Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho-mthetho, ukunikeza izinkantolo amandla okuhlola ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho kanye nomthetho wemithetho nezenzo ezithathwa amagatsha emithetho nezikhulu. Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zinamathela emthethweni ophakeme wezwe, zivikela amalungelo futhi zisekele umthetho. Ngokuvumela amajaji ukuba ashaye imithetho noma izigijimi zezikhulu eziphula imithetho engokomthetho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza njengenhlolo ebucayi emandleni kahulumeni. Lesihloko sinikeza inqubo yokuhlola ngokulandela isiqalo sawo, izimiso zawo ezingokomlando, izinganiso ezingokomlando, izinganiso ezingokomthetho, ukushintsha kwembulunga yonke, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezihlobene nokusebenza kwawo.

Umlando Wokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Umqondo wokubukeza kokwahlulela awuzange uvele -ex nihilo; wavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka emibono engokomthetho nengokwezombangazwe. Ithonya lobuProsophini elivela kongqondo njengoJohn Locke noMontesquieu, owasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nesimiso sokuhlola, ubumba amakhemikhali e-U.S. umthetho-sisekelo. Phakathi nomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owe-ractiation, u-Aleksandham Hamilton, ukubhala [[FLT:] Fidrelist No., waphikisa ukuthi i-judiary iyakuba yi-"gadiathromast" futhi yayinesibopho sokumemezela izenzo zokuthula uma ihlangene.

Ukwakhiwa okungokomthetho komkhankaso wokwahlulela eUnited States kwenzeka embonini yendaba engu-1803 [iSigebengu esiphezulu seNkantolo enguMarcury v. Madison. UWilliam Marbury, umise uMongameli John Adams, uNobhala wezwe uJacouth Madison ogunyaziwe. UJaji omkhulu John Marshall, ebhalela ngecala leNkantolo Ephakeme yezombangazwe: ukubusa kweMarbury kungabeka i-patrone, kuyilapho ukubusa kuka-Marcles kuvela njengobuthakathaka bokwahlulela. Ikhambi lika-Marmash kwakuwuthi le-Marciom, ikhambi lika-Xhosayo lwesigaba se-13 se-Judiary Act ye-1789, eligunyaze inkantolo yokuhlola i-Writ Countmentstion, ezimweni ezinjalo, ingquzukiswa yiSiphaka se-Chistiki se-Cal. Ngakho, i-inquluento ye-O isikhulu se-sethi ye-sethi ye-Or

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Nakuba amandla okuhlaziya ukwahlulela emakhulu, ukuwasebenzisa kuqondiswa izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo.

  • I-Constialituty:[ Indima eyinhloko yokuhlola i-'inquisition'' iwukunquma ukuthi umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha sivumelana nomthetho-mthetho. Uma kuphakama izingxabano, uMthetho-sisekelo (njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe) /prevails, futhi umthetho owephula umthetho noma isenzo ukhishwe ize. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usekelwe kakhulu, ungathatha imithetho eyisisekelo.
  • Isikhombo noMaphakathi: Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokwahlulela phakathi kwesimiso se-checks nolinganiselo. Ngoba amajaji amiswa (kakhulu kanye nokuphila ezimisweni zikahulumeni), avikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi angenza njengabathathi-msizi abangakhethi uma amagatsha emthetho noma umphathi ewephula igunya lawo. Lokhu kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lithole amandla aphakeme kakhulu.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo: Ngokuqeda imithetho ephazamisa inkululeko eqinisekiswe ngokomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo − njengenkulumo, inkolo, inqubo efanele, noma isivikelo esifanayo, inqubo efanelekile yokuhlola izikhali njengesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngabanye nawabantu abambalwa. Izinkantolo zingavikela amaqembu angathandwayo noma imiqondo ekuphathweni, ziqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo ihlala inenjongo ngisho nasezikhathini zesiphithiphithiphithi sezombangazwe.
  • [[FLT:] judicial Bamplit and Activism: Ingxoxo eqhubekayo iphathelene nobukhulu obufanele bokubukeza. Ukuvinjelwa kobuJicicial[ yeluleka izinkantolo ukuba zilalele amagatsha akhethiwe ngaphandle kokuba kukhona ukwephulwa okucacile komthetho-mthethwe-sisekelo, zikhetha ukubamba okuncane nokuhlonipha inqubo. [[FLT:]] Judicivivism [, ngokwehluke, ihilela izinkantolo ukugodla igunya lazo lokuchaza igunya lokunikeza izimpawu ezicatshangelwayo noma ukwandisa isivikelo somthetho-mthetho. Ukushukuma kwefilosofi yokwahlulela nokubukeza.

Amacala Abalulekile Ekubukezweni Kokwahlulela

Amandla okuhlola ukwahlulela aqondwa kangcono ngemithetho ephawulekayo eye yaguqula umthetho waseMelika nomphakathi. Lamacala abonisa ikhono leNkantolo lokulinganisela uhulumeni ekuphathweni nakushintsho olukhulu lwezenhlalo.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Njengoba kuxoxwe, lelicala liyisisekelo sokuhlolwa kokwahlulela. Ukugcizelela kweNkantolo Ephakeme igunya layo lokuqeda umthetho ongekho ngokwemithetho engokomthetho kwamisa umthetho wejaji njengegatsha elilinganayo futhi kwamisa isilinganisi se-propatitission emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphandle kuka-Marbury, umqondo wokuphakama kokwahlulela wawungase uhlale uyinkolelo ecatshangelwayo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mhlawumbe ukusebenza okukhulu kophawu lokuhlola kokwahlulela ekhulwini lama-20, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yabulala umbuso ngokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi. INkantolo ehlangeneyo, eholwa yiSikhulu se-Earl Warren, yasekela ukuthi "ukuhlukanisa kodwa" izinto ezilinganayo" kwakungenakulinganiswa futhi kwaphula iSivikeli esilinganayo sika Claus seSichimende se-145. Lesinqumo sagumbuqela i-'i-'i-Pregnomev'. Prevecty v. Ferguson [186]]) futhi sabonisa amandla ejajikidia ukuhlukanisa isimiso sokucwa kwemindeka.

URade (1973)

[Isimiso seSichibiyelo se-Grand]. Icala lenkantolo lathi ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukuqeda ukukhulelwa lehlela ngaphakathi kwelungelo lokuzimela eliqinisekiswe ngokuphelele yi-Century Clausse yeSigqi Samashumi Amane Amane Enguquko. Isinqumo sanciphisa imithetho eminingi yombuso evimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu futhi sabangela ukumelana kwezombangazwe nomthetho. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] RO kamuva sabekwa umthetho [[FLT:] ku-Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization of Health[FLD:] [20] [20], sihlala siyisibonelo sokubukeza izindaba zomthetho zomuntu siqu nezokulungisa.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Lochner v. New York iveza inkathi eyimpikiswano yokuhlola. INkantolo Ephakeme yagadla umthetho waseNew York olinganisela amahora asebenzayo ababhaki kuya kuma-60 ngesonto, ithola ukuthi yaphula i-"liberty yesivumelwano" ngaphansi kweSigqibo se-145. [[FLT:]] Inkathi ye-Lochner (cishe 1897-197])) yabona inqubo eqhubekayo yezentengo yezentengiselwano. Ukugxekwa kwale ngokomthetho ekugcineni kwabangela ushintsho lwemithetho yezomthetho, neNkantolo yeNkanto eshiwe [[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT:] [FLD] [5] ukucabanga phakathi nokuhlola i-New Count, kuveza indlela yokubukeza inguquko kwezenteum.

Korematsu v. waseUnited States (1944)

Korematsu v. United States ingundatshana eyisixwayiso sokubekelwa isigwebo sokwahlulela phakathi nesikhathi sempi. INkantolo yasekela ukuhlanganiswa kwezakhamuzi zaseJapane ngonyaka weMpi Yezwe II, isebenzisa indinganiso ehloniphekile yokubukezwa kwemithetho yesikhulu nesempi. Kamuva ilahlwa kabanzi, icala libonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela akunaphutha; ingavumela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi lapho izinkantolo zingazimisele ukucubungula ngokunelisayo inqubo kahulumeni.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Isibonakaliso sanamuhla, obergefell v. Hodges, yakholelwa ukuthi ilungelo lomshado ofanayo wobulili obufanayo livikelwe ngaphansi kweNkathi yeSichibiyelo se 144 neSivikelo sika-Claus. Isinqumo esiwehlulelwe sombuso esivinjelwe umshado ofanayo owenziwe nge-62 eUnited States, ibonisa amandla okwahlulela okwandisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu nokubonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene, ngisho naphambi kokuvinjelwa okukhulu kwemithetho yemithetho.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela akuzenzakaleli; ngokuvamile kuvela ngenqubo evamile yokukhipha isigwebo noma ngezinselele ezithile zomthetho - sisekelo. Lenqubo ihilela izindlela eziningana zokugcina amasango ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinkantolo aziyikhathazi imibono ephikisayo noma zingenele ngokushesha ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe.

Okokuqala, iqembu kumelwe libe no [ limile [umongo owanele womuntu siqu emphumeleni wokuzithethelela ukuletha isu.] Ingozi kumele ithathwe ikhonkthi futhi ithathwe, hhayi into engacacisiwe. Okwesibili, icala kumelwe libe [ ukubukeza ukubukeza, okusho ukuthi izindaba ezingokomthetho zithuthukisiwe ngokugcwele futhi ingozi isondele noma ivele. Okwesithathu, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zigwema ukunquma [[[FLT: 4,] kwezesayensi ye-Atesticity ukuthi umthetho-mthetho-mgalelo wegatsha, njengokuziphatha kwenqubo yangaphandle noma izinqubo zokungahlomi.

Uma icala selilungile phambi kwenkantolo, inqubo yokubukeza iqala ngokwezigaba. Izigaba zifaka iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ezichaza izimpikiswano zazo, zikhomba amalungiselelo ahlobene nomthetho-sisekelo, izimiso, nezimiso. Impikiswano engokwezwi nezwi ivumela abahluleli ukuba babuze abameli futhi bahlole imingcele yokucabanga kwabo. Inkantolo ivele izenze ngamabomu, ikhiphe umbono olotshiwe ochaza ukucabanga kwayo. Umbono ungabamba umthetho (“wavumelana”) noma uwushaye phansi (“ungawufanele”). Emacaleni okungagunyaziwe, ngokuvamile umthetho uyakwazi ukuphoqelelwa; isishaya umthetho ungadlulisa uhlelo olubukeziwe oluvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Izikhulu Eziphikisanayo Ezizungeze Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Naphezu kwendima yayo eyinhloko embusweni wentando yeningi womthetho-sisekelo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kusalokhu kuyindaba yempikiswano enkulu. Abagxeki baphakamisa ubunzima bezwe lombango [: abahluleli, ngokuvamile abangakhethwe futhi abajabulela ukuphila, abasebenzisa amandla okugumbuqela imithetho emiswe abameleli abakhethwe yidemokrati. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kwegunya lokwahlulela nobukhosi obuthandwayo kuyindaba eqhubekayo yentando yeningi.

Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela yikho kanye okuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo ezifinyelelweni eziningi ezidlulayo. Baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi ephikisana ne-majoritary ngokuklanywa, ibeka izimiso ezithile ezingenakufinyelelwa kwezombangazwe ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokumisa nokucubungula obala izinqumo zokwahlulela kunikeza izindlela ezingaqondile zokulandisa.

Enye impikiswano iphathelene nokuhlolwa kobuphindu . Ezinye izazi zisekela indlela "umthetho sisekelo ophilayo" evumela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ukuba ishintshe ngokushintsha kwesocialism, kanjalo yenze kube nokuhlola okuqinile kokwahlulela. Ezinye zisekela ukuthi amajaji kufanele achaze uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala, acindezela ukwahlulela. Lemibono ephikisanayo ithinta ngokuqondile indlela abahluleli abasebenzisa ngayo ukubukeza komthetho, iholela ekuncipheni kwemiphumela eqinile yokwahlulela ezicaleni eziphakeme ze-24.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Kwamanye Amazwe

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yavumelanisa lomqondo namasiko ayo angokomthetho, okwaphumela ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokwengamela umthetho - sisekelo.

United Kingdom

I-United Kingdom isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sokubusa kwemithetho. Nokho, izinkantolo azikwazi ukubekela eceleni umthetho oyinhloko odluliswe yiPhalamende. Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyi-UK kulinganiselwe ekuhloleni ubulunga bezenzo zeziphathimandla kanye nomthetho wesibili, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zihlala zisebukhulwini begunya lomthetho noma umthetho ovamile. Nokho, amalungelo Ongamele amalungelo abantu adluliselwe iPhakathi lika-1998 [[FLT:]] kusungule ukubukeza okubuthakathaka: izinkantolo zingakhipha “ukungalingani ” uma umthetho uphikisana ne-Convention Convention on Human Rights, kodwa ipalamente enqanyulweni. Inkantolo ephakeme yeNkanto ephethe [FFOLD] [F] [FF] [4] [ill] [ill])))) ekhongisa inkantolo yokwahlulela.[20]

EJalimane

Inkantolo ye-FLT [[FLT:] Faceral Constitution Court (Boundsefassungschet) inamandla aqinile okuhlola ukwahlulela. Ingashaya umthetho owephula [ uMthetho oyisisekelo [[[FLT:]] [i-GUM]] [i-GUMGUM]] [i-GUGUMSETSO]] [i-GUMFLT, i-constructivesformation]. Inkantolo izwa izikhalo zomthetho-mthetho kubantu ngabanye, kanye nemithetho esekelwe eqinileyodwayokuhleleka, ngokwesibonelo seYurophu, [FFOLD] [5] [F] nezinqulution:]

i-France

ElaseFrance ngokwesayensi lamelana nendima enamandla yabahluleli ekubukezeni umthetho ophinde wamiswa, lisekela ukubusa kwephalamende. i-Constitunical Council (Conseil Constitutionnel) yakhiwa ngo-1958] njengendikimba yokuhlola ukuma kwemithetho engokomthetho phambi kokumiswa kwayo. Ekuqaleni, uMongameli, uMphathi-Ndunankulu, noma inhloko yamagumbi ephalamende yayingakhomba imithetho eMkhandlu. Inguquko enkulu ngo- 1974 ikhomba amalungelo ama-60 noma ama-senamentiyu avulweyo, iqinisa indima yoMkhandlu. Ngo-mthetho-mthetho owe-mthetho owenziwe ngokuseduze. Ngo-2010, ukubekwa kwe-Putectrialmenterre de Constitual Constitution (PFFF) [FUl])]

eNdiya

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseNdiya siphakathi kwesimiso esikhulu kakhulu ezweni elivamile. Inkantolo ePhakamileyo yaseNdiya inamandla okuqeda ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo uma iphula “isimiso” somthetho-mthetho, imfundiso eqanjwe kuqala iKavanabata v. Izwe laseKerala[FLT] [[FLT] [1773]). Lemfundiso ivikela izici eziyisisekelo njengomthetho, ukukhululeka komthetho, ne-omismusism ekuphathweni ngisho nayimpala yePhalamende. Izinkantolo zaseNdiya zijabulela ukunxusa komphakathi obanzi kwezente namaqembu angenayo. I-19973 [ikhulu]. Lemfundiso ivikela izici eziyinhloko ezinjengendlela yokuhlola uhulumeni kuphela kodwa isebenza njengokwahlulela kobulungisa.

Canada

I- i-Acter of Rights and Freedoms (19982) yasungula uhlobo oluhlukile lokubukeza kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula amalungelo eTshado, kodwa iCharter ihlanganisa [[ nokungangeni ngokomthetho [[FLT:] (Uhlelo 33) oluvumela iziphakamiso ezithile ukuba zithathe izinhlelo zeTreater zenkathi yeminyaka engu-650. Le “simende ishaya umthetho” ilinganisela amandla okwahlulela nobukhosi bentando yeningi. Izindaba ezifana ne-[FLT] [FLD:4].R. org [FFLT:5] [oct5] [org) [okanye nelungelo elikhuselwe kakhulu]

Ukubaluleka Kokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umthetho-sisekelo ofisa ukulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nezimiso zomthetho ezimiswe kusengaphambili, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusekela umthetho wemithetho `isimiso sokuthi akukho muntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu eziphakeme, ungaphezu komthetho. Inikeza inqubo enokuthula, engokomthetho yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ngomthetho, ivimbela ukungezwani okunjalo ekuchitheleni inhlekelele yezombangazwe noma ubudlova.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvikela amalungelo ngokumelene nobushiqela beningi. Izikhulu ze-democratic, nakuba zibalulekile ekulawuleni, zingamisa imithetho ephazamisayo noma ecindezela amaqembu angenamandla. Uma izinkantolo ziqeda imithetho enjalo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo awakho ngaphansi kwemizwelo ethandwayo. Isinqumo Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo iyisibonelo esinamandla: ngaphandle kokubukeza kokwahlulela, ukuvalwa kwesikole kungaqhubeka amashumi eminyaka amaningi ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezinkulu.

Okokugcina, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kukhuthaza ukulandisa kohulumeni [. Ukwazi ukuthi izenzo zabo zingahlolwa, izishaya-mthetho nezikhulu zisengozini kakhulu yokwenza ngokuvumelana nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo. Lomphumela wokuvimbela ukhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ngokucophelela, ukuhlonipha inqubo efanele, nokunamathela elungelweni. Ngokwengqikithi, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela akukona ukunciphisa idemokrati kodwa isivikelo esiqinisekisa ukugcinwa kombuso wentando yeningi kuhlala kuyiqiniso ezibophweni zawo eziyisisekelo.

Isiphetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyisici esibalulekile, esishukumisayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi esiphikisanayo sokubusa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kwanamuhla. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo [ku- Marbury v. UMadison ekusebenzeni kwakhe ezimpikiswaneni zamanje ngokuphathelene yimfihlo, ukulingana, namandla okulawula, kunikeza uhlelo olunezimiso zokuqondisa umthetho nezenzo zikahulumeni. Nakuba izimpikiswano ngomthetho nobukhulu bawo ziyaqhubeka, ukuqonda okuyisisekelo kuhlala kusemqoka okwazi ukugcina imingcele yemithetho yezomthetho, ukuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, nokusekela umthetho wayo. Ukuqonda umlando, izimiso, nezindlela ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke kuhlobisa izakhamuzi nochwepheshe bezomthetho ngokufanayo ukuhlobana ngokunenjongo nokuziphendukela kwalo hlelo oluqhubekayo olubalulekile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola umbhalo ophelele wezinqumo zengqoko yezimpawu kudlula Cornell Legal Information Institute, amarekhodi angokomthetho okwaziswa kwe-Oyez Project[, imithombo yeNkantolo ye-German Federal Constitution, kanye nokwaziswa kwePhalamende le-UK ku- nokuhlolwa kophendlo lwe-mfamende.