Ukuqonda Ukuzivumelanisa Nemithetho: Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Inqubo yokungagunyazi iyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sase-U.S. sokuhlola nokulinganisela, okuklanyelwe ukuphoqelela igatsha eliphethe. Inikeza uMkhandlu igunya lokuletha amacala futhi lingasusa uMongameli, uMongameli uVice nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni “zomcabango, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezinkulu kanye nezingafanelekile.” Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho sikhulu esikhethiwe, kuhlanganise nesikhulu esiphethe, esingaphezulu komthetho. Ngokungafani necala lobugebengu, ukungayikhokhisi inqubo yezombangazwe ehloselwe ukuphatha kabi amandla asongela iRiphabliki.

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sokungagunyazi sitholakala eSiphakamisweni II, isiqephu sesine, esigunyaza ngokuqondile ukususwa kwamacala athile. Indinganiso “yobugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha” ngokomlando iye yachazwa njengehlanganisa hhayi nje amacala asolwayo kuphela kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla, ukuphulwa kwesikhundla emphakathini, nezenzo ezilulaza ukubusa komthetho-sisekelo. Lolulimi oluvumelanayo luvumela uMkhandlu ukuba uvumelane nezindinganiso ezimweni ezihambelanayo, kodwa futhi lukhuthaza ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe ngalokho okuwukuziphatha okungafanelekile. Osungulwayo, bedweba benziwa ekusebenziseni ikhothameli lempalatha yomthetho, benza inqaba yenkambiso yokugcina.

Amandla okungagunyazi ahlukaniswa phakathi kwamagumbi amabili eSishayamthetho. Indlu yabameleli iphethe okuwukuphela kwamandla okususa (ivumelana nokubekwa icala), kuyilapho iSigele siphethe okuwukuphela kwamandla okuzama nokubeka iziboshwa. Lengxenye ye-bidamaral idala isithiyo samabomu: iningi elivamile eNdlu lingaletha izikhalo, kodwa isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu esiseSigeqeni siyadingeka ukuze sisuswe. Lesigqebhezana siqinisekisa ukuthi ukungayisebenzisi kalula futhi sibonise inhloso yamaFramers ukulondoloza ukuzimela ngaphandle kwecala elicacile nelingathi sína.

Inqubo Yokulungisa Ngokulandelana

Ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela uMkhandlu ohlola ngayo igatsha eliphethe, kuvela ochungechungeni lwezigaba ezichazayo, ngayinye iphethe incazelo yayo ecacile newusizo.

Ukuthuthwa Endlini Yabameleli

Noma iliphi ilungu leNdlu lingamisa isinqumo sokungagunyazi, ngokuvamile ngemva kwesenzakalo esivusa amahloni njengomthetho ohlazisayo, umbiko okhethekile weseluleko, noma izinsolo zokuziphatha kobugebengu. Isinqumo singafuna ukuba kuvotelwe ngokuqondile noma sibhekise lendaba eKomitini ye Home Judicary. Ngokomlando, iKomiti yamaJudiciary isebenza njengendikimba eyinhloko yokuhlola, ukuphatha, ukukhipha izigebengu, nokuqoqa ubufakazi. Ikomiti ingaqasha futhi impompa iseluleko ngaphandle ukuze isize ekuhlolweni.

Lapho uphenya seluphelile, amavoti ekomiti ezihlokweni zokungagunyazi, okuyizinsolo eziqondile ezibekwe njengezimangalelwa ezingokomthetho. Isihloko ngasinye kumelwe sivunyelwe iningi lekomiti ngaphambi kokuba lithunyelwe eNdlu yezingxoxo.

Impikiswano Yasekhaya Nesivunguvungu

Uma izihloko zokungagunyazi zifika eGangeni eligcwele, inkathi yempikiswano ilandela. Lempikiswano ivame ukuthatha indawo, futhi iningi labaholi lilawula isimiso esisesitezi futhi amalungu amancane aphikisa imingcele. Ngemva kwenkulumo-mpikiswano, indlu ivota ngesihloko ngasinye ngokwahlukana. Iningi (okungaphezu kwengxenye yalabo abavotayo nabakhona, ukuthatha i-carorum) kwanele ukudlulisa isihloko. Uma iningi livota ukuvuma okungenani isihloko esisodwa, uMongameli noma isikhulu asivumelani nakazwana.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokujezisa nokususwa. Ukuhlomela kwendlu akusisusi isikhulu; kuyisici sokubekwa icala. Isikhulu sihlala ehhovisi silindele ukuqulwa kwecala leSigele. Indlu futhi ikhetha “abaphathi” (amalungu asebenza njengabashushisi) ukubeka icala phambi kweSigele.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala Kwesigele

Ngemva kwendlu, iSigele kumelwe siqhube icala. Inqubo ilawulwa imithetho yeSigele, engalungiswa ngesinqumo esilula esiningi. Icala lenganyelwa uMahluleli oMkhulu wase-United States lapho uMongameli engummangalelwa (kunye ezinye izikhulu, uMongameli ongumKhosi noma uMongameli weSigele u-promore). Indima yeSishayamthetho ihlanganisa ukubusa ezinqubweni ezisobala nemibuzo esekelwe kumthetho, nakuba iSigele singaba yikhombisa labo ababusayo ngevoti elikhulu.

Icala lihlanganisa ukuvula izinkulumo nhlangothi zombili, ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlola ofakazi, nezimpikiswano zokuphetha. Ngokomlando, iSigele siye sahlukahluka ekuzimiseleni kwaso ukubiza ofakazi abaphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuqulweni kwecala lika-Clinton ka-1999, ofakazi basuswa esikhundleni kodwa abavelanga esitezini seSigele; ku-202020 kuqala icala leTrump, kwakungekho fakazi ababizelwa, kuyilapho ekuqulweni kwesibili kweTrump ngo-2021, ofakazi bengabizwangabizwangabo kodwa banikezwa. Ngemva kokuba ubufakazi bunikezwe, iSigele seNkathi seSishayamthetho saqala esivalweni sasodwa futhi kamuva kwabizwa amavoti.

Ukusekela Ukukholelwa Noma Ukulahlwa Kwezigebengu

Ukuqiniseka kudinga inani eliphindwe kabili-ntathu labameli abakhona. Uma okungenani ama-senate amabili-sithathu ethola ukuthi umnini-mthetho unecala, isikhulu sisuswa ngokushesha ehhovisi. ISigele singase sikhishwe futhi, ngevoti elivamile elivamile, singenza isikhulu esiboshwe ngecala lingakufanelekeli ukuba sibe nehhovisi likahulumeni lesikhathi esizayo. Uma kungena amavoti angaphansi kwamathathu amabili emali ukuze sivume ukuvotelwa kunoma isiphi isihloko, isikhulu siyakhululwa futhi sihlale sisehhovisi. Akukho kunxusa okungenzeka; isinqumo seNkathilo sigcina.

Icala Elingokomlando: Ukuzihlupha Ekwenzeni

Okuhlangenwe nakho kokungagunyazi kwaseMelika kuhlanganisa izenzakalo ezimbalwa kuphela zobumongameli, ngasinye sikhanyisa izici ezihlukahlukene zesheke lamandla aphakeme.

Andrew Johnson (1868)

Johnson, owalandela uAbraham Lincoln ngemva kokubulawa kwakhe, waphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe neRepublican Congress enqabela ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho. Wanxuswa ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokwephula umthetho we-Tenare of Office Act, eyanqabela uMongameli ukuba asuse iziphathi ezithile ngaphandle kwemvume yeSigebengu. Ukususwa kukaNobhala weWar Edwin Stanton kwaba yisici esinezelwe. Indlu yagunyaza iziqu ezingu-11 zokungagunyazisi. Enkantolo yeSigele, ukuququlwa kwecala kwehluleka ukufakazela ukwephulwa komthetho ocacile, futhi uJohnson wakhululwa yivoti eyodwa (35 yaba necala le-19 ukuba angabi nacala, ingoyedwa nje edingweni efunekayo ewulweni. Icala lasungula isigwebo sokulwa komthetho wokungagunyazi.

URichard Nixon (1974)

Nixon wabhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa ye-watergate ephukayo kanye nesembozo esilandelayo. IKomiti yendlu YamaJudicia yavuma izihloko ezintathu: ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokudelelwa kweSishaya-mthetho. Ngaphambi kokuba iNdlu yonke ivote, uNixon wayeka ngoAugust 9, 1974, ngemva kokukhululwa “kwesibhamu sokubhema”. Ukuyeka kwakhe kwabonisa ukuthi usongo lokungathobeli, luhlangene nokucindezela komphakathi nokwezombangazwe, lungaveza ukulandisa ngaphandle kokuqiniseka okungokomthetho. Isenzakalo futhi sagcizelela indima yokuphenya okuzimele (umshushishisi okhethekile) kanye nolwembusasi.

UBill Clinton (1998)

Clinton wafakwa icala lokujezisa eqenjini elikhulu labasizi bejaji nomthetho osemthethweni, esusa ebuhlotsheni bakhe noWhite House intern Monica Lewinsky. Indlu yavota kakhulu ngasemgceni weqembu. Icala lesigele, elathatha amasonto amahlanu, laphumela ekuxoxiweni: 4555 kusihloko se-perjury ne 50-50 kulokhu kuvinjelwa (kungasho lutho oludingelutho kwezingu 67). Icala laqokomisa ukuphakama “kobugebengu obukhulu nezingahambi kahle” njengokusetshenziswa ezinyathelweni zomuntu siqu zokuziphatha okubi kanye nezenzo zezikhulu. Kwabonisa futhi ukuthi ukuhlaliswa kwezwe kungavimbela ukususwa ngisho nalapho isikhulumi esiphambili sithola ukuziphatha okunecala ngokokuziphatha.

Donald Trump (2020-2020 no - 2021)

UTrump wadedelwa kabili, okuwukuphela kukamongameli okumelwe ahlolwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Isehlulelo sokuqala (December 2019) samangalela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya kanye nokuvinjelwa kweSishaya-mthetho ngokucindezela i-Ukraine ukuba ihlole iphikiswana lakhe nempi yezombangazwe uJoe Biden ngesikhathi igodlelana nezempi. I House ayizange ikhokhe, kodwa iSigele samkhulula ngoFebruary 2020 ekuqulweni okwakungabizi ofakazi.

I-applement yesibili (January 2021) yafika ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Capitol ngo-6 January, isola uTrump ngokugqugquzela ukuvukela. Indlu yamsekela nge-bipartisan (kuhlanganise namavoti ayi-10 eRepublican). Icala leSigele laqulwa ngemva kokuba uTrump eshiye isikhundla; ukumelana komthetho-mthetho wokuzama umongameli wangaphambili kwaphikiswana. Ekugcineni, izigebengu ezingu-5 zovotela ukuboshwa, nezingu-7 zombhishobhi weRepublicrans zijoyina zonke iDemocrats kanye nezizimele − − qhathaniswe ukuthi i-3. Lezi zicatshalo zigcizelela indlela ukuhluleka kokungagunyaza okukhulu kwethuluzi lokusebenza futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo ngenqubo lapho iqembu lomongameli lisalokhu likhona.

Okusho Ukubaluleka Kokuhlola Amandla Okubusa

Le nqubo yokungavumelani ifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi engaphakathi komthetho - sisekelo.

  • I-Picel igcina ukulinganisela komthetho-sisekelo:[ Inikeza i-existry eqondile yomthetho ekuxhashazweni kweziphathimandla okungase kungafinyelelwa ngokhetho noma ngezinkantolo. Iphelelisa amandla kaMongameli kanye namandla okwahlulela.
  • Ukuthatha Ukuziphatha okungalungile: Ukuba khona nje kwamandla angathonyeki kudumaza amongameli ukuba bathathe inyathelo lokuxhaphaza okukhulu, bazi ukuthi uKhongolo-kanye lungathatha isinyathelo. Nokho, ukuthatha isinyathelo esingcono sokususa ngokuphumelelayo kusikisela ukuthi lomphumela ovimbelayo ulinganiselwe.
  • Inqubo yokungavumelani i-Public Accouncition: ibangela ukuphikisana okukhulu komphakathi, ukusakaza kwezindaba, nenkulumo yezombangazwe. Iphoqa isizwe ukuba simelane nezinsolo zokungalungi komphathi futhi ingabumba imibono yabavoti kukhetho olulandelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kuka-1956 kwabona igagasi leDemocratic ngenxa ye-Watergate.
  • Ukulwa nomthetho owenziwe ngokulandelana: Uphenyo luvame ukuhlanganisa uphenyo lwezincwadi zegatsha eziphethe ihhovisi eliphethe ihhovisi nobufakazi, ngaleyondlela kuphikiselwa ukuvuma kwelungelo lokulawula. Ukulwa ngezincwadi ezikhathini zombili zeNixon neTrump kwathuthukisa imingcele yamandla okuhlolwa.

Noma kunjalo, ukunganaki kuyithuluzi elibukhali. Imfuneko enkulu yokuqiniseka isho ukusebenza ngokuphumelelayo kuphela uma kunokuvumelana okukhulu ngobukhulu bobubi. Ezikhathini zokwehlukana okukhulu kwabashokobezi, ukungagunyazi kungahluleka ukususa umongameli kodwa kubeke izindleko ezinkulu zezombangazwe, kungathathwa njengesikhali esikhubazayo esiqeda ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Izazi nabahlaziyi baye baveza ukukhathazeka okuningana ngesimo samanje sokungagunyazi njengenhlolo - vo egatsheni eliphethe:

  • Parisan Weamotion: Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi bobabili baye basebenzisa ukujezisa ukuze bazuze ngokwezombangazwe kunokulungisa ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho wangempela. Ukwanda kwemizamo yokungagunyazi (kuhlanganise imizamo yokufuna ukuvota) kungalulaza lenqubo.
  • Ukungaqondi kwe- “Profes memories ne Misdemers”: ngaphandle kwencazelo ecacile yemithetho, indinganiso ilotshwa ngesandulela nangencazelo yezombangazwe. Lokhu kungaqondakali kuvumela iqembu ngalinye ukuba linwebe leligama ukuze lifanelane nophikisi, ngokunokwenzeka landisa izinga elingaphezu kwalokho ababezisunguli ababekuhlosile.
  • Ukuphelela njengendlela yokulungisa i-mechanism: Lenqubo ayinakumsusa umongameli othatha isinyathelo ngokushesha noma ogcina izinxulumani ezithembekile. Umlawuli wezikhulu ze-consol, ukulawula ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni, namandla esenzo esingekho esiwujuqu asho ukuhluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo okuthatha ijubane elikhulu noma ukumelana nezombangazwe ukuba abhekane nezinsongo eziphuthumayo (njengomongameli owenqaba ukuvikela isizwe).
  • Avenues: Abanye basikisela iSichibiyelo sama 25 (esivumela uMongameli noMphathi weSikhulu ukuba amemezele ukuthi umongameli akakwazi ukukhulula amagunya) noma ukumangalela ubugebengu ngemva kokuphuma ehhovisi njengemikhakha eyengeziwe. Nokho, lezi zinqubo zinemingcele yazo: iSichibiyelo sama-25 sincike ekuzimiseleni kukaMongameli ongumsekeli ukwenza okuthile, futhi ukuqulwa ngemva kokuqulwa kuxhomeke ekuzimeleni koMnyango wokwahlulela.

Imibiko eminingi yamuva yokucwaninga nemibhalo yokucwaninga ye-communion inikeza ukucubungula okujulile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Congregational Research Service ilungisa njalo imibiko nge-accement ne-depatier (CRSS Inyuziyament Resources)[. Umthetho - sisekelo unikeza izincazelo ezingokomlando zika Claus [[[FLT:]] [inani]] [i-Caltic: [Inanitudiation:] [FT], ne-National Constitution Centers Centers] unikeza imithombo yezomthetho yezentengo. [[FLT]

Isiphetho: Indima Ehlala Njalo Yokungakufuni Ukukwenza

Inqubo yokungagunyazi ibalulekile, uma ingaphelele, ihlola umthetho-sisekelo egatsheni eliphethe. Ihlanganisa ukuqaphela koMsunguli ukuthi ngisho nomongameli okhethwe ngedemokrasi kumelwe abhekane nezindlela zokulandisa ngaphandle kwebhokisi lokuvoca. Nakuba izenzakalo ezingokomlando zembula ithonya lokwehlukana, izindinganiso ezishintshayo, nenqubo yokuzihlela, isithiyo somthetho owenziwe ngemithetho esemthethweni, kanye nezibuko ezibonisa imingcele engokomthetho. Njengoba isimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika siqhubeka sibhekana nezinselele ezintsha, ukugobeka imibuzo ngezindlela zokuzimo eziguquguqula ezinye izizwe, inqubo yokuzigodlayo iyakuhlala njengethuluzi lokulungisa inqubo yokugcina nokubuka izibuko ezibonisa izindinganiso zesizwe.

Ukuqonda amakhenika ayo, umlando, nokulinganiselwa kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuhlaziya impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Inqubo yokungagunyazi akuyona nje kuphela inqubo engokomthetho; kuyisahlulelo sezombangazwe esivivinya amandla oMkhandlu nomphakathi ukuvikela umthetho. Ngalendlela, ukujezisa kusebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi isixwayiso sokugcina kumphathi sisegatsheni elilodwa kuphela kodwa evumeni elinolwazi nokuziphatha kwabantu.