Inqubo yomthetho ingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu imiphakathi ehumushela ngazo izidingo zomphakathi ezimiselwe ngokomthetho. Yinjini ebangela ushintsho lwenqubo, eyenza ohulumeni bakwazi ukusabela ekuveleni kwezinselele, ukuvikela, nokunikeza imithombo yempahla. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nezakhamuzi ezibotshelelwe, ukuqonda ukuthi umthetho uba umthetho awuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo nje kuphela osebenzayo."Ikhono elisebenzayo elinika ukungenela okunenjongo kwesimiso somthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwenqubo yomthetho, indima yayo ebucayi ekusingatheni izindaba zezenhlalo, nezindlela abantu ngabanye abangasiza ngazo ekusebenzeni kwayo okuphumelelayo.

Iyini Inqubo Yemithetho?

Inqubo yomthetho ilandelana kwezinyathelo ezihleliwe zomthetho ohlongozwayo − ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi umthetho zokwenza izivumelwano ngaphambi kokuba umiswe. Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka ngokwezwe, izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zihlanganyela uhlelo olufanayo oluklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhlelwa kokucophelela, ukubonakala, nokulandisa. Lenqubo ihlanganisa abadlali abaningi, kuhlanganise nabashaya imithetho, amakomiti, izikhulu eziphethe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi umphakathi. Ukuqonda lenqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuqaphela ukuthi imithetho iklanywe kanjani yizithakazelo eziphikisanayo, ubufakazi, nokuphikisana kwezombangazwe.

Kuhlelo lwe-bidamaral .isetshenziswa amazwe anjenge-United States, i-United Kingdom, ne-Indiya, imvume ivunyelwe ngamagumbi amabili ahlukene okubeka umthetho ngaphambi kokufika kumphathi. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zomthetho ezingasebenzi, njengalawo ase-New Zealand noma eSweden, zidinga ukudlula egumbini elilodwa. Lokhu kungafani kwezakhiwo kuthonya ijubane, ubunkimbinkimbi, namandla ezombangazwe okuyenza. Ukunyukela kakhulu ekuhleleni i-U.S. ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, kuhambela inqubo yayo yomthetho, kuvakashele inqubo yesikhulu Chorever.

Iziteshi Zenqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Isigaba ngasinye senqubo yokushaya umthetho sifeza injongo ethile, kusukela esizukulwaneni sokuqala esicabangayo kuya ekumisweni kokugcina.ngezansi kunesici sokuwohloka kohambo oluvamile lwemali.

Ukuphoqelela

Le nqubo iqala lapho umqondo womthetho uguqulwa ube ulimi olungokomthetho. Ukuphoqelela kuvame ukwenziwa yizinsiza-mthetho, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, noma amahhovisi akhethekile okuhlela. Izinga lokuhlela imishini liyagxeka; izikweleti ezingabhalwanga kahle zingadala izikhala, imiphumela engahlosiwe, noma izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo. I-Ideas ingavela kubashaya umthetho, izinhlangano zezikhulu, noma ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini ngezicelo noma ngemikhankaso yomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho eminingi yezemvelo ivela ezimbonini zezemvelo esetshenziswa ngotshani yotshani.

Isingeniso

Uma isikhwama sesiqalisiwe, sifakwa ngokusemthethweni esivumelwaneni somthetho. KuyiSishaya-mthetho sase-U.S., lokhu kwenzeka lapho ilungu lendlu noma lesiGabhene lifaka isikhwama somthetho “ekhemisini.” Isingeniso sihambisana nenkulumo enenjongo futhi ngokuvamile ukukhululwa kwezindaba ezichaza izinhloso zalesi simemezelo. Lesisiteji siphawula ukuqala kokunakwa komphakathi, njengoba imvume inikezwa inani, inyatheliswe, futhi yenziwa ukuba ibuye ibuye ibuye ihlolwe.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

AmaKomiti angamahhashi asebenzayo enqubo yokushaya umthetho. Ngemva kokungena, isigwebo sibhekiselwa ekomitini ephethe indaba yendaba (ngokomzekelo, izikweleti ezihlobene nezempilo ziya emakomitini empilo. Amakomiti aphatha ukuzwa lapho ochwepheshe, abagcini, nezikhulu zikahulumeni zifaka ubufakazi. Futhi aphethe “izinhlelo lapho amalungu ephikisana khona nokuvota. Lesigaba sivumela ukucubungula ngokusuka enhlolweni futhi ngokuvamile sinqume isijeziso semali. Izindleko eziningi zifa ekomitini ngenxa yokuntula ukusekela, izinguquko zezombangazwe, noma ukuphikiswa okunamandla. Ikomiti ingabika izimemezelo zomthetho ngokufanelekile, ngokungafaneleki, noma ngezinguquko ezihlongozohlolwayo. Kwezinye izimiso, amakomiti anamandla okubulala ngokumane “inqubo yokukhokhwasa. ”

4. Impikiswano Nokusakaza Kwamafinyila

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa yikomiti, izimali ziqhubekela phambili egumbini eligcwele lengxoxo nokuvota. Imithetho yempikiswano iyahlukahluka: ezinye izimiso zibeka imingcele eqinile yesikhathi; ezinye zivumela ingxoxo engenamkhawulo, kuhlanganise ne-finbusters. Phakathi nempikiswano, izishayamthetho ziveza izimpikiswano futhi ziphikisa, ziveza ezinye izinqumo, futhi zizama ukunxenxa ozakwabo. Ukuvota kokugcina kungaba abantu abavamile, abanobuhlakani obukhulu, noma abavoti bezwi, kuye ngokwemithetho yegumbi nohlobo lwemithetho. Ngezimali ezinkulu noma eziphikiswanayo, amavoti aqoshiwe anikeza ukuvela nomthwalo wecala.

Ukucabangela Kwesinye Isigungu

Kuma-bidaral, i-biar commental commental, i-optional kufanele idlulise amagumbi womabili ngendlela efanayo. Uma ikamelo lesibili lidlula umbiko ngokulungisa, ikomiti yengqungquthela ("i-"i-complofini"ivame ukuhlelwa ukuze kuvumelaniswe ukungaboni ngaso linye. Ukushenxiswa kwayo kuvame ukuba ivume kuwo womabili amakamu njengoba abhalwe. Lesi sinyathelo kungaba yibhodlela elikhulu, ikakhulukazi uma amagumbi amabili elawulwa amaqembu ahlukene noma enezikhundla eziphikisanayo.

6. Ukugunyazwa Kwabantu Abaphethe

Isinyathelo sokugcina ukuzithoba kumphathi-preant, umbusi, noma undunankulu. Isikhulu singasayina isikweleti kumthetho, sisemthethweni, noma kwezinye izimo, sivumele ukuba sibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile esimisiwe. I-veto ingavalwa yivoti enkulu kakhulu esigqeni somthetho, inikeze i-cheke emandleni esikhulu. Lesi siteji sihlanganisa futhi ithuba lokuba “i-packet deto” ezimisweni lapho umphathi angathathi khona isinyathelo ngemva kwe-pasworce.

Indima Yokubekwa Kwemithetho Ekusingatheni Izinkinga Zezenhlalo

Imithetho ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okwakha ushintsho lwezimiso emphakathini. Ngokungafani nemizamo yokuzithandela noma ukuthatha isinyathelo ngasese, imithetho inamandla kahulumeni, yenza ukubambisana kube yisibopho nokunikeza izimiso zokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ngemithetho, imiphakathi ingasingatha izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa, njenga:

  • Ukunciphisa ubumpofu - Imithetho imisa iholo elilinganiselwe, amanetha okuphepha okuhlalisana, nezinhlelo zezindlu ezibizayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhokha kwemali yokunakekela inzuzo [[FLT: 1] – Umthetho onweba umshuwalense, ulawula amanani emilaliso, noma izimali zezempilo yomphakathi.
  • Izinguquko zemfundo - Imithetho enikeza iziqondiso zemfundo yangemva kwesikole, ukwandisa imali yesikole, noma ukwandisa ukufinyelela imfundo ephakeme.
  • Isivikelo somzimba-gazi - Ama-Stogment avimbela ukungcola, avikela izinhlobo ezisengozini, futhi athuthukisa amandla avuselelwayo.
  • [ Ubulungisa obungokwesiko - Imithetho enqabela ukucwaswa, ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota, nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Isimiso sokushaya umthetho siye sakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba imiphakathi iye yaqaphela isidingo sokungenela kukahulumeni ezindaweni ezazibhekwa njengezingasese.

Ukuhlola Icala Lesenzo Somthetho

Umthetho Ka - 1964 Wamalungelo Abantu

I-Civil Rights Act ka-1949 iwumthetho wamalungelo abantu olandelwa yi-Roomsc. Yavala ubandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe emsebenzini, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni. Isivumelwano samelana nokuphikiswa okukhulu eSikhungweni sama- 75 sezinsuku eziseSigqeni se-Gawula-stiki (ukuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu). Umlando waseMelika ngaleso sikhathi. Ingxenye ekugcineni yayidinga ukubambisana kwe-bipartistanian kanye nokucindezela okukhulu komphakathi emzamweni wamalungelo omphakathi, kuhlanganise nonyaka ka-March eWashington. Umthetho waholela ekunciphelisweni kwenani elingu-75 lezikole, amabhizinisi, amabhizinisi, nezindawo zomphakathi, ngokuyisisekelo, ngokomlando, [FF.]

2. UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongafinyeleleki (ACA)

Isayinwe ngo-2010, i-Affordal Care Act ehloselwe ukunciphisa inani lamazwe aseMelika angahlolwanga nakulawula izindleko ezinyukayo zokunakekela impilo. Uhambo lwezishayamthetho lwaphawulwa yimpikiswano enkulu ehlanganisa ukuhluleka okukhulu, inqwaba yezinkinga zomthetho eKhongomeni, kanye nezinselele ezilandelayo ezingokomthetho. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa ukugunyaza, ukwanda kwe-Mdicaid, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zokudayisa umshuwalensela wempilo, kanye nesivikelo kubantu abanezimo zempilo ezikhona ngaphambili. Naphezu kwempikiswano eqhubekayo, i-ACAAA intellionstions eyanda kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20, ukuvusenelwa kokuvimbela ukunakekelwa, futhi anciphisa ukukhula kwendlela yokusetshenziswa kwempilo. Inqubo yomthetho yezokuhlela i-ACA ibonisa indlela izimo zezenhlalo ezidinga ngayo ukuncintisana kwemizwana kwezenhlalo, izisulu, iziguli, izikhungo ezithena. Imininingwane esingaphezulu se-AF. [UF]

3. Isinyathelo Somoya Ohlanzekile

Okokuqala ngo-1963 futhi kwaqiniswa kakhulu ngo-1970, ngo-1977, nango-1990, i-Ceaner Air Act iyi-oct eyisisekelo somthetho wendawo ezungezile e-United States. Igunyaza i-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ukuba ibeke isilinganiso sezinga lomoya wezwe, ilawula ukukhishwa kwemisebe ye-octive ne-mouse, futhi ifuna ukumiswa kwemithetho yokusebenzisa izinqubo zokugunyaza. I-Act’s commentation i-rect iye yaba yingozi: phakathi kuka-1970 no-202020, ukukhishwa kwezingcolisi eziyisithupha ezivamile ezivamile ze-atshywa ngamaphesenti angu-7, njengoba nje i-U. impumelelo yomthetho isuka ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kwezindinganiso zezempilo ezisekelwe emakelweni, i-Active-octive-octive.[0] Inqubo emisha engcono kakhulu ye-octives.[0]

Izinselele Enqubweni Yomthetho

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, inqubo yokushaya umthetho ivame ukubhekana nezithiyo ezingabambezela noma eziphazamisayo ngisho nezinqumo ezigcinwa kahle. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile kubasekeli abafuna ukusebenzisa lesi simiso ngokuphumelelayo.

  • Parisan grid lock – ukwehla kwezombangazwe okungathi sína kungavimbela ukuhlehla, kuholele emalungwini awenziwayo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukuvalwa kukahulumeni noma ukwehluleka ukudlulisa izimali ezibalulekile kubangelwa ukuhlukana okunjalo.
  • Ukufakwa kwamaqembu akhethekile anesithakazelo [ – Ukuphambana ngezinhlangano, izinhlangano zezentengiselwano, nezinhlangano zezentengiselwano kungamisa umthetho owenqabile ezithakazelweni ezilinganiselwe kunasezingeni elingcono zomphakathi. Izimiso zezimali zomkhankaso zingandisa lomphumela.
  • Ukulandelana kwezindaba - izinselele zanamuhla − njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, inguquko yentela, noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo okuyinkimbinkimbi okungatholakali emalini eyodwa. Ukuzilimaza kungaholela emithethweni engasebenzi noma eyingozi.
  • [ Ukulahla i-Public - Izakhamuzi eziningi aziqapheli ukuqaphela ukubekwa komthetho noma izindlela zokuwuthonya. Umvoti ophansi uphenduliswa futhi unciphise ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kunciphisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi.
  • Izithiyo zesikhathi - Imithetho isebenza ezinzibeni eziqinile. Imali eyodwa ephikisayo ingadla amasonto empikiswano, ishiye igumbi elincane kwezinye izindaba ezicindezelayo. Ukuphela kwesiqephu somthetho ngokuvamile kuholela ekuhleleni umthetho owenziwe ngokushesha.
  • Izithiyo ezingokwesiprofetho - Imithetho njengezimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu, ama-finbuster, nezabelo zamakomiti zingahlotshaniswa ukuze kuvinjelwe umthetho ongavumelaniyo.

Imithetho eminingi ephumelelayo iye yavela ngenxa yokuthi abasekeli nabenzi bomthetho bathola izindlela zokuyinqoba — — ngokukha imifelandawonye ephambanayo, ngokuhlanganisa umphakathi, nangokukha izihlongozo eziklanywe ngokucophelela ezikhuluma ngezinkathazo ezingokomthetho.

Ingxenye Ekhuthazayo Yomsebenzi Wesibonda

Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi olunzulu nezikhuthele ziqinisa inqubo yomthetho. Uma abantu beqonda indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo futhi bezizwa benamandla okuhlanganyela, bangabheka abameleli bemithetho eveza izidingo zomphakathi. Othisha banendima ebalulekile ekukhuthazeni lesi sithembiso. Izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa:

Ukuthembisana ngesivumelwano somthetho kudlulela nakubantu abadala. Ukuya enkantolo yomphakathi, ukunikeza izinkulumo ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, ukujoyina izinhlangano zobushiqela, nokuvota kuzo zonke izigaba ezikhethiweyo zonke zinezela enqubweni yempatho yemithetho elawulayo. Idemokrasi ayiwona umdlalo oqashelwayo; idinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Inqubo yomthetho, ngenxa yakho konke ukuyinkimbinkimbi nokungapheleli kwayo, ihlala iyindlela esemthethweni nehlala njalo yokusingatha izindaba zomphakathi wentando yeningi. Ivumela ukuba kuzweke amazwi ahlukahlukene, kuhlolwe, kubekwe nokwehliswa. Kusuka emithethoni engokonyaka engokomthetho elawulayo evikela imvelo nezinguquko zempilo, umthetho unamandla okuguqula ukuphila kwabantu ngezinga elikhulu. Ngokuqonda izitebhisi ezihilelekile, izithiyo eziphakamayo, namathuba okuhileleka, izakhamuzi zingahamba ngaphandle kokuziqaphela zithathela phambili ezenzweni ezinengqondo. Abafundisi, ikakhulukazi, banomthwalo wemfanelo oyingqayizivele wokuhlobisa isizukulwane esilandelayo ngolwazi namakhono okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, baqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokulawula imithetho iyaqhubeka isebenza njengemoto, ukulingana, nokulunga. Ngokuhlanganisa namathuba okunye ngokuhlanganisa, ngokufaka abanye abameleli, noma ngokufundisa ngokunikeza inzuzo engcono kakhulu.