqubo zokulungisa ezigxile ekuthatheni umthetho kanye nokuvunyelwa okuthandwayo. Emazweni anjenge-Australia, izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kumelwe zidluliswe yiningi kuzo zombili izindlu zePhalamende bese zivunyelwa iningi labavoti ezweni lonke kanye neningi labavoti ezifundazweni eziningi. Lokhu "kuphindiwe" kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zikhona kokubili ukusekela okuthandwayo nomthetho.
I-Ireland ifuna ukuba izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zivunyelwe yizo zombili izindlu ze-Oirhachtas (indawo yokuhlala) bese zibekwa phansi kubantu e-paremenum. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izimpikiswano eziningi ezibalulekile zezenhlalo nezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokulingana komshado, amalungelo okukhipha izisu, nezivumelwano ze-European Union. Imfuneko ye-asendendum iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu base-Ireland bagcina igunya eliphelele phezu kwesimiso sabo somthetho-sisekelo.
Izimiso Zomphakathi Nemvume Enezinga Eliningi
Izimiso ze-Federal zivame ukudinga ukuvunyelwa kokubili emazingeni esizwe nawamazwe ahlukene ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zihlonipha ukuhlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni. Ukulungisa kweCanada kuyahluka kuyehluka kuye ngendaba ehilelekile, kanye nezinguquko ezithile ezidinga ukuvunyelwa kwesifunda sesifunda sesifunda, ezinye zidinga ukuvunyelwa yiPhalamende kanye nezingxenye ezimbili eziphindwe kathathu zezifunda ezimelela okungenani amaphesenti angu-50 omphakathi, futhi ezinye futhi zifuna ukuba kube nesenzo sombuso kuphela.
I-Sicreen Law yaseJalimane ingalungiswa yinani elikhulu eliphindwe kathathu kokubili kuBundestag noBundesrat, nakuba izimiso ezithile eziyisisekelo, kuhlanganise nesithunzi somuntu, idemokrasi, kanye nombuso wezwe, zivikelwe "umsuka womthetho" ozibeka ngaphandle kokulungiseka. Lokhu kubonisa okuhlangenwe nakho nokuzimisela komlando kwaseJalimane ukuvimbela ukuhleleka komthetho-mthetho ukuba kungathotshiswa ngezindlela ezingokomthetho.
Izimfuneko Ezivelele Nokuhlanganyela Okuthandwayo
ISwitzerland, eyaziwa ngesiko layo lokubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile, ivumela izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ukuba zihlongozwe yiPhalamende noma ngenyathelo lokuqala elithandwayo. Izigwebo kumelwe zivunyelwe iningi labavoti kanye namacanton amaningi e-parenteum. Lesimiso sibonisa ukuzimisela kweSwitzerland ekubuseni okuthandwayo kanye nasesimisweni sawo sombuso, siqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho sisekelo zinesisekelo ezisekela indawo enkulu nedume kakhulu.
Umthetho-sisekelo wase-Indiya ungalungiswa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene kuye ngesimo salolu shintsho. Izinguquko eziningi zidinga inani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu ezindlini zombili zePhalamende futhi kunezingxenye zengqikithi yokuvota kwelungu. Izigwebo ezithinta isimo sikahulumeni noma amalungiselelo athile ayisisekelo zidinga ukuhlaziywa cishe ngengxenye yezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni. Naphezu kwalezi zimfuneko, uMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya uye wancitshiswa izikhathi ezingaphezu kwekhulu kusukela ekuthatheni kwawo ngo-1950, zibonisa kokubili isimo esiningi sencwadi nezwe elihlolwe ngokwezombangazwe.
Izinyathelo Eziningiliziwe Zenqubo Yesichibiyelo
Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihlukahluka ngokwemithetho, izinqubo eziningi zokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo zinezigaba ezifanayo eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zihlolwa kahle, zihlolwa kabanzi, futhi zigunyazwe ngentando yeningi. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele amathuba okuhlanganyela nokuthonya.
Ukufaka Nokukhipha Imali
Lenqubo yokulungisa iqala ngokuthola indaba yomthetho - sisekelo edinga ushintsho. Lokhu kungase kuvele ezinqumweni zenkantolo ezembula ukungezwani noma izinkinga embhalweni womthetho - sisekelo, izinhlangano zomphakathi ezifuna ukuqashelwa kwamalungelo amasha, ukushintsha kwezimo zomhlaba wonke, noma ukuqonda okushintshayo kokubusa nentando yeningi.
Izihlongozo zomthetho zingavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene kuye ngesimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Emazweni amaningi, izishayamthetho zinegunya eliyinhloko lokuhlongoza ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, ngokuvamile zidinga inani elithile elicaciwe noma amaphesenti amalungu ukuze kuxhaswe lesi sicelo. Ezinye izimiso zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze ukuhlolwa ngezicelo, zidinga inani elithile lokusayinwa ukuze zibhebhethelele.
Isigaba sokuhlongozwa ngokuvamile sihilela izimpikiswano zokuqala, ukuqulwa kwezindaba, nokuhlola komphakathi ukuze kulungiswe umbhalo othuthukisiwe futhi kwakhiwe ukusekela. Izinguquko zoMthetho - sisekelo kumelwe zijongwe ngokunakekela okukhethekile, njengoba ulimi olungaqondile lungadala izinkinga nemiphumela engalindelekile engase iqhubeke ezizukulwaneni.
Ukuvunyelwa Nokwamukelwa Okungokomthetho
Uma sekuhlongozwa ngokusemthethweni, izinguquko zivame ukuhlolwa kakhulu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukubukezwa kwamakomiti, ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, nezimpikiswano zaphansi egumbini elilodwa noma ngaphezulu lomthetho. Inqubo yokukhipha izinqumo ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ivumela ukuthuthukiswa kolimi olulungisayo, inikeza amathuba okuzwa imibono ehlukahlukene, ithuthukisa ukuqashelwa nokuqonda komphakathi, futhi isize ukusungula ukuvumelana okudingekile ukuze kuvunywe.
Ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho ngokuvamile kudinga amavoti amakhulu kunawo yisisekelo esivamile. Imikhawulo evamile ihlanganisa ama-3, noma ama-35 abashicileli bemithetho, ngezinye izikhathi abalelwa emalungwini akhona nakuvota, ngezinye izikhathi okusekelwe eqenjini eliphelele. Lokhu okungaphezulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zisekela imigqa yeqembu futhi zimelela ukumiswa kwesikhashana kwezombangazwe.
Kuma-bidaral commission, womabili amagumbi kumelwe avume ukuvuselelwa, ngokuvamile ngokufana kwezindawo ezinde. Lemfuneko ehlukene inikeza okunye ukuhlola ngokumelene nezinguquko ezisheshayo noma ezicatshangelwa kabi futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezihlukene nezici ezimelelwe egumbini ngalinye ziye zasekela ukulungiswa.
Ukukhishwa Kwemisebe Nokuthandwa
Izimiso eziningi zomthetho - sisekelo zidinga ukuhlawuliswa ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho, ngokuvamile ngokugunyazwa okuthandwayo yizinhlangano zikahulumeni ezingomhlaba wonke. Izimfuneko zeReferendim zibonisa isimiso sokuthi abantu ngokwabo bawumthombo oyinhloko wegunya lomthetho-sisekelo futhi kufanele basho ngokuqondile ngoshintsho oluyisisekelo ezimisweni zabo zokubusa.
Izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo zingadinga izikhawu ezilula noma izikhawu ezikhuliswe njengezimo ezinkulu zabavoti, izimfuneko eziphambili, noma ukuvunyelwa kwezindawo ezihlukene. Izikhathi zokulwa ngaphambi kwezindawo zomthetho-sisekelo zivame ukuveza impikiswano enkulu yomphakathi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, amaqembu ezombangazwe, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nemithombo yezindaba zonke zidlala indima ekutsheleni abavoti ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo kanye nezici zazo.
Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukuhlawuliswa kwamaqembu esizwe anjengezifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma amakhabhoni kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zihlonipha ukulinganisela kukahulumeni futhi zisekela izifundazwe. Umnyango okhethekile wokwahlukanisa izakhiwo uyahlukahluka, nezinye izimiso ezifuna ukuvunyelwa kwezizwe ngezizwe ezithile nezifuna ukuvunyelwa yizilinganiso ezithize zezindawo.
Ukuvukwa Inkanuko Nokusetshenziswa Kwayo
Ngemva kokuba ukulungisa sekuvunyiwe kuzo zonke izigaba ezidingekayo, kumelwe kusakazwe noma kuqinisekiswe ngokomthetho njengengxenye yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhilela ukumemezela okungokomthetho ngegunya elimiswe njengenhloko kazwelonke, isikhulu somthetho-mthetho, noma isikhulu esithile somthetho-mthetho. Inqubo yokulungisa inikeza ukuqiniseka okungokomthetho ngokuthi ukulungisa kusebenza nini futhi kube umthetho ophoqelelwe.
Ezinye izinguquko zihlanganisa amalungiselelo oshintsho noma izinsuku ezibambezelekayo ezivumela ukulungisa okudingekile okungokomthetho, kokuqondisa, noma okusebenzayo. Ukuhlelwa kungadinga umthetho omusha, izinguquko zokuqondisa, izinguquko ezingokwezimo, noma imizamo yemfundo yomphakathi yokuveza ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni amalungiselelo amasha omthetho-sisekelo futhi ziwahlanganisele ekwakheni umthetho ngokomthetho.
Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zeziphendulo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuhlola ushintsho olungokomlando kunikeza imifanekiso ecacile yendlela inqubo yokulungisa esebenza ngayo kanye nezinhlobo zezimpikiswano eziye zabangela ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi kokubili imithetho - sisekelo ingashintsha futhi kube nezinselele ezizuzwayo ekufinyeleleni inguquko eyisisekelo engokomthetho.
Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Neziphendulo Zokuqala
Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ze-United States, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Bill of Rights, zahlongozwa ngo-1789 futhi zagunyazwa ngo-1791, eminyakeni embalwa nje ngemva kokuba uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo wamukelwe. Lezi zinqumo zakhuluma ngezikhalo ezaphakama phakathi nezimpikiswano zokunqanda ukuvikelwa okucacile kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye esemandleni kahulumeni. I-Bill of Rights yasungula inkululeko eyisisekelo ehlanganisa ukukhuluma, inkolo, ukunyathelisa, ingqungquthela, kanye nesicelo, kanye nesivikelo sezezezezezomthetho wezobugebengu nemithetho egciniwe yokuvikela imibuso engokomthetho neyokugcina abantu.
Ukumukelwa ngokushesha kweBhili of Rights kwabonisa ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa ingasebenza ngokunempumelelo lapho kunokuvumelana okukhulu ngesidingo soshintsho.
Iziphendu Zokuvuselela Namalungelo Omphakathi
ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu, seshumi nane neseshumi nanhlanu, esamukelwa phakathi kuka-1865 no-1870 ngemva kweMpi Yombango, saguqula ngokuyisisekelo uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Lokhu kulungisa kwaqeda ubugqila, kwamisa ubuzwe obulinganayo nesivikelo esilinganayo semithetho, futhi kwenqabela ukucwasana kwezinhlanga ekuvoteni. Samelela ukwanda kwegunya elizimele lokuvikela amalungelo ombuso ngamunye ekuphazanyisweni kombuso.
IZichibiyelo zezokuvuselelwa zathathwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingavamile, izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zidinga ukuzivumela njengesimo sokuzivumelanisa ne-Union. Lenqubo yokuzinzisa ephikisanayo yaphakamisa imibuzo ngokwanda kwemvume kahulumeni, nakuba sekuyisikhathi eside ukumiswa kwamalungelo kulungiswa. Isithembiso sesithembiso sokulingana kohlanga saqhubeka singenzeki kakhulu cishe iminyaka eyikhulu ngenxa yokungaqiniseki komthetho nencazelo yokwahlulela elinganisela izinga laso, ebonisa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo womthetho wodwa awunakuqinisekisa ushintsho lwezenhlalo ngaphandle kwentando yezombangazwe kanye nokusekela kwenhlangano.
Izinguquko Eziqhubekayo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kwaba nezinguquko eziningana ezabonisa izinhlangano zenguquko zeNkathi Yezinguquko. ISichibiyelo sesithupha sagunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni, sinikeza uhulumeni umthombo wenzuzo eqinile yemisebenzi eyandayo. ISichibiyelo seSeventeenth samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabasizi, sithathe indawo yokukhethwa yizishaya-mthetho futhi senze iSigebengu sibe nesibopho sedemokrati. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithupha savimbela ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa, nokuthuthwa kweziphuzophuzo ezidakamizwayo, okumelela iqophelo eliphezulu lenhlangano yezentengiselwano. ISichimbiso seshumi leshumi nambili sabesifazane saqinisekisa ukuncitshiswa kwamashumi eminyaka yezenzo zomthetho wobukhonkolo yeze-demokrati.
Lokhu kulungisa kwabonisa ikhono lenqubo yokulungisa ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihlukahlukene kusukela kuhlelo lukahulumeni kuya kumthetho wezenhlalo kuya emalungelweni ayisisekelo. Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Prohibition okwalandela ngeSichibiyelo saMabili sokuqala kwabonisa futhi ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, nakuba kunzima ukufinyelela, azilungiseki uma zibonakala zingasebenzi noma zilahlekelwa ukusekela komphakathi.
Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Wanamuhla
Izinguquko zamuva nje ziye zakhuluma ngezinqubo namalungelo kahulumeni akhethekile. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo samashumi amabili nanhlanu sibekelwe abaphathi emagameni amabili, sisabela kumongameli we-Franklin Roosevelt wesikhathi sesine. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seFourth senqabela intela yokuvota kuhulumeni, sisusa isithiyo sokuvota esasisetshenziselwa ukulahla amaMelika ase-Afrika nezakhamuzi ezimpofu. ISichibiyelo samashumi amabini nambili se-Siphendulo sovota sanciphisa iminyaka yokuvota yaya enkathi engu-18, okubonisa ukuthi labo abadala abafanele bafakwe ekuhlolweni ukuze bangenelwe enkonzweni yezempi kufanele bakwazi ukuvota.
ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane seshumi nanhlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1992 ngemva kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, sivimbela ukukhokhwa kwenhlangano ukuba kukhuphuke ukusebenza kuze kube ngemva kokukhethwa kwabameleli abalandelayo. Umlando wayo ongavamile wokuhlunga, oqhutshwa umkhankaso wotshani owavuselela isiphakamiso eside, wabonisa ukuthi ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kungaphumelela ngezindlela ezingavumelani lapho zizwakaliswa izinkathazo zomphakathi.
Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo
Inqubo yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo, nakuba iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kucatshangelwe ngokucophelela futhi kuvunyelane nabantu abaningi, ibhekana nezinselele ezihlukahlukene futhi iye yabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokusebenza kwayo nemiphumela yayo.
Ubunzima Bokufinyelela Izichibiyelo
Okunye ukugxekwa okuphikelelayo kwezinqubo eziningi zokulungisa kungokokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukushintsha komthetho-sisekelo, kuvumela amalungiselelo aphelelwe isikhathi noma adala ukuba aqhubeke naphezu kokuqashelwa okukhulu kwesidingo senguquko. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States uye walungiswa izikhathi ezingu-7 kuphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-30, futhi izikhathi ezingu-17 kuphela kusukela kuBill of Rights, naphezu kokulungisa okuhlongozwayo okwasungulwa eSivumelwaneni. Lokhu kushintsha okuphumelelayo kungabonisa ukuthi lenqubo iphumelela yokuhluza izinguquko ezicatshangelwayo, noma ingase isikisele ukuthi umnyango woshintsho olungakholeki ngokungenangqondo.
Ubunzima bokufinyelela ukulungisa bungaholela kwezinye izindlela zoshintsho lomthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nencazelo yokwahlulela, ukusungulwa kwemithetho, nokuziphendukela okungahleliwe komthetho - sisekelo ngokuzijwayeza nangomhlangano. Nakuba lezizinqubo zinikeza ukuvumelana nezimo, zingase zingabi ngokomthetho nokucaca kwesimiso sobudemokhrasi futhi zingadala ukungezwani phakathi kombhalo womthetho - sisekelo nomthetho - sisekelo.
Indima Yokuchaza Ukwahlulela
Lapho ukulungisa okungokomthetho kunzima, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zifeza izindima ezikhudlwana ekuvumelaniseni incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo ngokuzichaza. Lendima yokwahlulela iye yabangela ukuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokwethembeka kombhalo nencazelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kanye nokufaneleka kwentando yeningi kwamajaji angagunyazwanga enza izinqumo eziyisisekelo ngomthetho mayelana nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchazwa okuqinile kokwahlulela kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe imithetho - sisekelo evumelana nezindinganiso zamanje futhi kusabela ezindinganisweni zamanje lapho ukulungisa okungokomthetho kungasebenzi.
Amalungelo Amancane Nezinhlangano Eziyinhloko
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho zidinga ukumiswa kwemithetho emikhulu, kodwa zisahilela ukwenza izinqumo ezinkulu ezingasongela amalungelo amancane. Amanye ama-oversitime aye athola izinguquko ezilinganisela amalungelo amaqenjana angathandwayo, ziphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi izimiso ezithile eziyisisekelo zingabekwa ngaphandle kokulungisa noma ukuthi izikhuseli zemvelo zanele yini ukuvikela ushintsho olucindezelayo lomthetho-mthetho.
Ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi obuthandwayo namalungelo amancane kakhulu ezinqubweni zokulawula, lapho abavoti abaningi bengase bavumele khona izinguquko ezicwasayo ezibandlululayo kubantu abambalwa. Ezinye izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho zikhuluma ngalokhu kukhathalela ngokuhlola ukwahlulela, zivumele izinkantolo ukuba ziqede ukuncishiswa okuphula izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo noma amalungelo abantu, nakuba lokhu ngokwako kuphakamisa imibuzo ngegunya lentando yeningi.
Ithonya Lemali Nenhlangano
Imikhankaso yanamuhla yokulungisa, ikakhulukazi leyo ehilela i-arenteum, ngokuvamile idinga izimali ezicebile zokukhangisa, ukuhlela, nokuqoqa abavoti. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi inzuzo engcono kakhulu inethonya elingenakulinganiswa yini ngoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, ingaphazamisa isimo sentando yeningi senqubo yokulungisa.
Izimiso zezimali zokusetshenziswa komthetho - sisekelo zihluka kakhulu, ezinye izifunda ezibeka imingcele yokusebenzisa noma izimfuneko zokudalula kuyilapho ezinye zivumela izindleko ezingenamkhawulo. Indima yemali emikhankasweni yokulungisa ihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezinkulu eziphathelene nobuhlobo phakathi kwamandla ezomnotho nethonya lezombangazwe ezimisweni zentando yeningi.
Izakhamuzi Zihlanganyela Ezinqubweni Zokuchithwa Komthetho - sisekelo
Nakuba ngokuvamile izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zihilela abadlali abaningi abangokomthetho, izakhamuzi zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ezicini ezihlukahlukene.Ukuqonda amathuba okuhlanganyela kunikeza abantu amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo emizamweni yokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa intando ethandwa ngempela kunokuba zibonise izinto ezithandwa abantu abavelele.
Ukuthumba Nokuthunjwa Komphakathi
Imikhankaso yokulungisa impumelelo idinga ukuqashelwa komphakathi okuqinile ukuze kwakhiwe ukuqapha, kuvezwe ukusekela, futhi kukhiqizwe abenzi besinqumo sokucindezela. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela emizamweni yokuzisebenzela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokujoyina noma ukusekela izinhlangano ezisebenzela inguquko yomthetho-sisekelo, ukuxhumana nabameleli abakhethiwe ukuze babonise imibono ngokulungisa okuhlongozwayo, ukuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi nasekuhlolweni, nokuhlanganyela emfundweni yomphakathi nasemfunweni wempikiswano ngezindaba zomthetho-mthetho.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekufezeni ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekuhlanganyeleni kwenhlangano yokuqeda ukuqedwa kwemithetho-mthetho, ekuphumeleleni kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu senhlangano yabesifazane ngeSichibiyelo seshumi elinesitho nesibili sethonya lenhlangano yamalungelo abantu eSivumelwaneni se-Fourth Reformation. Izinhlangano ze-Contemporary ziyaqhubeka zisekela izinguquko zomthetho-mkhankaso ezinhlangothini kusukela ekulweni kwenguquko yezezimali kuya ekuvotelweni kwamalungelo emvelweni emvelweni yemvelo.
Ukusakaza Ezindaweni Zokuvuselela Imali
Ezimini ezifuna ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho ethandwayo yokulungisa, ukuvota kwe-parenteum imelela ukuthatha uhlangothi oluqondile kwezakhamuzi ekushintsheni komthetho-sisekelo. Ukuvota ngolwazi kudinga ukuqonda kokubili umbhalo oqondile wokulungisa okuhlongozwayo kanye nezici ezibanzi ezihlongozwayo zokubusa, amalungelo, nezimiso zezenhlalo. Izakhamuzi zingalungiselela ukuvota ngokuhlola izinto ezicaciswayo ezingokomthetho, zicabangela izimpikiswano ezisekelwe ezisekelwe ezindinganisweni eziningi, zithintana nokwaziswa okungezona ezinhlangothini, futhi zixoxe nabanye.
I-oter eqashelwe emapayipini omthetho-sisekelo ayahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngempikiswano, ubukhulu bemikhankaso, nokuthi ama-athodendium avumelana yini nezinye izinqumo. I-headerport ithuthukisa ukugunyaza kwentando yeningi kwemiphumela ye-arendendum, kuyilapho ukuthatha i-patlecup kungase kuphakamise imibuzo yokuthi imiphumela iveza intando ethandwayo ngempela yini.
Ukuhlanganyela Ezindleleni Ezingalawuleki
Amanye amagunya aye azama izindlela zedemokrasi eziye zabangela ukuthatheka kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi ukuze athuthukise ukuhlanganyela ekwakhiweni komthetho-sisekelo. Lezi zingahlanganisa imihlangano yezakhamuzi, izicelo ze-operadio, noma imihlangano engokomthetho nezakhamuzi eziphethe. Izinqubo ezinjalo zihlose ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganyela okuthandwayo nokuhlobana nolwazi, zivumele izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zihileleke ngokujulile ezindabeni zomthetho-sisekelo futhi zihlakulele izahlulelo.
Izinqubo ezizimele zingasiza ekunqobeni ukulinganiselwa okuthile kwemikhankaso engokwesiko yokuhlola, engase ibuswe ukuluma okunengqondo nokukhangayo okungokomzwelo kunokuba kucatshangelwe izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokuletha ndawonye izakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene ukuze zihlobane ngokuthola ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe kanye nokungeniswa okunolwazi olunzulu, lezinqubo zingaveza izinqumo ezinengqondo nezingokomthetho.
Ukuhlola Nokulandisa
Izakhamuzi zifeza izindima ezibalulekile futhi ekuhloleni inqubo yokulungisa ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi isebenza kahle futhi ngokukhanyayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolisisa ukuthi izinqubo ezifanele ziyalandelwa yini, ukuthi zonke izinhlangothi zinamathuba alungile okuveza imibono yazo, ukuthi imithetho yezezimali iyaphoqelelwa yini, nokuthi ulwazi olungokomthetho olunikezwa abavoti lunembe futhi lulinganiselwe yini.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi, imithombo yezindaba, nezakhamuzi ezibophayo zisebenza njengezisebenzi eziqaphayo ngenqubo yokulungisa, zisiza ekugcineni ubuqotho bazo nesimiso sobudemokrasi. Lokhu kuhlola kubaluleke kakhulu uma kunikezwa izici eziphakeme zoshintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokwenzeka kokungavumelani kwemiqondo noma ukuxhaphaza ukuze kunciphe ngokomthetho.
Ikusasa LeziNguqulo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka iguquka futhi ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, kungase kudingeke ukuba ukulungiswa komthetho - sisekelo ngokwako kuvumelane nezimo. iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene ziye zathuthukiswa ukuze kushintshwe indlela imithetho - sisekelo eshintshwa ngayo, okubonisa izimpawu ezihlukene zezinkinga zamanje nemibono yokubusa kwentando yeningi.
Izimfuneko Zenguquko Yemvelo
Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko basekela ukwenza ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo lube lula ukufezeka, bephikisa ngokuthi izinqubo zamanje ziqinile kakhulu futhi zivumela amalungiselelo aphelelwe isikhathi ukuba aqhubeke. Izinguquko ezihlongozwayo zihlanganisa ukunciphisa izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu, ukufinyeza inkathi yokuhluza, noma ukusungula izinqubo ezicatshangelwe zokwenza izinhlobo ezithile zokulungisa. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi lezi zinguquko zingenza umthetho-sisekelo usebenze ngokwengeziwe ekufuneni kwentando yeningi nasezidingweni zamanje.
Abanye basikisela ukulungisa izinto kube nzima kakhulu noma bafake ezinye izixwayiso, njengokufuna amavoti amaningi ahlukene ngesikhathi, ukukhipha izinqubo zokuzimela ngaphambi kokuvota, noma ukuqinisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngokulungisa. Lezi zihlongozo ziveza ukukhathazeka ngokuvikela amalungelo amancane nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezicindezelweni ezinkulu zesikhashana.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi
Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo bunikeza amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi ezimisweni zomthetho-mthetho. Ama-Online plat angenza kube lula ukuxoxa nokuhlela, enze iqoqo elisebenza kakhulu lezicelo zokusayinwa kwezakhamuzi, noma livumele ukuvota okuvamile nokufanelekile. Amathuluzi emishini angathuthukisa futhi ukubonakala ngokulungisa izihlongozo, izimpikiswano zemithetho, kanye nezinto zomkhankaso ezitholakala kabanzi ezakhamuzini.
Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe zibangela nokukhathazeka ngokuhlukana kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe okungafaka izakhamuzi ezihlangene ne - Internet engozini yokuvota, ukungazifaki engozini ekusebenziseni i - Internet nokungaqondi ukuthi kungahlanekezelwa izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukwakheka Kokufunda Okuqhathaniswa Nomthetho - sisekelo
Njengoba izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zisalokhu zikhona ezisekelweni emazweni amaningi, kunamathuba andayo okufunda ngokuqhathanisa izinqubo zokulungisa. Amazwe ahlela imithetho - sisekelo emisha noma aguqula ekhona angasebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwembulunga yonke ukuze ahlele izinqubo zokulungisa ezivumelana nokuvumelana nezimo, avikele amalungelo ayisisekelo lapho ehlonipha ubukhosi obuthandwayo, futhi enze isakhamuzi sikwazi ukuhlanganyela.
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, izinkampani zezemfundo, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi kusiza ukuxoxa ngolwazi nangemikhuba emihle kakhulu ngokuphathelene nezinqubo zomthetho - sisekelo. Lo mbono oqhathanisekayo ungasiza amazwe ukuba agweme izingibe eziye zatholwa kwezinye izindawo futhi athathe izinto ezintsha eziye zabonakala ziphumelela emongweni ohlukile, kuyilapho kuhlale kuqashelwa ukubaluleka kokuvumelanisa izinqubo namasiko ezombusazwe.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokumiswa Kwesichibiyelo Esiphumelelayo Somthetho - sisekelo
Zisebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuqhathaniswa nomthetho - sisekelo, izimiso eziningana zibonakala zibalulekile ekulungiseni izinqubo ezibusa ngentando yeningi neziphumelelayo ekulondolozeni ubuqotho bomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukulinganisela Ukuqina Nokuvumelana Nesimo
Izinqubo zesichibiyelo kufanele zifune izindleko ezanele ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza komthetho-sisekelo futhi zivimbele izinguquko ezisheshayo noma ezihlukanisayo, kodwa zingaqinile kangangokuba izinguquko ezidingekile ziba nzima. Ukulinganisela okufanele kuxhomeke ezicini ezihlanganisa ubude nomniningwane womthetho-sisekelo, ukutholakala kwezinqubo ezihlukile zokuzivumelanisa nomthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokubekezelela kwempucuko yezombangazwe ushintsho olungokomthetho-sisekelo.
Ukusekela Umthetho Wentando Yeningi
Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho kufanele zibonise intando ethandwa ngempela, hhayi nje izintando eziphezulu noma ithonya lezithakazelo ezinamandla. Lokhu kudinga amathuba anengqondo ukuze isakhamuzi sihlanganyele, sithathe izinqubo ezibonisayo nezilungile, ilungiselelo lokwaziswa elilinganiselwe, nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo ezinikeza isilinganiso esifanelekile emibonweni ethandwayo kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo amancane nezimiso eziyisisekelo.
Ukuthuthukisa Ukukhululeka Nokwenza Isinqumo
Uma kucatshangelwa ukubaluleka nokuhlala njalo kwezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo, izinqubo zokulungisa kufanele zikhuthaze ukucabangisisa kunokusabela ngokuphamazela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza isikhathi esanele sokucabangela, ukwakha amathuba okuzwa imibono ehlukahlukene, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kunokutholakala ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe nokuhlolwa kochwepheshe, kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezivumelanayo ukuze kuvuzwe ukwahlulela okunengqondo kunokukhanga ngokomzwelo.
Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nezimiso Eziyisisekelo
Nakuba ukubusa okuthandwayo kuwukubaluleka okuyinhloko kwentando yeningi, ezinye izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ziqaphela imingcele kulokho okungashintshwa ngokulungisa ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezinqandeni eziphambili. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngamalungiselelo angenakuguqulwa, ukubukezwa kwezimfuneko zokwahlulela ezisekelwe ohlwini lwezinguquko ezithile, noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezimfuneko ezithile, lezizimiso ziveza umbono wokuthi ezinye izibopho zomthetho ngokomthetho kufanele zimelane kakhulu nokushintsha.
Imithombo Ewusizo Yezakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela Ezichibiyelweni Zomthetho - sisekelo
Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuthatha inxaxheba ekulungiseni izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo zingathola imithombo ehlukahlukene ukuze ziqonde futhi ziphumelele. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa okungokomthetho ngezinqubo zokulungisa, imibhalo ehlongozwayo, nezinto ezichazayo. Iziqu ezishaya umthetho zivame ukunyathelisa amarekhodi empikiswano, ukuzwa kwekomiti, namavoti ahlobene nokulungisa, anikeza ukuqonda ekucabangeni nasembangweni yezikhundla ezihlukene.
Izikhungo zezemfundo kanye nezinqola zezincwadi ziveza ukuhlaziywa kwezinguquko ezihlongozwayo kanye nemiphumela yazo, ngokuvamile zinikeza imibono ebanzi negxeka kakhulu kunemithombo engokomthetho. Izinhlangano zomphakathi ezisekela noma ezimelene nokulungisa okuthile zinikeza ukwaziswa okubonisa imibono yazo, okumelwe kuhlolwe kanye neminye imithombo ukuze kuqondwe ukuqonda okulinganiselwe.
Imithombo yezindaba inikeza ukwaziswa okuqhubekayo ngentuthuko, izimpikiswano, nombono womphakathi. Ukufuna imithombo ehlukene yezindaba kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibhekane nemibono ehlukene futhi zigweme amagumbi okunanela. Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuthembiseni ngokujule kakhulu, ezincwadini zomthetho-sisekelo, izihloko zezazi, nokuhlola okuqhathaniswa kunikeza ukwelashwa okubanzi kwezinqubo zokulungisa nokwaziswa okungokomthetho.
Ngezinye izikhathi imitapo yezincwadi yomphakathi, izinhlangano zemfundo nezinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza izinhlelo ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo, zinikeze amathuba okufunda nokuxoxa.
Imibuzo Evamile Ngeziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo
Ithatha Isikhathi Esingakanani Inqubo Yesichibiyelo?
Unyaka izinqubo zokulungisa uhluka kakhulu kuye ngegunya nokulungiswa okuthile. Ezinye izinguquko zihamba ngokushesha uma kunokuvumelana okukhulu, okungase kuhlongozwe futhi kwamukelwe phakathi nonyaka owodwa noma emibili. Ezinye zingathatha iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka, ikakhulukazi uma zikhuluma ngempikiswano ephikiswayo noma zibhekene nokuphikiswa okuhleliwe. ISichibiyelo se-United States sigcina umlando wenkathi ende kakhulu ethatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200, nakuba lokhu kuyinto engavamile kakhulu.
Ingabe Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zingaqedwa?
Yebo, ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kungalungiswa noma kulungiswe ngokulungisa okulandelayo, kusetshenziswe izinqubo ezifanayo ezidingekayo ukuze kuthathwe umntwana wokuqala. Isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu yiSichibiyelo samashumi amabili okuqala kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, esashintsha iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesibhozo sokwenqabela utshwala. Nokho, ezinye izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zihlanganisa amalungiselelo angalungiseki angenakushintshwa ngezinqubo ezivamile zokulungisa, nakuba ngisho nalezi zingashintshwa ngezindlela ezingavamile ezinjengokushintsha ngenqubo engavamile enjengeyo ethatha umthetho-mfandeki.
Kwenzekani Uma ISichibiyelo Sihluleka?
Uma ukulungiswa okuhlongozwayo kuhluleka ukufinyelela ukuvunyelwa okudingekayo kunoma iliphi iqophelo, akubi yingxenye yomthetho-sisekelo. Umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo awushintshi, futhi lendaba ingabuye ibuye ihlolwe ngeziphakamiso zesikhathi esizayo. Izinguquko ezihlulekile ngezinye izikhathi zithonya ukuthuthuka komthetho-sisekelo ngezinye izindlela, njengokubangela ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukuchazwa komthetho, noma ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungahleliwe okusingatha izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo ngaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho.
Ubani Onqumayo Yiziphi Izinkinga Ezidinga ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo?
Ukuzimisela ukuthi impikiswano idinga ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo kunokumiswa komthetho ovamile kuxhomeke ekuxazululeni nasekuhlungweni komthetho-sisekelo. Izindaba ezihilela amalungelo ayisisekelo, izakhiwo zikahulumeni, noma izindaba ezidingidwa ngokuqondene nomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zidinga ukulungiswa. Nokho, kungaphikisana ngokuthi izinguquko ezithile zidinga ushintsho olungokomthetho-mthetho noma zingafinyelelwa yini ngomthetho-mthetho, lapho izinkantolo zithatha indima ekuxazululeni imibuzo enjalo ngokunquma ukuthi imithetho ehlongozayo iyaphikisana yini namalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akhona.
Ukubaluleka Kokufunda Ngomthetho - sisekelo
Ukuqonda izinqubo zokulungisa umthetho - sisekelo kuyingxenye yemfundo ebanzi yomthetho - sisekelo eyenza ukuba izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wazo ungashintshwa kanjani zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izihlongozo zenguquko, zihlanganyele ngokunenjongo emikhankasweni yokulungisa, futhi zigcine izikhulu ezikhethiwe zinecala ngezikhundla zazo ezindabeni zomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukufunda nokubhala okungokomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele umehluko phakathi kokungavumelani komthetho - sisekelo nezimiso, ziqonde izindima ezifanele zezinhlangano ezihlukene ekuchazeni noshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo, futhi ziqonde ukubaluleka kokuzinza komthetho - sisekelo kanye nesidingo sokuzivumelanisa nomthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezikhathini zokuhlukana kwezombangazwe, lapho izimpikiswano zomthetho - sisekelo zingase zihileleke ezimpikiswaneni ezihlukene.
Imfundo ehlanganisa ukunqandwa kwezinqubo eziwumthetho ezizosetshenziswa ekulungiseni izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho ingasiza ekulungiseleleni intsha ukuba ibe isakhamuzi esithembisiwe. Imikhankaso yezemfundo yomphakathi ezihlongozweni ezithile zomphakathi ingathuthukisa ukuqonda kokubili izindaba ezithile ezisengozini kanye nenqubo yokulungisa.
Isiphetho: Ukuhlanganyela Noshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo Njengezakhamuzi Ezikhuthele
Izinqubo zokulungisa uMthetho - sisekelo zimelela ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngezindlela eziyisisekelo, ezihilela izinqumo eziphathelene nemithetho nezimiso eziyisisekelo ezibusa umphakathi.
Izakhamuzi eziqonda izinqubo zokulungisa zinikwe amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo emizamweni yokuguqula umthetho-sisekelo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokusekela izinguquko ezizisekelayo, ukulungisa ezikholelwa ukuthi kuyaphikisana kuyadukisa, noma ukwenza izinqumo eziqondiswe kahle lapho kuvota emakhonweni omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kudingekile ukuze kugcinwe izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zisemthethweni ngokwentando yeningi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho - sisekelo ivela ngezindlela ezibonisa ukuthi intando ethandwa ngempela kuyilapho ivikela amalungelo nezimiso eziyisisekelo.
Njengoba imiphakathi iqhubeka ibhekana nezinselele ezintsha namathuba, ukulungisa umthetho - sisekelo kuyohlala kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuvumelanisa umthetho oyisisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo. Ngokuhlanganyela ekulungiseni izinqubo njengezakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezikhuthele, abantu ngabanye baneqhaza emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokuzilawula kwentando yeningi futhi basize ekuhleleni izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo eziyobusa izizukulwane ezizayo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unesithakazelo ezinguqulweni ezithile zomthetho - sisekelo noma ufuna nje ukuqonda ukuthi izinhlangano zentando yeningi zisebenza kanjani, ukufunda ngezinqubo zokulungisa kuwukutshala okuwusizo olwazini lomphakathi nasekwenzeni isithembiso somshado. Imithombo nezimiso okuxoxwe ngazo kulesisiqondiso kunikeza isisekelo salokho kufunda, kodwa isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuthatha kwakho siqu ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi.
Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuthembisana komphakathi, vakashela i- National Archives yezincwadi ezingokomlando nemfuyo yemfundo, noma ukuhlola Constitute Project [ yokwaziswa okungokomthetho-mthetho womthetho-sisekelo ovela emhlabeni wonke. [[FLT:] I-Legal Information eCornell Law School inikeza imithombo ebanzi yomthetho nencazelo.
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