Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuqonda Izindaba Zokwenza Imithetho

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho e-United States imelela esinye sezimiso eziklanywe ngokucophelela kakhulu zokuhumusha umphakathi ziyoba yisimiso sokubusa. Kusukela ekuqaleni kombono kuya esikhathini lapho ukukhipha isigwebo kuba umthetho, uhambo luhilela ukucabangisisa, ukuvumelana, nokuhlola okukhulu emagatsheni amaningi kahulumeni. Kubafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi eziboshelwe, ukuqonda lenqubo akubalulekile nje kuphela ekufundeni umphakathi kodwa futhi nokuqaphela ukuthi abantu abavamile bangayithonya kanjani imithetho elawula ukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke.

Ukuqonda inqubo yomthetho wembula futhi okuthile okujulile ngentando yeningi yaseMelika: kuyathatha kancane ngamabomu. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bakha ukungezwani esimisweni ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ngeke idluliswe ngokuphazima kweso. isigaba ngasinye i-— kusukela ekuchosheni kwamakomiti kuya ezimpikiswaneni zaphansi kuya kumakomiti engqungqungquthela, amakomiti ahlola izinkinga, ukuphikisana, futhi bakha ukuvumelana. Lesi sihloko sithatha isinyathelo ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe, kusukela esicelweni esisayinweni sikamongameli, ukuze ubone kahle ukuthi umqondo uba umthetho kanjani.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho: Lapho Kuqala Khona Imithetho

Ngokuphambene nenkolelo ethandwayo, umthetho omningi awuveli ngokuphelele engqondweni yomenzi womthetho oyedwa. Imiqondo eba imithetho ingavela emithonjeni eminingi, futhi ukuqonda lemisuka kusiza ekususeni isisekelo sendlela isimiso esisabela ngayo ezidingweni zomphakathi.

Imithombo Yemibono Yemithetho

Izihlongozo zemithetho zingavela kulokhu:

  • Amalungu oKhongolo-bumba ngokwawo , ngokuvamile asebenzisa ochwepheshe bomuntu siqu, izidingo zesigodi, noma izithembiso zomkhankaso
  • UMongameli[ nezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe, ezivame ukumisa umthetho ovumelana nohlelo lokuphathwa
  • [ Amaqembu angenisa imali nezinhlangano zokuphatha ezimelela izimboni ezithile, izimbangela, noma imiphakathi
  • [[[QULT:0] Abahlanganisi nezakhamuzi [[[QL:1] abathintana nabameleli babo ngokukhathalela noma ukusikisela
  • Amathangi okucabanga nabacwaningi bezemfundo abasungula iziphakamiso zezimiso ezisekelwe ebufakazini nasekuhlaziyweni
  • Isimo nohulumeni bendawo abazama izimiso ngesilinganiso esincane phambi kokutholwa kukahulumeni

Uma nje umbono usuphumelele, isinyathelo esilandelayo siwukuwuhumushela olimini olusemthethweni lwemali. Lenqubo yokudweba ivame ukusingathwa yiseluleko somthetho we-— abameli abakhethekile abasebenzela i-Congress futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi ulimi lwesimemezelo luqondile, luzwile ngokomthetho, futhi luvumelana nemithetho ekhona.

Indima Yeziphazamisi Zebholintshi

Imali ngayinye kumele ibe nomxhasi we-— ilungu le-Congress eliyingenisa ngokusemthethweni. Igama lomxhasi linamathela unomphela emalini, futhi basebenza njengommeli wabo oyinhloko kuyo yonke inqubo yomthetho. Ngokwesiko, izindleko ngokuvamile zinabaxhasi abaningi ababonisa ukusekela kwabo nosizo lwabo. Imali enamalungu amaningi anezintambo, ikakhulukazi kuwo womabili amaqembu, inethuba eliphakeme lokuqhubekela phambili ngenqubo yekomiti.

Isingeniso Sezincwadi: Ukungena E - Arena Yomthetho

Uma isikweleti sesibhaliwe, kumelwe sifakwe eMzini wabameleli noma eNdlwini yeSigebengu. Igumbi lokufaka izindaba ngoba linquma indlela yokungena engaphambili isambathisi esizolandela. Umthetho omkhulu, njengezindleko zokuhlelwa kwemali, kumelwe uvele eNdlu, kodwa ezinye izikweleti eziningi zingaqala kunoma yiliphi igumbi.

Imishini Yokuvula Izincwadi

Endlu, ilungu lifaka isibhakathi ku-"Epistle" — ibhokisi lokhuni edeskini lomabhalane. ESigele, isigele simemezela isibalo phansi. Imali ibekwa inombolo (umz., H.R. 1234 endluni noma eS. 567 eSigeqeni. Inyatheliswa futhi yenziwa itholakale obala ngehhovisi loMnyango loMbuso nangezi zemininingwane ye-Intane njenge-Congress.gov.

Lomzuzu wokuthulwa ubucayi ngoba ubangela inqubo engokomthetho yokushaya umthetho. Icala libhekiselwe kumakomiti anye noma ngaphezulu asekelwe endabeni yalo ekhuluma ngayo, futhi iwashi liqala ukubheka ukuthi kungaba uhambo olude oluya ekumisweni noma ekunqotshweni.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Amabhola Evivinywa Khona Futhi Elolongwa Khona

Isimiso sekomiti sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "i-accorse of Congress," futhi ngesizathu esihle. AmaKomiti alapho kuhlolwa khona umthetho ngokuningiliziwe. Amaqenjana akhethekile oMkhandlu agxile ezindaweni ezithile ezikhethekile ezingokomthetho i-— i-agriver, izinkonzo zezikhali, imfundo, amandla, izimali, impilo, nezinye eziningi.

Ikomiti Yokulwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwenkolo

Lapho kusungulwa isikweleti, umphathi wephalamende egumbini ngalinye unquma ukuthi yiliphi ikomiti eliphethe. Ezinye izikweleti zibhekiswa kumakomiti amaningi, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-sequalial metaryral, enganciphisa intuthuko. Ku-Congress yanamuhla, izikweletu eziningi zibhekiswa ekomitini eyodwa ukuze kuthathwe inqubo.

Amakomiti anamandla amakhulu ekudalelweni kwemali. Angathi:

  • Izikhalazo zigcine ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, abaqashi, nezikhulu zikahulumeni
  • Kuyoke kulungiswe izikweletu kanye nokubukezwa
  • Zitshele ukuthi uzobika yini izindleko zakho zonke
  • I - — i - quam ibulala ngaphandle kokuvota okuphelele
  • Imbobo noma umane ungathathi hlangothi, uvumele indledle ife buthule

Ukulalela: Ukuqoqa Ukwaziswa Nokwakha Umlando

Amacala yizingxenye zomphakathi lapho amakomiti emema ofakazi ukuba bafakazele ngemiphumela engenzeka. OFakazi bangahlanganisa onobhala bamakhabethe, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, abameleli bezimboni, abaholi abangenzi nzuzo, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezithintekayo ngomthetho ohlongozwayo. Lokhu kuthethwa kufeza izinjongo eziningi: bafundisa amalungu, baphenyela ukunaka kwemithombo yezindaba, futhi bakhe umbhalo womphakathi ongasetshenziselwa ukuvikela isikhwama kamuva.

Amacala aqulwayo, amalungu amakomiti ayabuza ofakazi, ngokuvamile esebenzisa lelothuba ukwenza amaphuzu ezombangazwe noma ukukhipha izibopho.

Inqubo Yokuphawula: Ukubuyisela Imali

Ngemva kokuzwa, ikomiti ihamba i-pountal — isigaba lapho amalungu ehlela khona nokuvota ekulungiseni. Lapha kulapho ulimi lwezingcaphuno luminya khona. Amalungu amaKomiti anganikeza khona izinguquko ezinezela amalungiselelo, ukushaya isibhamu, noma ukulungisa izingxenye ezithile. Inqubo yokucwenga yembula amandla ezombangazwe adlalwayo: yiziphi izinhlelo ezingalawuleki, lapho kunokwenzeka khona ukuhlehla, futhi yiziphi izimpawu ezibekwe kakhulu emphumeni.

Lapho ukuqoqwa kwemali sekuphelile, ikomiti iyavota ukuthi ingabika yini imali egunjini eligcwele. Uma isibalo sidlula, kuhambisana nombiko wekomiti ochaza injongo yemali, izinguquko ezenziwe, nemibono yekomiti. Lombiko ubalulekile ekunikezeni igumbi eligcwele phakathi nengxoxo.

Impikiswano Ephathelene Nezimo Ezinde: Umkhandlu Ogcwele Uhlola

Lapho kubikwa isikweleti esivela ekomitini, singena phansi kwendlu noma eNdlu yeNdlu yezokuhlola amalungu agcwele.inkulumo - mpikiswano elawula iphansi iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi amabili, yakha amandla ahlukile okuveza imizwelo.

Impikiswano Endlu Yabameleli

Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile eklanyelwe ukunyakazisa umthetho ngokuphumelelayo. I-Migal Committee — ikomiti enamandla ekwakheni i-— inyusi "imithetho" emisa izimpikiswano: isikhathi esingaphi uhlangothi ngalunye oluthathayo, olungalungiseka, futhi ngakuyiphi indlela. Imithetho eminingi ilinganisela ukulungiswa ngokuphawulekayo, umkhuba ogcina impikiswano igxile kodwa futhi ugxilise amandla eqenjini elikhulu.

Inkulumo - mpikiswano yasendlini ivame ukuhlelwa ngesikhathi esihlukaniswa abasekeli nabaphikisi. Amalungu akhuluma ngokufunda phambi kwegumbi, futhi amazwi abo alinganiselwe ngemizuzu embalwa ngayinye. Isikhulu esiphethe simisa imingcele yesikhathi futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi impikiswano ihlala iqinile kuleyo mithetho ekhona.

Impikiswano Engokwezimo Ezinhle ESigeleni

ISigele sisebenza ngokwehlukile. Imithetho yaso ivumela ukuba kube nempikiswano ethé xaxa, futhi abasizi bakhona banelungelo lokukhuluma uma nje befisa noma yisiphi isihloko u-— ngisho nesingahlobene nendaba. Lesisiko sengxoxo engenamkhawulo sinyusela kuyi-filbuster, icebo lapho oyedwa noma abameleli abaningi bekhuluma khona amahora amaningi ukuze bephuze noma bavimbele ukuvota.

Ukuqeda i-finbuster, iSigele kumelwe sicele ama - albuse, okudinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu okungama-fthth ezintathu (60 kwabangu-100). Lo mnyango ophakeme usho ukuthi izikweleti eziningi eSigeqeni zidinga ukusekela kwe-bipartisan, ngisho noma iningi elivamile lingavota ukudlulisa. I-Reliebuster ingenye yezici eziphikisana kakhulu zenqubo yeSigele, ezidunyiswa abanye njengabavikeli bamalungelo amancane futhi zigxekwe ngabanye njengethuluzi lokuvimbela.

Uma iphela, iSigele sizama ukucabangela ukulungisa. Ngokungafani nendlu, iSigele asinayo ikomiti yemithetho eyinhloko; kunalokho, kunikezwa izinguquko nganoma yiluphi uhlelo umholi weningi aluhlelayo. Okubizwa kanjalo ngokuthi "u-a-rama" — uchungechunge olusheshayo lwezivoti zokulungisa i-— ngokuvamile luyenzeka ngaphambi kwengxenye yokugcina.

Ukuzilibazisa: Isibopho Sesinqumo

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, lo mthetho ufakwa evotini.

Izinhlobo Zobuciko Nezincazelo Zazo

  • ivoti: Amalungu abiza "yeya" noma "ayi," kanye nomphathi ophethe i-at jap. Isetshenziselwa izikweletu ezingakhonziwe lapho umphumela ucacile khona.
  • Ivoti yethelevishini: Amalungu amele ukubalwa. Inikeza i-specter kodwa ayibhali izikhundla ngazinye.
  • Phelisa ucingo: ivoti yelungu ngalinye liqoshiwe ngalinye. Lena indlela ecace kakhulu futhi isetshenziselwa izikweletu zempikiswano noma uma ilungu licela. Amavota alo akhona obala futhi akhe isisekelo semibhalo yabenzi bomthetho yokuvota.

Uma uthengiselwa kwelinye igumbi, udluliselwa kwelinye igumbi, lapho yonke inqubo i-— i-accettee process, impikiswano yaphansi, i-voto — u-Repect. Igumbi lesibili lingadlulisa umbiko ngendlela etholakele, liwudlulise ngokulungisa, noma lingathathi nyathelo.

IKomiti Yomhlangano: Ukulungisa Ukungezwani

Lapho iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinqumo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, ukungezwani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba isigwebo siye kuMongameli. Lokhu kubuyisana kwenzeka ngekomiti yengqungquthela, iqembu lesikhashana, labenzi bomthetho abamiswe ukuba bavumelane.

Indlela Amakomiti Engqungquthela Asebenza Ngayo

Amakomiti engqungquthela akhiwa amalungu amadala avela emakomitini ayesingatha lesi sivumelwano egumbini ngalinye. Indlu neSigele ngalinye limisa amalungu eqembu elihlangene neqembu elincane. Ngokuvamile amalungu akhona ayahlangana (ngokuvamile ngasese) ukuze akhiphe ukungezwani, enze ukuhweba nokulungisa ukukhipha inguquko eyodwa, ehlangene yalencwadi.

Umsebenzi wekomiti yomhlangano ulawulwa "umbiko wempikiswano" ochaza ushintsho lokugcina nolwenziwe. Lombiko awukwazi ukulungiswa phansi; indlu neSigele kumelwe bayivote noma ihliswe ngaphandle kokulungisa. Uma amagumbi evumela umbiko wengqungquthela, isikhwama semali silungele uMongameli.

Isinyathelo Sobumongameli: Isinyathelo Sokugcina

Uma izintambo zombili zeKhongolo sezidlulisa imvume efanayo yencwadi yezivumelwano, iyabhaliswa futhi inikezwe uMongameli. uMongameli unezinsuku eziyishumi (izinsuku ezidlule ngamaSonto) ukuze athathe isinyathelo. Phakathi nale nkathi, imiphumela eminingi ingaba khona.

Ukusayina Incwadi Emthethoni

Uma uMongameli esayina incwadi, iba umthetho ngokushesha noma ngosuku olucaciswe eMthethweni. Imikhosi yokusayina ngokuvamile iyizenzakalo zomphakathi lapho uMongameli evuma khona abamisi-mthetho nabasekeli besivumelwano. Isivumelwano esayiniwe sabelwa inombolo yomthetho womphakathi (umz., uMthetho we-Puricle u 118-50) futhi sihlanganiswe eMthethweni wase-United States.

Amandla E - Veto

UMongameli angase akhiphe futhi isikweleti, asibuyisele eKhongolo kanye namazwi achaza ukuphikisa. I-veto iyi-search enamandla emandla omthetho, kodwa ayiphelele. I-Congress ingakhipha ukuvota okukhulu okukhulu kakhulu ngama-tatu amabili kulawo-kamela —a ibha yaphezulu engokomlando ehlangatshelwe ngokuqabukela.

Abameli futhi banendlela yesithathu: i-veto efakwa ephaketheni. Uma uMongameli engenzi senzo kanye nezikhawu ze-Congress phakathi nenkathi yeshumi, isigwebo siyafa ngaphandle kwe-veto engokomthetho. Uma uMkhandlu uhlala esiqephini futhi uMongameli engathathi nyathelo, lomthetho uvele ube umthetho ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi.

Okwenza Ukubeka Imithetho Kubaluleke Ekuphileni Okunobumba

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ayiyona nje indlela yokufuna ukwazi ngelukuluku — iyinqubo yokuguqula umphakathi wentando yeningi yaseMelika ukuba ube yigunya lokubusa. Isigaba ngasinye, kusukela ekuchosheni kwekomiti kuya ekuvoteni kwezindawo zokuhlangana, sidala amathuba okufaka, ukuphikisana, nokulandisa. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lenqubo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba zihlanganyele nayo: zingafakaza ekuzweni, zithintane nabameleli bazo phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezini, futhi zivote ngokuqaphela indlela abameleli bazo abaziphatha ngayo ekomitini nasesitezini.

Kuthisha, inqubo yokwenza imithetho inikeza uhlelo olunamandla lwemfundo yomphakathi. Ukulandela incwadi eyodwa kusukela esingenisweni kuya ekumiseni i-— noma ehlulekayo endleleni ye-— yambula amaqiniso angokoqobo okubusa: ukubaluleka kokwakha iqoqo, indima yombono womphakathi, ukungezwani kukahulumeni abahlukene, kanye nobuciko bokuhlehla.

Isiphetho: Kusukela Engqondweni Kuya Emthetho

Uhambo olusuka esiphakamisisweni somthetho ukuya esigqebheni sikaMongameli lude, lunemigoqo egcwele. Lokho kungokomklamo. Abaklami boMthetho-sisekelo badala isimiso esizonciphisa ukumiswa kwemithetho, sidinge ukuvumelana okubanzi nezingqimba eziningi zokubukeza. Umphumela uyinqubo engakhungathekisa futhi ibambe kancane i-— kodwa futhi eveza imithetho eye yahlolwa, yaphikiswa, futhi yalolongwa ngezandla eziningi.

Ukuqonda lenqubo kunika abafundi, othisha, nezakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Kwembula ukuthi imithetho ayidluliswanga isuka phezulu kodwa iwumphumela womzamo womuntu, ukuxoxisana, nokuphikelela. Futhi kusikhumbuza ukuthi abantu i-— ngabameleli babo, ukuphatha kwabo, namavoti abo i — iwumthombo oyinhloko womthetho ongokomthetho eUnited States.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo enqubeni yomthetho, hlola i- Conrer.gov iziqondiso zenqubo yomthetho kanye ne ne-National Relations iscessitions yomthetho wabafundisi[. [[FLT:]] inikeza ukujula okwengeziwe kwalabo abafuna ukuhlola imininingwane ethile.