Ukuqonda Intela Yendawo Nendima Yayo Ekusekeleni Umphakathi

Intela yendawo yakha izimali eziyisisekelo zamadolobha, izikhawu, nezifunda e-United States. Lokhu kuthengwa kuletha inzuzo edingekayo ukuze kuphethwe izikole, kugcinwe imigwaqo, kugcine izindawo zilondekile, futhi kunikeze izinkonzo zempilo ezidingekayo. Ngaphandle kwentela zendawo, izakhamuzi eziningi zentela zincike ekutheni zikhona nsuku zonke noma zincishiswe kakhulu. Noma kunjalo izakhamuzi eziningi azikaqondi ukuthi lentela ihlelwe kanjani, lapho imali ihamba khona, nokuthi kungani umthwalo wazo wentela wendawo uhlukahlukahluka kwenye indawo. Lesi sihloko siphula imingcele yentela yendawo, sihlola imiphumela yayo emiphakathini yabantu, futhi zinikeza izakhamuzi izindlela eziwusizo zokuhileleka ezingxoxweni zentela.

Ngo-2021, uhulumeni wendawo waqoqa imali engaphezulu kwamaR3,8 ezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zentela, kanye nezintela zendawo cishe ezibalelwa ku-37% zaleyongqikithi, ngokwe- Urban Institute[. Izintela zempahla kuphela zazenziwe cishe izingxenye ezintathu zentela yendawo. Ukuqonda lezi zibalo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone izinga nenani lentela yendawo emagcekeni azo.

Iyini Intela Yendawo?

Intela yendawo iyintela ephoqelelwe ebekwa ohulumeni bendawo − njengomasipala, izikhawu, izifunda ezikhethekile, kanye nezifunda--isikole − ukukhokhisa izinkonzo zomphakathi ezithinta izakhamuzi ngokuqondile. Ngokungafani nentela kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, intela yendawo iqoqwa futhi isetshenziswe endaweni efanayo, inikeza izakhamuzi ukuhlobana okucacile phakathi kwalokho ezikukhokhayo nalokho ezikutholayo. Igunya elingokomthetho lentela yendawo livela emithethweni kahulumeni noma emithethweni, okusho izinhlobonhlobo zentela ezitholakalayo ngokwezifundazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amadolobha anikeza intela ezindaweni ezibanzi zentela ezindaweni eziningi.

Izintela zendawo ngokuvamile zinezigaba ezimbili: intela ye-adrodem (njengentela yempahla,) kanye nentela encishisiwe (esekelwe ekuthengiseni, njengentela yokuthengisa). Izindawo eziningi ziqoqa futhi intela, izibalo, kanye nezintela ezikhethekile zezinkonzo ezithile ezinjengendawo yokuqoqa imfucumfucu noma amanzi. Ukuxubana kwemithombo yemali kunquma ukuthi imali yendawo ihlala ikhona futhi iyalingana kangakanani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuqeda Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zentela Yendawo

Ukuqonda izakhamuzi kusiza ukuba zihlaziye iziphakamiso futhi kubeke izikhulu icala.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iwumthombo owodwa omkhulu kakhulu wemali ekhokhwa ohulumeni bendawo abaningi, ukuxhasa imfundo yomphakathi, ukuphepha, nesisekelo. Bakhokhwa ngenani lezindawo ezihlolwayo, abahloli bendawo abanqumayo ngokuhlola intengo yempahla nokuhlola impahla. Izinga lokukhokha zichazwa njengemali ekhokhwayo. Imali elingana nemali elingana nemali elingana nemali elingana nemali elingana nemali elingana nemali eyimali eyi-R1,000. Ngenxa yokuthi imfuyo inyukela ngesikhathi, lentela inikeza inzuzo eqinile yemali, kodwa futhi ingadala izinselele zokukhokha intela ekhona ezindaweni ezikhona ezingaphansi kwezindawo ze-Hawaii ezingcono. Izifunda eziningi zinikeza intela ezisezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. [FOFLD][FT][FFF:1]

Ukuthengisa Intela

Intela yendawo yokuthengisa isetshenziswa ekuthengiseni izimpahla kanye nezinkonzo ezithile. Izinga lokuthengiseka liyahlukahluka ngokwendawo futhi linezelwa ngaphezu kwentela zikahulumeni zokuthengisela. Ngenxa yokuthi lentela ikhokhwa ngesikhathi sokudayiswa, ngokuvamile ibonakala kakhulu kubathengi, okungabangela ukuphikisana komphakathi lapho kuhlongozwa isilinganiso sokwanda kwenani. Intela iyasheshiswa uma kuqhathaniswa nezintela zempahla, izintela ezikhokhelwa imali ephansi zichitha ingxenye enkulu yemali yazo ezinkokheni ezikhokhwayo. Abanye omasipala bafaka imibandela edingekayo njengempahla noma izidakamizwa ezigunyaziwe ukuze banciphise ukuqoqwa kwemali. I-commerce intela iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa manje amazwe amaningi adinga ukuba abathengisi bentela ebhayisekile, bavala intela ende ende.

Intela Ekhokhwa Endaweni

Cishe izifundazwe eziyishumi nambili zivumela intela yeholo lendawo, ngokuvamile ngeholo eliyinzuzo eqashelwe ngokwegunya. Lezi zivame ukuba yizingathabazi, kusukela ku-1% kuya ku-3% emadolobheni anjenge Philadelphia neNew York. Intela yemali edonswayo ithandwa kakhulu ngoba ikhula ngokwezomnotho futhi ihloselwe ukukhipha imali kubantu abasebenza edolobheni kodwa abahlala kwenye indawo. Nokho, inezela ukuyinkimbinkimbi ekukhokheni intela futhi inganqanda ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi ezindaweni eziphezulu. Eminye imiphakathi isebenzisa inhlanganisela yentela ekhokhelwayo nenzuzo encane ehholweni yemali ehlawulwayo emabhizinisini.

Intela Yebhizinisi Neyokukhokhela Intela

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo bafaka intela yamabhizinisi entengo edlula intela yempahla neyokudayisa. Le misebenzi ihlanganisa intela yentela engathi sína, intela yezebhizinisi, nentela yomsebenzi ebhizinisini elithile. Nakuba ingaba umthombo wemali ozinzile, ngokuvamile ithinta amabhizinisi amancane anenzuzo encane. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi intela yezebhizinisi ekugcineni idluliselwa kubathengi ngentengo ephakeme, ibenza bathenge intela engaqondile. Abenzi bemithetho yendawo kumelwe balinganisele isidingo semali ehambisana nengozi yokushayela amabhizinisi aseduze ngenzuzo encane.

Ukuhlolwa Okukhethekile Nezikhungo Ezinethonya

Izikhokhi ezikhethekile ziwukukhokha izakhiwo ezizuza ngokuqondile entuthukweni yomphakathi, njengendlela entsha yomgwaqo, ipayipi lendle, noma igebe lomgwaqo. Izindleko zokuthinta zinye zemali ekwakheni intuthuko entsha ukuze kuxhaswe ukukhula kwezakhiwo ezidingekayo. Lamathuluzi anikeza ohulumeni bendawo indlela yokuxhasa imisebenzi yenhloko- dolobha ngaphandle kokuphakamisa izintela ezivamile, kodwa kumelwe bahlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze bagweme izinselele ezingokomthetho noma izikhalo ezibonisa ukuthi kulungile.

Indlela Intela Yasendaweni Esekela Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Ukwazi ukuthi imali ihambaphi kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlaziye izinto eziza kuqala ekusebenziseni imali futhi zenze izinqumo eziqondile ebhokisini lokuvota.

Imfundo

Izikole zikahulumeni zincike kakhulu ezikoleni zempahla zendawo, ezinikeza ingqikithi yemali yesikole ezikoleni. Lezi zikole zikhokha imali elinganayo ngemali yothisha, izinto zekilasi, amabhasi esikole, ukulungiswa kwezakhiwo, nezinhlelo zangemva kwesikole. Izikole ezisesifundani ziboshelwe kakhulu entengo yempahla yendawo, okuholela ekuhlukani okukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi yabacebile nabampofu. Izifunda eziningi zizama ukuxhasa imali ngezindlela zosizo zikahulumeni, kodwa intela yendawo ihlala ingumshayeli oyinhloko wemali esetshenziswa yimali etholakalayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlaziywa kwezemfundo yesonto lezemfundo kwathola ukuthi izifunda eziphezulu zezindawo zomfundi kunezingu - R5 000 kunezingu-R1 000 kunyaka ephansi kwesifundazwe esisodwa, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokungavumelani kwentela yentela kahulumeni.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Amaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, izinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, kanye no-911 izikhungo zokuthumela zixhaswa cishe ngokuphelele ngentela yendawo. Lezi zinkonzo zidinga ukutholakala kwe 24/7, ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, nemishini ebizayo. Isimiso sokuphepha komphakathi esisungulwe kahle sinciphisa izikhathi zokusabela futhi sithuthukise imiphumela phakathi nomlilo, izimo eziphuthumayo, nobugebengu. Emiphakathini eminingi, ukukhokha komphakathi imali ekhokhelwayo ngezimali ezivamile. Lapho intela yehla phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, izindleko zokuphepha zomphakathi ngokuvamile zibhekana nobunzima bokuhweba phakathi kwezisebenzi namathuluzi.

Izakhiwo Nezokuhamba

Ukulungisa umgwaqo, izibani zomgwaqo, ukulungisa imigwaqo, izimpawu zomgwaqo, nezimiso zomphakathi zokuthutha konke kuxhomeke emalini ekhokhiswayo yendawo. Izintela ezithengwa ngezokuthutha zivamile ezindaweni ezikhula ngokushesha lapho imigwaqo nemishini yokuthutha idingeka khona ukuze kulawule ukuminyana kwezindawo. Intela futhi isekela intuthuko yezakhiwo njengebhuloho elisha, izimiso zokukhipha amanzi, nezakhiwo zikamasipala. Izisekeli ezilondolozwayo zinganciphisa izinga lempahla futhi zivimbele umsebenzi wezomnotho. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Civil Enginegerers inikeza isilinganiso se-Cä noma D+, iqokomisa intuthuko yezindawo eziyinhloko zezindawo eziyinhloko zentela yendawo okumelwe zithathwe kuyo.

Amapaki, Ukuzijabulisa, Nesiko

Amapaki omphakathi, imidlalo, amadamu okubhukuda, imitapo, imitapo yezincwadi, nemikhosi yamasiko isekelwa ngemali yentela yendawo. Lezindawo zithuthukisa impilo engokwengqondo nengokomzimba, ukuhlangana komphakathi, futhi zikhange izivakashi. Izindawo eziningi ziye zanikezela izindawo zasepaki ezinegunya lokukhokha intela, ngokuvamile zixhaswe yisikwe ngemali encane yokukhokha impahla. Phakathi nemali yokuhlukanisa, amapaki nezindawo zokuzilibazisa zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezindawo zokuqala ezincishisiwe, zibonisa indlela lezinkonzo ezingezizo ezingezizomsebenzi ezivamile ezingasheshisindwa ngayo.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Nezomphakathi

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza ukugoma, ukuqapha izifo, izinhlelo zezempilo zobumama nezezingane, nokuhlola impilo ezungezile. Izinkonzo zezenhlala - kahle njengezindawo zokuhlala ezingenamakhaya, usizo lokudla, nezikhungo ezikhudlwana zincike nakumali yentela yendawo, ngokuvamile ekhokhwa uhulumeni nohulumeni. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, intela yendawo ingaxhasa inkonzo yesibhedlela noma yama-ambulense. Lezi zinkonzo zibucayi kakhulu phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo zomphakathi, njengoba umqedazwe we-COVIID ucacile.

Umphumela Obanzi Ekubalulekeni Komphakathi

Izintela zendawo zenza okungaphezu kokukhokha izikweletu, zenza inqubo yomphakathi kanye nentela ekhokhwayo.

Izinkonzo zomphakathi ezithandwa kakhulu zenza umphakathi ukhange kakhulu emabhizinisini nasemikhayeni. Izikole ezinhle, imigwaqo elondekile, nezakhiwo ezithembekile zidonsa ukutshala nokuphakamisa inzuzo yempahla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umphakathi ohamba ngaphansi kwalezi zindawo ungalwa kanzima ukugcina izakhamuzi futhi ukhange abaqashi abasha. Ukucwaninga kweNational League of Cities kubonisa ukuthi amadolobha anentela ephakeme kakhulu yempahla ngokuvamile anezinkonzo zomphakathi futhi anda ngokushesha kwezomnotho, uma nje umthwalo wentela uqondakala njengonengqondo. Nokho, intela ephakeme ngaphandle kokukhokha intela engakhokhiswa intela ingabangela ukucasuka ezindaweni eziphansi noma emazweni angomakhelwane.

Ukukhokha kuyinto eqhubekayo. Intela yempahla, nakuba iqinile, ingaphinde iphinde iholele lapho izindinganiso zasekhaya zikhuphuka ngokushesha kunemali eholayo. Intela incishiswa kakhulu emakhayeni athola imali ephansi ngenxa yokuthi ichitha ingxenye engaphezulu yemali ehholo layo ezintweni ezikhokhiswa intela. Intela ehlawulwayo, nakuba iqhubeka ihlelwa, ngokuvamile ibekwa phansi noma ingashintshwanga kakhulu endaweni yendawo. Abaphathi-magellal kumelwe balinganisele izindleko zemali ngokulunga, besebenzisa amathuluzi anjengezigebengu, abakhululi, abahlwi, nezikweleti zentela ukuze bavikele izakhamuzi ezisengozini.

Inkambiso yentela yendawo ithinta futhi ukukhokha izindlu. Izintela ezinkulu zempahla ezindaweni ezifiselekayo zasemadolobheni zingandisa izindleko zokuqasha futhi zisunduze imikhaya ehhanjwayo engcono. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, intela ephansi ingabonisa ukuthi izinkonzo zincishisiwe ezingase zisize kakhulu. Inselele iwukuthola ukulinganisela okungaguquguquki okusekela imigomo yomphakathi ngaphandle kokuthwesa noma iliphi iqembu elilodwa.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zentela Yendawo

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, izimiso zentela zendawo zibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu ezidinga ukuba abenzi bemithetho nezakhamuzi baqhubeke benakwa.

Ukungakhethi Nobulungisa

Intela yempahla ingabajezisa abaninimakhaya ngokuqaphela izindawo ezihlala kuzo ngisho noma iholo labo lingakhuphukanga. Abaqashi bemali ehhalayo bathinteka ngokungaqondile ngoba abaniniyo badlulisa izintela zempahla ukuze baqashe, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokubona. Izintela ezintweni ezibalulekile njengezingubo zokugqoka noma izakhiwo zesikole zithinta imikhaya nabantwana. Ukuguqula izakhiwo zentela ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinhlelo zosizo ezisekelwe emalini kuwumgomo ovamile kodwa onzima kwezombangazwe. Amanye amazwe, njengaseCalifornia ngaphansi kweprocement 13, anentengo encishisiwe, yenza intela ehlukene phakathi kwemikhaya nezindawo ezikhona.

Usizi Lwezomnotho

Intela yendawo iboshelwe ezimweni zezomnotho. Amanani empahla angancipha phakathi nokwehla kwentengo yempahla. Izintela zentela zinciphe kakhulu.

Ukwenqaba Komphakathi Ukwanda

Ngisho noma izinkonzo zingasavunywa, izakhamuzi zivame ukungakwenzi ukukhokhiswa kwentela. Ukuvukela kwentela kuye kwaholela ezindinganisweni ezifana ne-Proces 2,2/2 eMassachusetts ne-Taxhair Bill of Rights (TABOR) eColorado, evimbela ukukhula kwemali ekhokhwayo noma ifuna imvume yokuvota ngentela entsha. Nakuba lezi zinyathelo zinikeza izakhamuzi ukulawulwa okuqondile, zingabuye zinciphise ikhono lendawo lokusabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo noma ekukhuleni kwabantu. Inseleleko yabaholi bendawo iwukuveza ngokucacile ukuthi kungani inzuzo eyengeziwe edingekayo futhi ibonise ukulandisa ukuthi imali esetshenziswa kanjani.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokungakhululeki

Ngezindawo eziningi zokukhokha intela ezihlelwa ngazinye, isifundazwe, isifunda sesikole, isifunda samanzi, isikhulu sokuthutha, isikhulu esivamile sokuthutha, kungase kungazazi zonke izintela ezikhokhwayo noma ukuthi zingakanani. Intela ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izihloko ezihlukene zesifunda ngasinye, okwenza kube nzima ukuziqonda. Lokhu kubangela ukungathembani futhi kungaholela ekuvoteleni okuphansi kwentela yendawo. Ukubonakala kuyi-intanethi yamathebula futhi kulula izitatimende zentela kungasiza, kodwa izindawo eziningi zisiza ekuthatheni lamathuluzi.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingawulawula Ngayo Umthetho Wentela Wasendaweni

Izakhamuzi zinamandla amakhulu ezinqumweni zentela zendawo kunokuba zicabanga.

Imihlangano yomphakathi yokuhlela imali. Iningi lohulumeni bendawo lilalela ngaphambi kokwamukela uhlelo lokuhlela imali lwaminyaka yonke. Lemihlangano inikeza izakhamuzi ithuba lokungabaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziza kuqala futhi ihlongoza ezinye izindlela. Ngisho noma ungakwazi ukuya ngokoqobo, ama-ocestra amaningi ageleza imihlangano kuyi-inthanethi noma amukela ukukhulumela okubhaliwe.

Abavoti okhethweni lukamasipala nasezikhungweni zokukhokha intela. Izindinganiso zesikole, ukunyuka kwentela, kanye nokulungisa umthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile kunqunywa okhethweni oluphansi. Inani elincane labavoti abanolwazi lingase lithonye umphumela. Hlola uhlelo lwakho lokhetho nokucwaninga izinto zobukhokhazikhazi kusetshenziswa iziyalezo ezingekho ngxenye.

Sebenzisa amaplatifomu okubona ngale. Amadolobha amaningi kanye namaqoqo manje anikeza izikhungo zokwaziswa okuvulekile lapho izakhamuzi zingabona khona indlela intela esetshenziswa ngayo. Bheka ibhodi le-clackard yendawo yakho noma umbiko wemali. Uma umuntu engekho, sekela ukudalwa kwayo. Ukwazi izinombolo kukunika amandla okubuza imibuzo eqondile emihlanganweni.

Ukuhlangana nezikhulu zendawo. Ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha, umkhomishane wesifundazwe, noma ummeleli webhodi yesikole ngokuvamile umane ubizwa ngocingo noma i-imeyili. Hlanganisa umbono wakho ngezihlongozo zentela, futhi ubuze izincazelo zezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwakha ubuhlobo nezikhulu ezikhethiwe kwandisa ithonya lakho.

[ Inhlangano yezembutho. Amanhlangano omakhelwane, amagumbi ezentengiselwano, kanye nohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali ngokuvamile anendima eqondile ekulolongeni isimiso sentela. Ukuzihlanganisa nalamaqembu kwenza izwi lakho libe nesizotha futhi kunikeze ithuba lokuhlaziya ochwepheshe.

Iprojecte. Uma ubona u-iquality noma i-inifficiencies, qoqa ukwaziswa, yakha i-synst, futhi yamanje. Izakhamuzi ziye zaqhutshekisela ngokuphumelelayo iziteshi zentela zezindawo, izintethelelo zentela zasekhaya, nemifudlana yemali enikezelwe yezokuthutha noma ukupaki. Ukushintsha ngokuvamile kuqala ezingeni lotshani.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Ngolwazi

Intela yendawo ayiyona nje intela ebhangelwayo emalini, kodwa ingeyokutshala imali ekwakheni umphakathi manje nasesikhathini esizayo. Emakilasini lapho izingane zifunda khona kuma-ambulense aphendula izingcingo eziphuthumayo, izimali zonke eziqoqwe endaweni zikhokha izinkonzo ezichaza izinga lokuphila. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezintela zikhokhelo zikhokhelwa kanjani, ukuthi zikhokha malini, nokuthi zihilelani ukuhweba kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibe abaphathi abakhuthele emiphakathini yazo kunokuba zikhokhele. Ngokuhlanganyela enqubweni, izakhamuzi zingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimiso zentela zendawo zihlala zilungile, ziphumelela, futhi zikwazi ukuhlangana nezidingo zomphakathi ezithinta umphakathi.

Njengoba isisho sisho, zonke izombangazwe zisendaweni. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngentela. Uma wazi kakhulu, ungaba nengxenye ngokuphumelela kakhulu ekulolongeni ikusasa lemigwaqo yakho, izikole, namapaki. Qala ngokubukeza uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni wakho ku-inthanethi, ukuya emhlanganweni womkhandlu kulenyanga, noma ukubuza umakhelwane ukuthi bacabangani ngentela ehlongozwayo. Ingxoxo ngayinye isondeza umphakathi ekuqondeni okufanayo ngendlela yokuxhasa izinkonzo ezibaluleke kakhulu.