Isiqalo se-United States Constitution singaphezu kakhulu kokuchuma kwezethulo. Siyisimemezelo esifingqiwe kodwa esijulile sezinjongo zikahulumeni waseMelika, isimemezelo sesizwe, kanye nobizo oluqhubekayo lokuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi. Kubafundi, isiqalo sinikeza iphuzu lokungena elifinyelelekayo ezimisweni eziyinhloko zentando yeningi yaseMelika. Inkulumo yayo edumile, " thina bantu, [ ngokushesha simisa ukuthi ubukhosi abuhlali enkosini noma eqenjini elibusayo, kodwa ezakhamuzini ngokwazo. Lo myalezo ukhuthaza intsha ukuba ibone ukuthi ayizona izikhonzi ezingenzi lutho, kodwa njengezisebenzi ezikhuthele emphakathini ozibusayo. Ngokuhlola izikhulu, izikhulu, ikhomba inkululeko, futhi ilandela isigaba sobulungisa, futhi ilandelana ngezimiso zezimiso ezingokomlando.

Umlando Wesandulela

Ngo-1787 e-Constitution ePhiladelphia, i-Pregnational yavela kumzuzwana wokungaqiniseki okukhulu kwezombangazwe. Izihloko ze-Confederation zabonakala zinganele, zakha uhulumeni obuthakathaka owazama ukuxazulula izingxabano zezifunda, ukungaguquguquki kwezomnotho, nezinsongo zakwamanye amazwe. Amaframends [1] kuhlanganise noJames Madison, u-Alexander, noGeorge Washington .[3] Ukusungula uhlelo oluqinile lwezwe ngesikhathi ukulondoloza ukuzimela okunzima eBrithani. Umthetho wasungula kwakungaqali ukuthi akukathwali ngemva kokucabanga; wahlelwa ngokucophelela nguGouverneur Morrisr, owahlala esihlalweni seKomiti yenkambiso, ukuveza izinhloso ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni omusha. Njengoba isazi sesayensi siphawula ukuthi uJack Rave, ukuveza inkolelo yokuzimela i-construption ekwamukele ekwamuke, le ngokomthetho nje, i-National Reversalture, inguqual.[1]

I-Pregdage idweba futhi ifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi izinkolelo-mbono zesivumelwano somphakathi zikaJohn Locke noJean-Jacques Rousseau, ezaphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla abo alungile ngokuvumelana nababuswayo. Abahleli be-flamestring bayenqaba ngokuqondile ukubusa nobukhosi, esikhundleni sokubeka igunya kubantu abahlangene. Lokhu kubusa okukhulu kwakudinga amazwi acacile enjongo, lowo ongakhuthaza ukwethembeka nomqondisi wezizukulwane ezizayo. Ngokuqonda lomzuzu ongokomlando, abafundi bangaqonda ukuthi kungani iPregniglyp ithwele isilinganiso esinjalo: kokubili kuyipulani ewusizo yeRiphabliki entsha nombono ongcono kakhulu yalokho isizwe esingaba yikho.

Isisekelo Sobufilosofi Sesiqalo

Isiqalo asilona uhlu lwamandla noma isigqebhezana esingokomthetho; siwumsebenzi osekelwe kuyifilosofi yokuziphatha nezombangazwe. Izigaba eziyisithupha `kusukela ku " ziguqula i-Union ephelele kakhulu" ku-" ukusekela iMibusiso yeNkululeko"[[]] [[FLT]]] [i] [iingamela] izinhloso eziyisisekelo zikahulumeni waseMelika. Lemigomo ayithathiwe nje izimiso; iyizibo eziqhubekayo okumelwe ivuse isizukulwane ngasinye sivuse. Ngoba, ukulwa nezingathakazeli zobuzwe ngohulumeni ngokwawo? Isho ukuthini ukulinganisela komphakathi ohlukene? Lokhu kusekusikwethulweni?

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Preggy ihlanganisa umqondo wobukhosi obuthandwayo .Isu lomqondo wokuthi igunya eliphelele lezombangazwe lisebantwini. Lomqondo uguqula futhi unika amandla. Uma abafundi benza isisekelo sokuthi bayingxenye ye " Thina bantu," bayaqaphela ukuthi amazwi abo, amavoti, nezenzo zomphakathi zibalulekile. Isiqalo semfundo yomphakathi egcizelela izinhlangano nomthwalo wemfanelo. Izikole zingasebenzisa i-Pregcopetry ukuze zisekele izingxoxo eziphathelene namalungelo, imisebenzi, nemisebenzi emihle.

Ukuhlaziya Ibinzana Ngalinye Ngemininingwane

"Thina bantu base-United States"

Ngokulindelekile lenkulumo yokuvula iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wezombangazwe zaseMelika. Imemezela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo umiswa ngabantu, hhayi yizifundazwe noma yiliphi iqembu elikhethekile. Lokhu kwakhethwa ngamabomu ukugcizelela ubuzwe obuhlangene, ukuhlanganisa ulimi lwezihloko zeNhloko ezibhekisele "ekuhlanganeni oluqinile" phakathi kwamazwe azimele. Kubafundi, lamazwi amema ukuhlolwa kwalowo [" abantu [[[FLT:]]] [[FT]]] kuhlanganisa nombuzo oye wavela nge-mendssions, izinkantolo, nezinkampani zomphakathi. Ukukhishwa kwabantu abagqitshwe ezindaweni ezigqitshiwe ezindaweni ezigcinayo kuya embazweni nakuzombala wabesifazane, incazelo ye-[FT] [FFF] [2] [FT] [3] umqulu obonisa ukuthi umqulu we-Equalist] umqulu ogciniwe [Foroundation.] [Foright]

"Uhlelo lokwakha ubunye obuphelele kakhulu"

Abakhi baqaphela ukuthi ukuhlangana ngaphansi kweZihlokwana zeConfederation kwakunephutha elikhulu. Ukungavumelani phakathi kwezimo, isiphithiphithi sezomnotho, nosongo lokudilika kwadinga uhlelo oluqinile lwesizwe. Igama lingcono kakhulu"[ lisho ukuthi ukuphelela kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, hhayi impumelelo yokugcina. Abafundi, lamazwi akhuthaza ukukhula kwengqondo ngokulawulwa. Inyunyana ingathuthukiswa njalo ngenguquko, ingxoxo, nomzamo ohlangene. Ikhuluma nangokubaluleka kobunye ngokwehlukana, inselele ehlala ikhona ekuphileni komphakathi waseMelika.

"Ubulungisa obumisiwe"

Ubulungisa buyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sanoma isiphi idemokrasi. Isethulo sidinga ukwakhiwa kwesimiso somthetho esilungile, esingenacala, futhi esifinyeleleka kubo bonke. Lokhu akuhlanganisi isimiso senkantolo kuphela kodwa futhi nokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwemithetho evikela amalungelo nokujezisa ububi. Kubafundi, ukuhlola ubulungisa kungahilela ukuhlola amacala angokomlando angokomthetho ophakeme, ukuhlola izimiso zenqubo efanele nesivikelo esilinganayo, futhi kucabangela izindaba zanamuhla ezinjengenguquko yobulungisa.

"Indlela esetshenziswa ekhaya"

Ukuthula kwasekhaya kubhekisela ekuthuleni nasekuhlelekeni phakathi kwesizwe. Abakhi be-flamers babekhathazeke kakhulu ngesiphithiphithi sangaphakathi, njengoVukela uShays, olwaqokomisa ukuhluleka kwe-Aspects uhulumeni ukugcina ukuhleleka. Lokhu kusekela umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni unendima ekuvimbeleni isiyaluyalu nokunikeza ukulondeka. Kubafundi, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokulinganisela phakathi kwenkululeko nokulondeka, indima yokugcinwa komthetho, nokubaluleka kwesinqumo sengxabano ngokuthula.

"Usizo lwesivikelo esijwayelekile"

Ukulondeka kwesizwe kuwumthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko kahulumeni kahulumeni. Lesi sisho sigunyaza ukusungulwa kwamabutho ezempi, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha, namasu okuxhumana ukuze kuvikelwe isizwe ekusongelwani ngaphandle. Nokho, sisikisela futhi umthwalo wemfanelo ofanayo: ukuzivikela okuvamile kuhilela zonke izakhamuzi ngenkonzo, izintela, nokuqapha komphakathi. Kubafundi, izingxoxo zingathinta ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwamandla empi, izindleko zokuzivikela, nokubaluleka kwezingxoxo. I-fregingsfes ayikho njengendlela yokuzivikela ngokwayo, kodwa njengendlela yokuvikela inhlalakahle nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle.

"Khuthaza i-Welfare jikelele"

Le mithetho ebanzi iye yachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene emlandweni waseMelika. Ekujuleni kwayo, icela uhulumeni ukuba athathe izinyathelo ezithuthukisa izinga lokuphila kwazo zonke izakhamuzi ("enokuba zikhona ngesisekelo semisebenzi, imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imithetho yezomnotho, noma izinkonzo zezenhlalo. Izinhlelo zeNew Deal ne Great Society ziyizibonelo zezincazelo ezibanzi. Kubafundi, lamazwi amema impikiswano ngendima efanele kahulumeni ekusingatheni ubumpofu, ukungalingani, nokuchuma komphakathi. Ibuye izikhuthaze ukuba zicabange ngalokho [[FLT: 0]" i-general Wevelvelty" ezindaweni zazo siqu].

“Nizigcinele thina nesiboniso sethu isibusiso senkululeko ”

Inkululeko iyinhloso ephethe yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kubafundi, leligama alihlobene nesizukulwane samanje kuphela kodwa kumelwe lilondolozwe ngenxa yesikhathi esizayo. Igama elithi " lineziphakamiso"[ amafelemu enkululeko njengesipho esiyigugu, hhayi nje ukunenzuzo. Kubafundi, leligama lihlobene nomthwalo wemfanelo wesizukulwane sonyaka, umqondo wokuthi izinqumo zanamuhla zithinta izakhamuzi zakusasa. Liphakamisa futhi imibuzo mayelana nokuthi isiphi inkululeko esabani: inkululeko yokuxhaphaza abanye, inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokuphishekela izinhloso zomuntu, kodwa futhi nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye. Amazwi akhumbuza abafundi ukuthi ukubusa idemocwelizimulisa inkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukusebenzisa Isiqalo Semfundo Yanamuhla Yamakhoba

I-Pregagery iyithuluzi elingcono kakhulu lemfundo yomphakathi ngoba imfishane, ikhumbuleka, futhi icebile ngokwefilosofi. Abafundisi basemazingeni amabanga amancane bangayihlanganisa nezifundo ngohulumeni, umlando, nezenzakalo zamuva. Kubafundi abasebasha, ukuthatha ngekhanda nokuphindaphinda i-Pregnagry kungagxilisa umuzwa wokuziqhenya ngokushisekela izwe futhi kudlulise amagama ayinhloko. Kubafundi abadala, ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwamagama ngamanye kungaholela ezingxoxweni ezibucayi ngokuphathelene nokusebenzisa le miqondo emphakathini ohlukene noyinkimbinkimbi. I-Pregangledge isebenza futhi isebenza njengombhalo ohlanganisa ukuhlukana okuhlanganisayo futhi ikhuluma ngezindinganiso ezihlanganyelwayo zocwaningo lwaseMelika.

Imfundo ephumelelayo yomphakathi ihlanganisa okungaphezu kokufunda nje ngokunganaki; idinga ukuthembisana ngokuzikhandla. Imfundo engangena phambili ingashukumisela abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele emihlanganweni yezomthetho-sisekelo, izimpikiswano, imisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi, nohulumeni wabafundi. Ngokuhlanganisa imigomo yePregagry nezindaba zezwe ezingokoqobo − njengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani, noma ukusabela okuwumshayabhuqe, izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi imiqondo yokusungula ayizona izinsalela eziwubhuqu kodwa ayizona iziyalezo eziphilayo. Isikhungo semfundo yeCBIB sinikeza imithombo nezifundo ezisebenzisa isiqalo sokufundisa ngezimiso zentando yeningi.

Imisebenzi Yasekilasini Nemibuzo Yokuxoxa

Nazi izinto eziningana eziwusizo othisha abangazisebenzisa ukuze benze i - Presedge iphile ekilasini:

  • Uhlelo lwenguqulo : Cela abafundi ukuba babhale futhi umsho ngamunye wesihloko senkulumo yabo siqu. Lokhu kubaphoqelela ukuba babambe incazelo nokubaluleka komgomo ngamunye.
  • Contemporary Relevance Journal: Abafundi bathole isihloko sezindaba samuva esihlobene nenye yezinombolo zendatshana (umz., indaba emayelana nobulungisa, ukulondeka, noma inhlalakahle) futhi babhale ukuchaza ukuthi isihloko sihlobana kanjani nenhloso yokusungula.
  • Presentergery Project yePost : Abafundi bakha izithombe ezibonisa imigomo eyisithupha yesihloko sesikole, besebenzisa izithombe, izimpawu, nezihloko ezifingqiwe zokuqala.
  • Ingqungquthela yomthetho-sisekelo we-Mock : Abafundi abadlala indima njengezihambeli ezivela ezifundeni ezihlukene futhi kumelwe bavumelane ngesethulo esisha sezwe elicatshangelwayo, ukuphikisana ngemigomo ebaluleke kakhulu.
  • Orogist vs. Impikiswano yoMthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo: Kubafundi abathuthukile, xoxani ukuthi incazelo yesihloko se-frames kufanele iqinisekiswe enhloso yabafaki-folomu noma inguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imibuzo yengxoxo ingajulisa ukuqonda:

  • [[Umthetho:0]" Thina bantu" [ sisho ukuthini kuwe? Ingabe bakhona abantu namuhla abazizwa bekhishiwe kule nkulumo?
  • Singasebenza kanjani ndawonye [[QL:0]" sibumba i-Union ephelele kakhulu" esikoleni sethu, emphakathini, noma isizwe?
  • Kungani kubalulekile [[QL:0]" ukuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko" ezizukulwaneni ezizayo? Nikeza isibonelo senkululeko engase ibe sengozini.
  • Uhulumeni umelwe abeke kuqala [[QL:0]" i-quomustic Trancquality" ngenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye phakathi nosizi? Iyini ukulinganisela okufanele?

Isandulela Sokuphefumula Okungenasikhathi

Isiqalo siye sakhuthazela amakhulu amabili eminyaka ngoba sikhuluma ngezifiso zabantu bendawo yonke: ubulungisa, ukuthula, ukulondeka, inkululeko, nomuzwa womphakathi. Enkathini yokuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe nokulahlwa komphakathi, ukuphinde uphinde udwendwe lwe-Preggy kungakhumbuza abafundi ngezizathu ezivamile ezichaza ukuma kwabantu. Kubabekela inselele ukucabanga ukuthi bangazithakazeli futhi bacabangele okuhle okukodwa. Futhi kubanika amandla okubona ukuthi ukuzama kwaseMelika akuqediwe; umsebenzi " ukuguqula i-Ubumbano oluphelele ngokwengeziwe" iyaqhubeka nesizukulwane ngasinye.

Othisha, abazali, nabaholi bomphakathi bonke bangasebenzisa isaziso sokukhuthaza intsha ukuba ifundiswe, icabange, futhi ikhuthale. Ngokufunda amazwi ayo nokulwa kanye nencazelo yayo, abafundi bathuthukisa ulwazi lomphakathi, amakhono, nemibono edingekayo ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. I-Pregagery ayiyona into edalayo; iyisimemo esiphilayo. Njengoba iSimemo seNkantolo esiphezulu sikaSandra O'Connor sake sathi, "Ukuqala eMthethweni wethu womthetho akusona nje isithembiso esingokomlando esimelwe isizukulwane ngasinye sisenzeka." Kubafundi namuhla, leso sithembiso sihlala siqinile. [[FLT:] i-PUR.[FLD] Isithembiso sezeNSTIOFF:] sinikeza inzuzo eyengeziwe yokufuna ukuhlanganisa iziteshicioza.

Isiphetho: Hlanganyela Nabafundi Nesithembiso Esiyisisekelo

Ukuqamba isiqalo semfundo yomphakathi kungaphezu nje kwesifundo emlandweni; kuwukuzivivinya ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Ulimi olulula kodwa olunzulu lungabangela ilukuluku, impikiswano, nokukhuthaza isenzo. Ngokuhlola imvelaphi engokomlando, isisekelo sefilosofi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenkulumo ngayinye, abafundi bazuza ukuqonda okujulile kwezindinganiso zaseMelika kanye nendima yabo ekulungiseni ikusasa. I-Pregaggeing ingasikhumbuza ukuthi idemokrase ayiwona umdlalo wezehlakalo, kudinga ukuthatha igalelo, ukuqapha, nokuzibophezela kokuhle. Abafundi, ukuthi kokubili umyalezo uyilungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo. Njengoba befunda amagama [FLD:], thina abantu,[FLD [F:]]