Ukwabiwa kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwe-Melika. Lesimiso esibizwa ngokuthi i-soministism, sihlukanisa igunya ukuze sigcine ukulawula okukhulu ezicini eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela emfundweni nasekuthuthweni kuya ekunakekeleni impilo nasekubekeni umthetho. Umqondo wamalungelo ombuso (8) imibuso yezombangazwe egcinelwe ohulumeni bamazwe kunokuba kube uhulumeni wezwe) ihlala inamandla anamandla futhi ngokuvamile aphikisanayo ekulolongeniseni imiphakathi yendawo nesimiso sobuzwe. Ukuqonda amalungelo esizwe kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukuthi athonya kanjani yonke into ezintela ozikhokhayo empahleni yakho, futhi ngisho nemithetho evikela inkululeko yakho yomphakathi.

Ayini Amalungelo KaHulumeni?

Amalungelo ezwe asekelwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esimemezela: "Amagunya angawaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, agcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lokhu kuhlanganisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni uphethe lawomandla asemthethweni kuphela ahlelwe eMthethweni, kuyilapho wonke amanye amagunya kahulumeni ahlala nemibuso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zachaza ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthi amaphoyisa anegunya eliyifa, ukuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, ukuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zawo.

Amalungelo oMbuso awaphelele; akhona phakathi kwesimiso sokuphakama kukahulumeni njengoba simiswe nguSupremacy Claus woMthetho-sisekelo. Uma imithetho kahulumeni nombuso ingqubuzana, umthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile ukhona. Nokho imingcele yalokhu kulinganisela ivivinywa ngokuqhubekayo ngomthetho, izenzo zezikhulu, nemithetho yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Umphumela uwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi wemithetho yezinga eliphezulu ehluka kakhulu ezindabeni ezinjengomshado, intela, umthetho wendawo, nomthetho wobugebengu.

Umlando Wamalungelo KaHulumeni

Impikiswano ngokuphathelene namalungelo ombuso ibilokhu ilokhu ilokhu ikhona emlandweni waseMelika, ngokuvamile isebenza njengendawo yokudazulula izinhlekelele zezwe. Ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nobukhosi bukahulumeni kuye kwaguqula izenzakalo eziphawulekayo futhi kuyaqhubeka kuthonya ezombangazwe zanamuhla. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zomlando zihlanganisa:

  • Inkinga Yokungakhisi Izakhi Zomzimba Ngawo - 1830
  • Impi Yangaphakathi YaseMelika Nokuvuselelwa Kwayo
  • Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Yawo - 1950 Nawo - 1960
  • INew Deal nokwanda kombuso kahulumeni
  • Izimpi zamuva nje zomshuwalense wempilo, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile nemithetho yokuvota

Inkinga Yokuqeda Izifo

Ekuqaleni kwawo - 1830, iNingizimu Carolina yaqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqeda ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ebhekwa njengengekho emthethweni, iphikisa ngokuthi usho ukuthi kungaqeda imithetho kahulumeni phakathi kwemingcele yabo. Umongameli uAndrew Jackson wasongela ibutho lezempi, futhi isikhulu esiyekethisayo saqeda inkinga esheshayo. Nokho, umqondo wokuchitha imingcele wahlala ukhona emcabangweni waseningizimu, wabeka isisekelo esingokwengqondo sokuqunga.

Impi Yangaphakathi YaseMelika

IMpi Yombango yayiyisibonakaliso sobudlova obukhulu kakhulu senkulumo - mpikiswano yamalungelo kahulumeni. Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zaphikisa ngokuthi zazinelungelo lokuzibusa, kuhlanganise nokumiswa kweqembu lobugqila, ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni. Ukunqoba kwe-Union kwamisa ukuthi imibuso ayinakukwazi ukuthatha indawo yegunya nokuthi iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zithatha indawo yayo zibusa ezindabeni eziningi. Noma kunjalo, impi ayizange ixazulule izingxabano ezinkulu; yamane yasusa inkundla yempi yayisa ezinkantolo nasezindlini.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Ekhulwini leminyaka kamuva, amalungelo kahulumeni aphinde asetshenziswa .Kulokhu kwacelwa ukuba amelane nokukhetha kanye namalungelo okuvota ama-Afrika. Izifundazwe zaseNingizimu zakhipha imithetho futhi zamukela izimiso eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela imithetho kahulumeni enjenge Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo[. Uhulumeni wasabela nge-Civil Rights Act ka-1964 kanye ne-Voting Rights Act ka-19656, eyasebenzisa umthetho wezentengiselwano kanye neSiphendulo se-14 ukuze ithathe imithetho kazwe eyakhuthaza ukucwasana ngokohlanga.

Umkhankaso Omusha Nokwanda Kwebutho

I-New Deal yango-1930 yabona ukwanda okukhulu kombuso kahulumeni njengoba uhulumeni wezwe wathatha indima ekuqondiseni zomnotho, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, nesisekelo sesisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqale yachitha izinhlelo eziningi ze-New Deal njengokuphulwa kwamalungelo ombuso, kodwa ngemva kokuphikisana kwezombangazwe noMongameli Franklin Roosevelt, iNkantolo yashintsha incazelo yayo, yavumela ukufundwa okukhulu kwegunya likahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho wezentengiselwano. Lokhu kwaqala inkathi yenhlangano yezwe ehlangene, lapho uhulumeni nohulumeni babevame ukuhlanganisa khona imithwalo yemfanelo.

Izindaba Zamanje Ezihlobene Namalungelo Ombuso

Kulelikhulu lama-21 leminyaka, amalungelo ombuso ayaqhubeka eyindaba eyinhloko ezindaweni eziningi zezimiso. Njengoba ukwanda kwezombangazwe, amazwe amaningi aye aba yizikhungo zokucwaninga zentando yeningi (noma, kuye ngombono wakho, izinkundla zezingxabano) lapho imithetho ihluke khona kakhulu kwezamazwe angomakhelwane. Izindaba ezinkulu zanamuhla zihlanganisa:

  • Ukunakekelwa kwempilo nomthetho womshuwalense
  • Isimiso semfundo nokulawula uhlelo
  • Imithetho yendawo ezungezile nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu
  • Izindinganiso zokulawula izibhamu NeSichibiyelo Sesibili
  • Ukukhishwa kwesisu namalungelo okuzala
  • Ukunikeza imithetho kanye nokuqondisa kokhetho
  • Inqubo yokugunyazwa ngokomthetho nezidakamizwa

Imithetho Yezokwelapha

I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yamelela ukungenela okubaluleke kakhulu kukahulumeni ekunakekeleni impilo kusukela ku-Medicare noMedicaid. Kodwa izifundazwe zahlala zinokuhlakanipha okukhulu: zingakhetha ukuthi zingayandisa iMedicaid, zimise izikhundla zazo siqu zomshuwalense wempilo, kanye nezimakethe zomshuwalense. Ngenxa yalokho, izigidi zabantu abadala abathola imali ephansi kakhulu kumazwe angenayo imfihlo, kuyilapho izakhamuzi ezikhulayo zijabulela ukufinyelela okwengeziwe. Amazwe alawula futhi i-telelemedicinedine, inqubo yezokwelapha imisha, kanye nezinyathelo zempilo zomphakathi njengezicelo zokugoma. Inkantolo Ephakeme ka 2012 isekela ukucindezela komthetho we-ACA kodwa ivimbela ukwanda kwesimiso sezwe se-Medicad ezisezimoyeni ehlela izinhleloni ezingokwe ezempilo.

Imfundo Iwukuziphatha Okuhle

Imfundo sekuyisikhathi eside ibhekwa njengemithwalo yemfanelo kazwelonke neyomphakathi. Izwe libeka izindinganiso zemfundo, linqume izimfuneko zokufundisa, futhi linike imali. Eminyakeni yamuva, izimpi mayelana nokufakwa kwezifundo zemfundo zezinhlanga ezigxekayo, imfundo yobulili, kanye nomlando, kuye kwaqiniswa, kanye nokudluliswa kwemithetho evimbela izihloko ezithile kuyilapho ezinye zizenza zibe yi-iphonopholopholi. Izinhlelo zesikole zokukhetha, kuhlanganise nezikole zomthetho wesikole, nazo ziyahluka kakhulu. Umphumela uwukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho komfundi kokufundisa kuxhomeke kakhulu esifundayo esifundayo esifundayo, ngisho nasezweni lapho behlala khona.

Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile Nesenzo Sesimo Sezulu

Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni uhlehlisa izinga lokulawula indawo ezungezile, izifundazwe zivame ukuthatha inyathelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia, sekuyisikhathi eside ibeka izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha imoto kune-hulumeni, umkhohlisi ovunyelwe yi-Ceake Air Act. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zathatha izindinganiso zeCalifornia, zisungula izimoto eziqinile zokuthutha uphethiloli. Ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, njengase-New York, eWashington, nase Massachusetts ziye zafaka izisulu ezinamandla, kuyilapho ezinye zinciphisa ukuthuthuka kwamandla futhi ziphikisa imithetho yesimo sezulu. Le mithetho ingaholela ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho nasebuthweni esilawulayo, kodwa futhi ivumela ukuhlelwa kwezimo zesifunda.

Izinyathelo Zokulawula Izibhamu

ISichibiyelo Sesibili lungelo lokuphatha izikhali sichazwa ngokwehlukile ezifundazweni. Ezinye izifundazwe zinesizinda sendawo yonke, izikhathi zokulinda, nemingcele yezikhali zokuhlasela; ezinye ziye zamisa "ezingenabani ziphethe" imithetho evumela abantu ukuba bathwale izibhamu ezifihliwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme iNew York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruen [2022]) yacacisa ukuthi iSiphendulo sesibili sivikela umuntu ngamunye ilungelo lokuphatha isibhamu emphakathini, kodwa futhi siyeka amakamelo okulawula ngaphansi kwesiko elingokomlando. Lokhu kuye kwabangela igalelo elisha lokulithwa kwemithetho nemithetho, ngokuhlola imingcele yegunya labo eliyi-paljiki.

Ukukwazi Ukukhipha Isisu

Ngemva kokugumbuqelwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme .Ade ku [FLT] Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[ [2022], igunya lokulawula ukukhishwa kwesisu libuyela ezindaweni. Amanye amazwe anyakazisa ngokushesha ukuvimbela noma ukuvimbela kakhulu ukukhishwa kwesisu, kuyilapho amanye emisa imithetho evikela ukungena noma ukwandisa izinkonzo. Ingxenye yezwe ephumela kuyo iye yadala "ibhukwini lobuhlane" futhi yabangela ukuhanjwa kwesiphambano. Lo magazini ubonisa indlela amalungelo esizwe angaholela ngayo emiphumelweni ephawulekayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ngokwezingayo kuphela.

Umphumela Wamalungelo Ombuso Emiphakathini Yendawo

Imiphumela yamalungelo ombuso ithinteka kakhulu emphakathini. Kusukela ezindaweni ezithile kuya epholishini, kusukela ekukhokheni impahla kuya ekuthutheni, izinqumo ezenziwa yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilolonga ngokuqondile izinga lokuphila kwezakhamuzi. Izindawo eziyinhloko zethonya zihlanganisa:

  • Izakhiwo zokulawula zendawo
  • Izinkonzo zomphakathi nokutshala izakhi
  • Ukuthembisana komphakathi nezakhamuzi ukuthatha isinyathelo
  • Ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho nentela
  • Izimiso zobulungisa zobugebengu namaphoyisa

Ukubusa Kwendawo

Imithetho kahulumeni inquma imibuso nemithwalo yemfanelo yamadolobha, izifunda, nezigodi ezikhethekile. Ezizweni eziningi, izinhlelo zomthetho zasekhaya zinikeza omasipala igunya elibanzi lokukhipha imithetho ezindabeni zendawo, kuyilapho ezinye zikhipha ukulawulwa okukhulu kwendawo, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezinjengomholo omncane, ukuqasha, nokulawula izikhali. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kombuso nohulumeni bendawo kubizwa ngokuthi "Umthetho we-Dillon" ngokunye "ukubusa kwekhaya"/nendlela imiphakathi engasabela ngayo ngokushesha ezidingweni zendawo.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nezakhiwo Eziyimiklamo

Uhulumeni ulawula imishini yokuxhasa izimali zezikole, imigwaqo, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nokuthutha umphakathi. Ukuzimisela kukahulumeni ukutshala izakhiwo zezemfundo, kanye nezimiso zakhe zentela, kunquma izinga lemigwaqo, amabhuloho, nezindawo zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, uthi ukunyusa izintela zikaphethiloli ukuze kuxhaswe imisebenzi yokuthutha ngokuvamile kunemigwaqo emikhulu ekhuliswe kangcono kunaleyo ethembele kuphela ezimalini zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, izinqumo zikahulumeni ngokwanda kweMedicaid zithinta ngokuqondile ukutholakala kwezinkonzo zempilo emaphandleni nasezindaweni ezigciniwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokwenza Umphakathi

Amalungelo ezwe akha amathuba ezenzo zotshani. Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zivala, amaqembu okuphatha izigebengu ngokuvamile aphendukela kuhulumeni wezishaya-mthetho noma izinyathelo zokuthatha izintambo zokuqhubekisela phambili imigomo yabo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa imikhankaso yokufaka insangu esemthethweni, ukwanda okuncane, ukuthatha izinyathelo zobulungisa bendawo, ne LGBTQ+ isivikelo sokuvikela. Intando yeningi yamazwe ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukuma ngendlela eqondile ngokuthatha ama-asethi noma ngokukhumbula okhetho, zikhuthaza umuzwa wokuthatha iqhaza elisheshayo kwezezembubhiso zesizwe kunezombangazwe.

Ukulinganisela Kwegunya: Igunya Likahulumeni

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezwe nohulumeni akulungiswa; kushintsha ngokushintsha kwezombangazwe, izincazelo zokwahlulela, nezidingo zomphakathi. Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20, ukuthambekela kwakusekubekeni phakathi kwe-"$] uhulumeni wathatha umthwalo wemfanelo okhulayo wamalungelo omphakathi, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, nesimiso sezomnotho. Nokho, kusukela ngo-1990, ukuncishiswa kokuncishintshwa kwemizwa kwezwe: ukubuyisela amandla ezimisweni ngemikhawulo, iziphakamiso, nokuncishiswa kwegunya lezehlulelo.

Lokhu kudala kokubili izinzuzo nezigwegwe. Ohlangothini oluhle, iziphakamiso zingazama izimiso ezihlukene, zivumele ukuba kuthathwe izinto ezintsha eziphumelelayo kwezinye izindawo. Ohlangothini oluphambene, izigaba zingancintisana nezindinganiso eziphansi(a "ukwabela ezindaweni eziphansi"" "ezindaweni ezinjenge zinhlangano", ukugcinwa kwendawo ezungezile, nokuvikelwa kwezisebenzi. INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukwenza njengomkhapheli, ukunquma ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elinegunya ezimpikiswaneni ezithile. [FLT: 0]] Izinqumo zamuva [[FLT:]] MYP] v. NCA[FLT:] [20] [20] [20]) ifaka umbono wenkantolo nombazo.[FLT:]

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwamalungelo KaHulumeni

Naphezu kwezindlela ezikhangayo zefilosofi neziwusizo zokubusa okuhloniphekile, amalungelo ombuso anezingqinamba ezinkulu.

  • Ukungaguquguquki emithethweni nasezimisweni ezizweni zonke
  • Amandla okubandlululwa nokuvikelwa ngendlela engalingani
  • Ukungaxazululi izinkinga zesizwe noma zembulunga yonke
  • Ukukhululwa kwemithetho yendawo ngezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni
  • Ingozi yokubanjwa ngokulawulwa ngezithakazelo ezikhethekile

Ukungaguquguquki Emithethweni Nasezinkambisweni

AmaMelika asuka kwelinye izwe aye kwelinye angahlangana nezindawo ezihlukene kakhulu ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokufakwa kwemishado, intela, ukufakwa kwemisebenzi yobuchwepheshe, amalungelo ezibhamu, ngisho nokuncishiswa kwezinto. Lokhu kuxubana kungadala ukudideka kubantu ngabanye nasemabhizinisi asebenza phakathi kwezindawo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, umnini webhizinisi omncane kungase kudingeke avumelane nemithetho ehlukahlukene yemisebenzi, ashiye izimfuneko, nezindinganiso zemininingwane yezindaba.

Okungabangela Ukubandlululwa Nokuvikelwa Ngokungafani

Amalungelo ombuso aye asetshenziswa ngokomlando ukuze kuthethelelwe imithetho ehlukanisayo, kusukela kuJim Crow kuya ku-ID yanamuhla ethinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abavoti abambalwa. Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni ungangenela ngokulungisa umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, ukungenela okunjalo ngokuvamile akusheshi, kushiya amaqembu angaphansi esengozini ezindaweni lapho engenawo amandla ezombangazwe. Ukuxabana phakathi kwe-IMPUMFU nemithetho elawula amalungelo omphakathi kuhlala kungelinye lezindaba ezibucayi nezibalulekile kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika.

Izinselele Ekusingatheni Izinkinga Zesizwe

Izinkinga ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukukhubazeka kwempilo yomphakathi, ukungalingani kwemali, nokuwohloka kwezezisekelo akuvamile ukuhlonipha imingcele yesifundazwe. Ukusabela okunempumelelo kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yesizwe noma yembulunga yonke. Uma amazwe efuna izindlela ezihlukene-hlukene .Njengoba ezinye zithatha izimiso zesimo sezulu esinonya, ezinye azinalo nhlobo ithonya lokuhlangabezana nezifiso ezikhudlwana. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadanethi lwe-COVID, ukuntula ukufana kwempilo yomphakathi kuhlanganisa imizamo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudala ukudideleka ngezimiso zezokuhamba, izifihla - buthutho, nokusakaza imithi.

Ukulahlwa Kwemithetho Yasendaweni

Ukucindezeleka okukhulayo phakathi kwesimiso samalungelo kahulumeni ukusebenzisa ukucukuthwa kwemithetho kahulumeni ukudlula imithetho yendawo. Ezizweni eziningi, izishaya-mthetho ziye zamisa imithetho enqabela amadolobha futhi zimise izibalo zokuphakamisa iholo elilinganiselwe, ukumisa ukulawulwa kwentela, noma ukuqondisa ukuhlahlela nokukhipha izibhamu. Nakuba ukuhlengwa kwamalungelo ombuso kungadala ukufana, kungavimbela futhi ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi, ikakhulukazi lapho izisusa ezinamandla zikahulumeni ezifuna ukusekela imvume zivimbela imithetho yendawo eqhubekayo.

Isiphetho

Umqondo wamalungelo esizwe awunayo imiphumela esobala yezimpikiswano zekhulu le-19. Isekhona, i-pringing system ehlela ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwaseMelika. Kusukela emalini yemfundo izingane eziyitholayo kuya ekunakekeleni impilo, emoyeni eziphefumula kuyo amalungelo azo, ukulinganisela phakathi kwezwe namandla kahulumeni kunemiphumela esobala. Nakuba amalungelo ombuso enika imingcele amandla emiphakathini yendawo futhi akhuthaza ukusungulwa kwezimiso, aphakamisa nemibuzo engathi sína ngokuphathelene nokwehlukahluka, kanye nekhono lokusingatha izinselele ezihlanganyelwayo. Njengoba izakhamuzi zihlala zinolwazi ngezwe lokubusa akuyona nje indlela yemfundo enzima yokuhlanganyela. Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu avumela ukuba abantu ukuba basekele izimiso zabo, basekele izikhulu ezikhethwe, futhi banikele ekuhlanganeni kwesizwe esizweni esihlangene.