Table of Contents

Umshini Oyinkimbinkimbi Wemithetho Yangaphandle YaseMelika

Isimiso sangaphandle se-United States sisebenza ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sezinhlangano, izinqubo, kanye nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo ezinquma indlela iMelika esebenzelana ngayo namazwe acishe abe ngu-200 emhlabeni wonke. Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende lapho isimiso samanye amazwe singashintsha ngokuphawulekayo nohulumeni abashayelwa phambili, isimiso somphakathi sidala ukuqhubekeka nokulinganisela kuyilapho ukuvumela ukuhola umongameli kanye nokufakwa kwedemokhrasi. Le bhizinisi laminyaka yonke elisebenzisa abantu abangaphezu kuka-75,000 lihlela yonke into kusukela entengweni kaphethilolini kuya empini nasekuthuleni. [UT. indlela isimiso sangaphandle esisebenza ngayo i-US ithonya elikhulu emhlabeni wonke ngesikhathi esithile lapho kuvela ukungavumelani kwezwe lonke.

Le nqubo ayihileli nje kuphela uMongameli noMnyango woMbuso, kodwa iKhomishane, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha, abasekeli bempi, abathathi-mgomo, abacabanga ngamathangi, imithombo yezindaba, futhi ekugcineni abantu baseMelika. Lemishini eyinkimbinkimbi iveza izimiso ezithinta ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke okuhlanganisa abantu abayizigidi eziyizigidi eziyinkulungwane, kanye nobudlelwane obuhlanganisa yonke into ebangelwa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kube yisimo esiwumqedazwe.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo: Amandla Ahlukene Ngokuklanywa

Umqalisi uqaphele umthetho wangaphandle

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa ngamabomu imibuso yakwamanye amazwe ukuze uvimbele kokubili ubushiqela nokwenza izinqumo ngokuphamazela. Lokhu kuhlukana kwakha lokho uEdward Corwin akubiza ngokuthi "ukulwa" phakathi kwamagatsha, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo ezinkulu zemithetho yakwamanye amazwe zidinga ukuvumelana okukhulu kuyilapho kuvumela ukuvumelana ukuze kuvunyela kwemiphumela enzima.

Predifial Mayences (Article II):

  • Isebenza njengoMkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile
  • Izivumelwano zezikhulu
  • Ukumisa amanxusa (okunesiqinisekiso seSigele)
  • Yamukela amanxusa akwamanye amazwe futhi uqaphele ohulumeni
  • Phumeza isimiso sakwamanye amazwe futhi wenze izingxoxo

[[Umthetho:0] Amandla e-Contrial (Ikhono I):

  • Memezelani impi (engasetshenziswanga kusukela ngo - 1942, kodwa isalokhu iyisekhophelo esibucayi)
  • Kuyimali efanele yonke esetshenziswayo ukuze kusetshenziswe isimiso sakwamanye amazwe futhi kuvikelwe
  • Ukuqeda ibhizinisi lakwamanye amazwe futhi kwamisa amaphoyisa
  • Izivumelwano zeRaféntine (Sivumelo, amavoti amabili-3)
  • Qinisekisa ukumiswa (i-Senate)
  • Ukuqondisa izenzo zezikhulu ngokulalela nokuhlola
  • Igunya lokusebenzisa izikhulu eziphethe

[[Umthetho:0] Amandla e-Judicial (Article III):

  • Ukuhumusha izivumelwano nomthetho kahulumeni othinta izindaba zakwamanye amazwe
  • Hlola izenzo zeziphathimandla mayelana nomthetho - sisekelo
  • Lungisa izingxabano ezihilela amaqembu akwamanye amazwe
  • Ichaza imingcele engokomthetho kuwo womabili amagatsha

Lomthetho-sisekelo wokwakha uyikhokho okuyisisekelo kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe ase-U.S., okudinga ukubambisana futhi ngokuvamile kubangele ukushukuma komnyombo. Omongameli banxusa ukuba kuthathwe ijubane nokuvumelana nezimo; uKhongolo lufuna ukuhlolwa nokumelelwa. Ijaji linikeza i-exake yokugcina, nakuba ngokuvamile liba nesibopho emagatsheni ezombangazwe ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Ngokuzijwayeza

Ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, ukulinganisela kwemithetho yakwamanye amazwe kuye kwashintsha kakhulu. Igatsha eliphethe liye lathola amandla amasha ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano zokuphatha (manje elingaphezu kuka-500 ngonyaka uma kuqhathaniswa nezivumelwano ezingaphansi kwezingu-20), ukukhula kwegunya lesizwe lokhuseleko, nendima kaMongameli njengesikhulu. ISishaya-Nkathi yenze ngokuqinisa ukuphatha, ukwenza izimfuneko ezintsha zokubika, nokusebenzisa amandla okulungisa indlela yokulawula isikhwama. Isinqumo seMpi yangowe-19366 sazama ukuphinde sihlolwe ngegunya lika-7949 ngemva kweVietnam, nakuba ukuphumelela kwayo kulokhu kuphikisana. Izingalo zeNkanto ephakeme njenge [[FLT:] ehlangene] eUnited States. [FLT][FLT][FLD] [12][3]

Abadlali Abayisihluthulelo

Igatsha Eliphethe: Eliyinhloko Kodwa Aliphelele

UMongameli[ umi enkabeni yesimiso sakwelinye indawo kodwa usebenza phakathi kwemingcele:

[[Umthetho:0] Isici esiphithizelayo [[[Umthetho 1]:

  • Imisa yonke indlela yokuqondisa yesimiso sangaphandle nezinto eziza kuqala
  • Uxoxa nabaholi bomhlaba ezingqungqutheleni nasemihlanganweni yezomlando
  • Izivumelwano (500+ izivumelwano zezikhulu minyaka yonke zihambisana nezivumelwano ezingu-10-20)
  • Uqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe futhi asungule ubuhlobo obungokwesivumelwano
  • Iqeda ubuhlobo obungokwesivumelwano lapho ukucindezeleka kwanda

[[Umthetho:0] umnini-ikhomu [[Umthetho:1]:

  • Izinhlangano zempi nebutho lamasosha
  • Abahlomile bamabutho ahlomile ngaphandle kokumemezela impi (esetshenziswa eLibya, eSiriya, eSomalia)
  • Ilondoloza izikhali zenuzi futhi igunyaza ukuma okuwusizo kokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa
  • Isabela ekuhlaseleni nasekubhekaneni nezimo eziphuthumayo ezihilela amabutho ase - United States
  • Ihlola imisebenzi efihlekile ngochungechunge lomyalo

[[Umthetho:0] Isilawuli sokuphatha [:

  • Iqondisa isimiso sezimiso zakwamanye amazwe eminyangweni eminingi
  • Izikhulu zezindaba zikhuluma ngezikhulu neMonitor’s Security Mennanda
  • Ukugcwalisa iziyalezo zokubusa ngezinhlangano
  • Iqondisa amaqembu asabela ezinkingeni nokubambisana

UMnyango woMbuso: I-Arm e-Melika e-Aplomatic

Indima yoMnyango wesizwe wangaphandle yenkambiso yezwe [ ihlanganisa ukusebenzelana, izinkonzo zezakhamuzi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso:

[[UMTH:0] Ukufinyeza nokufinyelela[[UMTL:1]:

  • Izisebenzi ezingu - 75 000 emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise nenkonzo yakwamanye amazwe, i - Civil Service nezisebenzi ezisebenza endaweni yakini
  • Amanxusa angu - 270, amanxusa, nezithunywa zezombusazwe emazweni angu - 195
  • Uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke oluyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 55 (R3,50) luhlanganisa imisebenzi, usizo lwakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuxhumana komphakathi
  • Ama - bureau asezweni (iYurophu, iMpumalanga Asia, iMpumalanga Eseduze, njll.) nama - bureau asebenzayo (i - Economic, i - Arms Control, njll.)

Umtapo womtapo [:

  • Izingxoxo nezingxoxo zokuziphatha
  • Vikela izakhamuzi zaseMelika zakwamanye amazwe (eziyizigidi ezingu - 9 nezihambi)
  • Izincwadi zokungena (izigidi eziyishumi) kanye nama - passport (ayizigidi ezingu - 20 ngonyaka)
  • Ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo zezomnotho, ezohwebo, nokutshala imali
  • Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindinganiso zentando yeningi, amalungelo abantu nokubusa umthetho
  • Izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe ezihlangene (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,2) ezilawulwa u - USAID engaphansi kwegunya loMbuso)
  • Lawula ukukhulumisana komphakathi ngokushintshana, ngokuhlela izinhlelo zamasiko nokubophana ngama - computer

[[Umthetho:0] UNobhala wezwe[:

  • Isimiso esiyinhloko sikamongameli wakwamanye amazwe sikhuthaza ukuphatha kanye nelungu lekhabethe elikhulu
  • Ilawula amanxusa asebenzelanayo nomsebenzi wokukhonza kwelinye Izwe
  • Izikhombo ezimelela amazwe onke e - United States ezingqungqutheleni nasezingxoxweni eziyinhloko
  • Okwesine ohlwini lobumongameli
  • Ngokuvamile bahamba amakhilomitha angu - 100 000 ngonyaka ukuze bahlangane nabanye

UMnyango Wezokuvikela: Ithuluzi Lempi

Ithonya lenkambiso yezentengiselwano zangaphandle [ lidlulela kude kakhulu ngalé kwemisebenzi yokulwa:

[[I-FLT:0] I-Diplomacy:

  • Ukubambisana kokuphepha namazwe angu - 140+ ngokuqeqesha, ngokuvivinya umzimba, nangokuthuma
  • Ukuvivinya umzimba kwezempi (100+ ngonyaka) okubonisa ukuzibophezela nokubambisana
  • Ukuhlobanisa amasosha ezikhungweni zempi kusebenza njengokuxhumana okugxekayo nezizwe eziphethe impi
  • Ukuqeqesha amasosha akwamanye amazwe ezikoleni zenkonzo nezinhlelo zamazwe ngamazwe
  • Ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kubiza amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,25 ngonyaka kuthengiswa iMikhosi Yamazwe Angaphandle Namabhizinisi Aqondile
  • Usizo lwabasizi nemisebenzi yokusiza ababhekene nezinhlekelele emhlabeni wonke

[[UMTH:0] Iprojekthi yobuvuvu:

  • 750+ izikhungo zempi emazweni angu - 80, kanye nezakhiwo ezijikelezayo
  • Izisebenzi ezikhuthele eziyizigidi ezingu - 1,3 ezikwazi ukufinyelela embulungeni yonke
  • Uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke oluyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - R270 (iholo. 3,3% yeGDP)
  • 11 Amaqembu athwala izindiza angakha ugesi noma kuphi
  • Isakhiwo sokuyala somhlaba wonke esinemiyalo elwayo (ICOM, INDOPACOM, ICENTCOM, njll.)

Civil-Militarylinganiselo[[[QL:1]:

  • Ukulawula kwezakhamuzi ngoNobhala wezokuvikela nangabaphathi abavamile
  • Izinkosi ezihlangene zinikeza izeluleko zempi kodwa aziqondisi amabutho
  • Abakhuzi bempi bakhipha isimiso futhi babike ngeketanga
  • Ukuhlangana kwemizwa kuyadingeka kuyo yonke imisebenzi emikhulu

Izinhlangano Zezimali Nezentengiselwano: Ukwakhiwa Kwezomnotho

Amathuluzi ezomnotho ayingxenye eyinhloko yesimiso sangaphandle sase-U.S. i-Moondment Department inikeza izijeziso (nge-Office of Foreign Asets Control), ilawula inqubo yezezimali yezizwe zonke, futhi ihlanganyela eMnyangweni weMali ye-Infacial Action Task Force ukuze ilwe imali eboshweni kanye nezimali zamaphekula. I-Commercial Department yengathalela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (nge-Bureaunicaration of Industry and Security), ikhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi i-odola izivumelwano zokuhwebela. Lezi zisebenza eduze nezwe ne-Hulumeni ne-National Security Council Council ukuze ziqonding (nge izinhloso zeze ngokomnotho).

Umphakathi Ohlakanipheni: Ubuqili Obucashile

Izinhlangano ezingenisa ulwazi ezinkambisweni zakwamanye amazwe [ zinikeza ukwaziswa nokuhlaziya okusekela ukwenza izinqumo:

[[Umthetho:0] Isikhiye se-Apoctive:

  • KIA: Ukuhlakanipha komuntu, ukusebenza ngokufihla (R150 000 000 000) kulinganiselwa)
  • IZINULA[: Ibonisa ukuhlakanipha, ukhuseleko lwe-inthanethi, kanye nesiqinisekiso sokwaziswa
  • [DIA: Ukuhlakanipha kwezempi kusekela ukuzimisela nokuhlela
  • Isimo se-ER: Ukuhlakanipha okudingwayo okunikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe
  • NGHA: Ukuhlakanipha kwe-Geospatitial kusuka esiphuphuthekini nasemephini we-mep
  • I - FBI, i - DHS, i - DOE, i - DEA nezinye izingxenye zokuhlakanipha

[[UMTH:0][[Umthetho:1]:

  • Nikeza isixwayiso esiwusizo ngokusongela okuvelayo (ukuhlasela, ukuhlola kwenuzi, izinhlekelele zezombangazwe)
  • Sekela izingxoxo zokuhlakanipha ezisezikhundleni ezizimele nezibomvu
  • Ukuhlola ukuvunyelwana kwezivumelwano zokulawula izikhali
  • Izenzo zokuziphatha ezifihlayo njengoba ziqondiswe nguMongameli (kumelwe zibe seMkhandlwini Wesizwe Wezokulondeka)
  • Ukumelana nokusebenza kokuhlakanipha kwamanye amazwe enhlabathini yase - United States naphesheya
  • Ukuhloma ngezinsongo namathuba ezombangazwe, ezomnotho, kwezempi nakuyi - Internet

[[UMTHLO] Imfishane yemini yonke[[Umthetho:1]:

  • I-Daily Brief (PDB) - incwadi ehlelwe kuphela
  • Ibhukwana lamakhasi 30-40 elilungiselelwe yiHhovisi loMqondisi weSizwe
  • Iguqula ukwenza izinqumo nsuku zonke eWhite House mental House Home
  • Nazo zasakazwa ezikhulwini eziphakeme ezilinganiselwe

UMkhandlu Wesizwe Wokulondeka: Umthetho Owenezelayo

Inqubo yenqubo ye-NSC yangaphandle ihlanganisa imibono ehlukahlukene ngaphesheya kwegatsha eliphethe:

[[UMTH:0] Ingxenye[:

  • I - National Security Advisor (akudingwa ukuqinisekiswa kwesigele)
  • 400+ Izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe zihlelwe zaba abaphathi bezindawo ngezindawo nangemisebenzi
  • Izinhlangano zamakomiti zisingatha ukumiswa kwezinqubo nezingxabano phakathi kwazo
  • Indikimba yeKomiti yekhabethe ixazulula izindaba ezinkulu
  • Imihlangano yeNSC egcwele ephethwe uMongameli

[[UMTH:0][[Umthetho:1]:

  • Ihlangene phakathi kweminyango ukuqinisekisa ukubambisana kwenqubo
  • Izinqumo zesimiso sokuthuthukisa futhi uzimise kuMongameli
  • Ukusingatha ukusabela okubucayi ngegumbi lesimo
  • Ukugcwalisa izinqumo zikamongameli ngenqubo
  • Ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ababili ngaphambi kokuba zibe izinhlekelele

Indima Yobumbano: Elinye Igatsha

Amandla Okushaya Imithetho Ayasebenza

Ikhomu elilawula isimiso sakwelinye indawo[ ngezinqubo eziningi ezidlulela ngalé kweseluleko nemvume:

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuthotshelwa kanye nokuphakanyiswa [[Umthetho:1]

  • Lungisa izinhlelo futhi usebenzise amazinga ezikweletu zemvume zaminyaka yonke
  • Imali engokoqobo efanelekile (inqubo yamanqanande amabili: imvume yokugunyaza i-prophrophing)
  • Imali yokuphawula ngezinjongo ezithile, inciphise ukuvumelana kwezimiso zezisebenzi
  • Abasekelayo ngemali ukuze bathonye imiphumela yesimiso (isib., banciphise ukuthengiswa kwezikhali)
  • Imali edingekayo ukuze kutholakale izimo eziphuthumayo (izimpi, izinhlekelele, izinkinga zababaleki)

[[Umthetho:0] Ukuguqula iManters[[Umthetho:1]:

  • IRwers Resolution (1973) idinga ukubika nokulinganisela amabutho
  • I-Sounds Transport Control Act inikeza iSishaya - mthetho ukubukeza izinsuku ezingu - 30 zokuthengiswa kwezikhali ezinkulu
  • Izimo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe (isib., imingcele yosizo kwabaphula amalungelo abantu)
  • Umthetho wokulungisa (isib., Iran neNyakatho Korea ugunyaza izenzo)
  • Igunya lokuthuthukisa ezohwebo (icebo elisheshayo lezivumelwano zezohwebo)

Umtapo wokuhlola:

  • I - 1 000+ izindlebe zamazwe angaphandle kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe
  • Hlola izenzo zezikhulu ngamakomiti nangezisebenzi
  • Cela imibiko (5 000+ ngonyaka) ngomthetho nangezicelo zamakomiti
  • Ofakazi abaphansi nezincwadi ezivela ezinhlanganweni eziphethe
  • Yamukela izigaba ezinqunyiwe (ngokuvamile zibangela ukuvuza nezimpikiswano)

Amakomiti Ayinhloko Omphakathi

[[Umthetho:0] Isekela amaKomiti[[[Umthetho:1]:

  • Ubudlelwane obungalawuleki: Imithelisa, iziphakamiso, umthetho, ukwengamela
  • Izinkonzo ezihlomile: inqubo yokuvikela, imisebenzi yezempi, izisebenzi
  • I-intelgence: imisebenzi efihlwayo, izinhlelo zokuhlakanipha, uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali, uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali
  • Izincazelo[: yonke imisebenzi yakwamanye amazwe kanye nokuxhasa ngemali yokuzivikela

[[UMTL:0] Amakomiti endlu[[[QUL:1]]:

  • [[AKMT:0] Izindaba zakwamanye amazwe: Imithetho, ukwengamela, izigunyazo
  • Izinkonzo ezihlomile: ukugunyaza nenkambiso yokuvikela
  • I-intelligence: ukuqondisa kobuhlakani kanye negunya
  • [[AFLT:0] Izimo: ukuxhasa izindleko zonke izindaba zakwamanye amazwe

Zombili lezi zindlwana zinobuholi obuthonya isimiso sakwamanye amazwe ngokuhlela ukuthumelelana imiyalezo phansi nangokuthumela imiyalezo ngokukhetha.

Ukucindezeleka Okubangelwa Ukusebenza Kwenhlangano

iphinda ingxabano yemithetho yakwamanye amazwe ilolonga ukwakhiwa kwemithetho yanamuhla yaseMelika:

  • Amandla empi : abameli bathi igunya elingokwemvelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokusebenzisa amandla; uKhongolose uqinisa okuwukuphela kwamandla akhe okumemezela impi
  • Izivumelwano ezisebenzayo[: Ukuhlanganisa kwesivumelwano se-pass, kuholela emizamweni yokuhlanganisa ukugunyaza ukubika nokuhileleka
  • Imisebenzi ye-Interligence: izimfuneko zesaziso (umz., isenzo sokwetha) vs. ukhuseleko lokusebenza
  • Intengiselwano yentengiselwano : ukubukeza inkathi ye-Congregational vs. Isifiso sikamongameli sokuvumelana nezimiso zobumeli ngesikhathi
  • Izivumelwano ze-: Imithetho yegunya ilinganisela izindlela zobumeli; amongameli bafuna igunya lokungalawuleki

Inqubo Yokusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Yangaphandle: Kusukela Ekucabangeni Kuya Ekugcwaliseni

Ukubona Izinkinga Nokulungisa I - agenda

[ Indlela okuvela ngayo izimpikiswano zenqubo zangaphandle [ kulokhu okuhleliwe kwezwe:

[[UMTH:0] Imvuthuluka ye-'FTY][[Umthetho:1]:

  • Izinkinga zomhlaba wonke (izimpi, ukugumbuqelwa kwemibuso, izinhlekelele, izibhadane)
  • Ukuhlaselwa kwezithakazelo zaseMelika noma ze - U.S. kwamanye amazwe
  • Izicelo zobuhlobo zosizo noma zokungenela
  • Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho (izindleko zikawoyela ezishaqisayo, izinkinga zezomnotho)
  • Izimo eziphuthumayo ezithinta abantu (ama - famine, ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukugeleza kwababaleki)
  • Izibopho zesivumelwano ezidinga ukusabela

[[UMTL:0] Abashayeli be-Interinal:

  • Imiyalelo egunyazwa yimikhankaso (isib. "ukuthula ngamandla" noma ukubuyisana nezwe")
  • Ukucindezela kweqembu elinesithakazelo (AIPAC, Human Rights Watch, uMkhandlu Wezentengiselwano waseU.S.)
  • Iphepha eligciniwe lezindaba (CNN lishayela ukuphuthuma kwangempela kwesikhathi)
  • Ukushintsha kwemibono yomphakathi kuqashelwa ngokuhlola
  • Izindlela zomkhandlu (izingxoxo, izikweletu, izinqumo)
  • Isikhulu sombuso sabefundisi esivela ezinhlanganweni ezifuna imithombo noma imisebenzi

Inqubo Yokuthuthukiswa Kwezimiso

Inqubo yokuhlangana [ yezinqumo ezinkulu ngokuvamile ilandelana ngalendlela elandelanayo:

  1. Isibonakaliso sokuhlukanisa [ (Izinsuku 1-3): Izinqumo zobuhlakani, izintambo zoMnyango wezempi, imibiko yezempi, ukufinyelelwa kwemithombo yezindaba kuqokomisa lenkinga.
  2. I-Interagency Review (Izinsuku 4-10): Amaqembu asebenzayo avela eZweni, eSivikeli, eCIA, eMbewini, eMnyango weMali, kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezihlobene nenhlangano zihlangana ukuze zakhe amakhetho nezibukezo ezingokomthetho.
  3. Ikomiti ye-Deputis (Izinsuku 11-1): onobhala abasekelayo bacwengisisa ukukhetha, basho ukungaboni okungaxazululwanga, futhi benze izinqumo zezindleko kanye nezinqumo zengozi.
  4. [[IKYUM:0] IKomiti yePrincipals[ (Izinsuku 16-20): Izikhulu zesigaba seKhabhinethi zihlola ukukhetha kokugcina, zenze ukuhlela okuvumelanayo, futhi zilungiselele uMongameli ukutusa.
  5. Isinqumo esiphithizelayo [Usuku 21+]: Umhlangano we-NSC noMongameli, ingxoxo ngezinketho, isiqondiso sokugcina, futhi ukumiswa kwe-National Security Menandial Menandum ukuze kufezwe.

Le nkinga ishesha kakhulu ezinkingeni. Lapho kugadla i - 9/11, kwenziwa izinqumo ngamahora ambalwa. Ukuqubuka kwe - Ebola ngo - 2014 kwadinga ukuhlangana okusheshayo ukuze kufakwe izinto zezokwelapha nezezokuxhumana.

Ukugcwalisa Izinselele

Isizathu sokuba ukumiswa kwezimiso zangaphandle kuvame ukuntengantenga[:

  • ukwenqaba kwe-Bureaucrates[[FT:1]]: Imishini ivikela injini kanye nohlelo lokuhlela, iziqondiso ezihamba kancane
  • Imithombo evimbelayo: Ukuxhasa imali, izisebenzi, noma ukuqeqeshelwa imigomo efuna ukuvelela
  • Ukubambisana okuhlangene[: Impumelelo yenqubo ivame ukuxhomeke ezenzweni zamanye amazwe
  • ukuphikiswa okungalawuleki: ukwenqaba komphakathi noma kombuso kungaphazamisa inqubo
  • Imiphumela elindelekile: Izimiso ezizinzile ziveza imiphumela engalindelekile (umz., ijeziso lokulimaza izakhamuzi kunemibuso)
  • Umkhathi wesikhathi[: Imigomo emide yesikhathi (ukukhushulwa kwesigaba sombuso, ukukhula) iphikisana nokucindezela kokhetho okufushane

Amathuluzi Omthetho Wamazwe Angaphandle AseMelika

Imishini Enamandla

[[[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano zenqubo yesivumelwano zihlala ziyithuluzi eliyinhloko:

  • Izingxoxo zombhikisho kanye nezingxoxo zomphakathi
  • Ama-unture (UN, NATO, G7, G20, WTO)
  • Imihlangano yengqungquthela phakathi kwamanhloko kahulumeni
  • Izingxoxo zezokuxhumana ze-2 ngezindlela ezingekho
  • Izingxoxo zempucuko nezinhlelo zemfundo (Isimiso Sezivakashi Zezizwe Zonke Sokuhola Kwazo)
  • Izingxoxo zomphakathi zisetshenziswa ngemithombo yezindaba, izikhungo zezenhlalo nangezenzakalo zamasiko

Modeln amathuluzi ezokuxhumana anwebe ithuluzikit:

  • Ukuxhumana kwamanani ngezindaba zomphakathi nangemihlangano engokoqobo
  • Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezisekela ukuphumelela kwezimali, ezohwebo, nokutshala imali
  • Ukusebenzelana kwesimo sezulu (izingxoxo zokukhipha igesi, ukujwayela ukumelana nenqubo ethile yezimali)
  • Izingxoxo zempilo (IPEFAR, ukulondeka kwempilo embulungeni yonke)
  • Izingxoxo zesayensi (ukubambisana kokuhlola ukubambisana, ukubambisana emkhathini)
  • Izingxoxo zezemidlalo (Izinkonzo, Ukushintshana)

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho

[[[Umthetho:0] Amathuluzi ezomnotho akhululekile[ afake ukubambisana:

  • Usizo lwakwamanye amazwe (amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,2 ngonyaka)
  • Izivumelwano zezohwebo (14 amaFTA akhuthele kuhlanganise ne - USMCA)
  • Izivumelwano zokutshala imali zivikela izinkampani zase - United States kwamanye amazwe
  • Izimali zezentuthuko (izikweletu zeDFC neziqinisekiso)
  • Ukukhululeka Ezikweletini (Izingxoxo Ze - Paris Club)
  • Usizo lobuchwepheshe (umthetho, umthetho, izimiso zezempilo)

[[Umthetho:0] Amathuluzi ezomnotho asemthethweni aphoqelela noma avimbela ukuziphatha:

  • Izijeziso Eziyinselele (Iran, eNyakatho Korea, Syria, Cuba)
  • Izijeziso ezihlosiwe (izinhlangano ezihloselwe ubuphekula, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu)
  • Imithetho yezohwebo (imingcele yezindawo zokuhwebelana, imingcele, nokuvinjelwa)
  • Ukuzihlukanisa ngokwezimali (ukunciphisa ukutholakala kwesimiso samaRandi ase - United States)
  • Umshini wobuchwepheshe olawula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (Uhlu Lwezimpahla Zemishini Encane Kancane Kagesi, Ubuchwepheshe Bezempi)
  • Izijeziso zesikhashana (zinikeza amaqembu esithathu ahweba ngezinhlangano ezigunyaziwe)

Izikhali Zezempi

I-palcum yezinketho zezempi esetshenziselwa ukuqhubekisela phambili inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe:

  • Deterrence: Uthathu wenuzi kanye namandla avamile abiza ubudlova
  • Prasence: Ukuthunyelwa kwamandla nenkululeko yokusebenza kokuyaluza
  • [[QULT:0] ukubambisana okuqinile[: ukuqeqesha, ukuvivinya umzimba, nokuthengisa ngezikhali kubantu osebenza nabo
  • Ukhombisa amandla: Ukuthatha uhambo, ukundiza ngamabhomu, ukuvivinya amalungu
  • Igalelo eligayiwe: Ukucitshwa kwezikhali nokushaywa kwe-curene kuhlasela izisulu ezithile
  • Imisebenzi ekhethekile : Raids, inhleko yabathunjwa, imisebenzi yezokulwa nobuphekula
  • Imisebenzi ye-MAZURY: ukungenela kwesilinganiso esikhulu njengemikhankaso ye-Iraq ne-Afghanistan

Ulwazi Nethonya

Ukuveza amandla kagesi okuphuma emgqonyeni kuguqula izincazelo zembulunga yonke:

  • I - Broadcasting (Indawo yeSiphakamiso SaseMelika, Umsakazo Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Umsindo)
  • Izingxoxo zemfundo (Izinhlelo ze - Humphrey, iGilman)
  • Izinhlelo zempucuko (izithombe zaseMelika, imidwebo, ukuvakasha komculo)
  • Ukuhlangana kwezokuxhumana nemikhankaso yezokuxhumana
  • Imizamo yokuphikisa yokwaziswa (Isikhungo sokusiza somhlaba wonke)
  • Ukuxhumana okuhlelekile okuhlangene nemisebenzi yezohwebo neyobusosha

Izimfundiso Ezinkulu Zemithetho Yakwamanye Amazwe Nezinqubo

Izimfundiso Ezingokomlando

Izindlela eziyisisekelo eziqhubeka zithonya izimpikiswano zezimiso:

  • Imfundiso yeMonroe (1823): Yamemezela iNkabazwe yaseNtshonalanga ithonya lase-U.S., ixwayisa abeLungu ngokuqamba amakoloni
  • Aukk Doo (1899): Ifuna ukufinyelela kwezentengiselwano okulinganayo eChina, kamuva okusetshenziswa embulungeni yonke
  • Wilsonianism (1918): Inhloso yedemokrasi, ukuzihlela, ukulondeka okuhlangene ngeNhlangano yezizwe
  • I-Contatinment (1947): icebo lokulinganisela ukwanda kweSoviet ngezivumelwano, usizo lwezomnotho, kanye nokuzimisela kwezempi
  • détente (169): Ukuncishiswa kokungezwani ne-USSR ngokulawula izikhali nangezingxoxo zezokuxhumana
  • Reagan Doctrine (1985): ubukhomanisi be-rollback ngokusekela amabutho alwayo namabutho alwayo emhlabeni wonke

Amasu Angesikhathi Esizayo

Ukusondela kweMpi yangemva kweMpi yakudala kubonisa ukushintsha kwemisebe yembulunga yonke:

  • Ukukhuliswa nokwenyuswa [ (Clinton): nyusa ukubusa kwentando yeningi nesimiso sokuhweba ngezimali
  • Imfundiso ebucush[[FLT: 1] (2002]: Ukuhlasela okulula, ukungathathi hlangothi, nokukhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi
  • Imfundiso engu-Oma (2010-2014: I-Multlateralism, isithiyo, "ukuhola ngemuva" e-Libya
  • America Kuqala[ [Trump]: indlela yesizwe, yentengiselwano yokungabaza izivumelwano kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe amaningi
  • I-Pilogic yokwehlukana yesigaba esiphakathi (Bidean): Ukumisa idemokhrasi vs. uhulumeni wentando yeningi, ukuqinisa izivumelwano, ukusingatha izinkinga zezomnotho zasekhaya ngenkambiso yezentengiselwano nangezezimboni

Izingosi Ezinethonya Ngaphandle Kohulumeni

Cabanga Ngezinqola Nezingosi Zokusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Sezebhizinisi

ithonya lokucabanga letanki enkambisweni yangaphandle likhulu. Izinhlangano ezinkulu zihlanganisa i-Council on Foreign Relations (amalungu angu-5 000), i-Brookings, iHealth, RAND, iCarnegie, ne-American Enterprise Institute. Zinikeza ubuchwepheshe bezimiso, zinikeza izisebenzi zikahulumeni eziphethe, zihlela impikiswano yomphakathi ngemibiko nangemibukiso yezindaba, zinikeza ama-panethi angayithanga mayelana nezingxoxo nezokuxhumana nabantu bangaphandle, kanye nokuziphatha kwe-ICRCP.

Amaqembu Anesithakazelo Nokuzilibazisa

Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe simelela ama-500 + zigidi ezingu-20 000 ngonyaka eWashington. Amaqembu ayinhloko ahlanganisa i-lobics (AIPAC yakwa-Israel, amaqembu amaCuba-American), ama-professor (i-National Association of Declacters), izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu (Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch), izinkampani zokuvikela (i-Locheed Martin, i-Boeing), ohulumeni bangaphandle (ngezithunywa ezibhalisiweyo), namaqembu enkolo (ingqungqungquthela ye-Profeyi yamaKatolika). Ithonya lazo lihlanganisa iminikelo, ukuqoqanisa utshalo, imikhanka, ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba, ubufakazi, imihlangano yegatsha, nemibhishobhisholo.

Umbono Wezindaba Nomphakathi

Indima ye-media enkambisweni yangaphandle ihlelwe ngezindlela eziningi. I-Agenda-seating inquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlekelele ezithathwayo. Ukuhlela indlela umphakathi oziqonda ngayo izindaba. I-CNN Comment idala ukucindezela kwangempela kwesikhathi sokusebenza phakathi nezinkinga zomphakathi. Umbiko we-ufacentiga uveza imigaqo eyimfihlo (umz., i-NSAC - isourne ishaya izinhlelo zezehlakalo). Umbono wemibono wamakhasi aklame inkulumo ekhethekile, nempi yabadlali bangaphandle izama ukuguqula umbono womphakathi. Umbono womphakathi unqanda ukungenela kwempi (njengoba eSomalia ne-Iraq), imiphumela yokuvota, izikhundla, ukuhlobana kwemifela, ukuhlobana, ukuthinta ubuhlobo, nokunquma amandla okuhlala komsebenzi.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinselele Zokwakha

Izindaba eziwuhlelo ezithinta ukuphumelela kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe aseU.S.:

  • Parisan polative: Ukuvumelana kwe-bipartisan ezindabeni zesimiso sangaphandle
  • Ukubusa okusebenzayo[: IziKhomishane zivame ukuveza indima yazo yomthetho-sisekelo, kuholela kumbusi ophethe
  • Bureaucratic interia: ukumelana nokushintsha ezithakazelweni ezigxilile nezinqubo
  • Ukugcwala kolwazi: ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okwenza izinqumo esikhathini sokwaziswa okungapheli
  • Ushintsho olupholile lwezobuchwepheshe: iziqu ezilwela ukuhambisana ne-inthanethi, i-Al, kanye nentuthuko yomkhathi
  • Imithombo eyimingcele: imigomo ebanzi engqubuzana nemingcele yemali kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ekhaya ezincintisanayo

Impikiswano Yamanje

Izimiso ezinkulu zakwamanye amazwe zibuza abenzi bezimiso nochwepheshe:

  • Umncintiswano kagesi omkhulu uvimbela ukubambisana okungakhethi neChina neRussia
  • Ukukhuthaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuphikisana nokwamukela okungokoqobo kwemibuso yezikhulu zezikhulu
  • Ukungenela kwezempi kuyavimbela eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase - Afrika
  • Ukungalandeli uhulumeni wezwe kuphikisana nokubaluleka kwezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke
  • Ukuhweba ngesihle ukuze kuvikelwe izisebenzi zaseMelika
  • Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyashintsha.

Izindaba Ezivusayo

Imingcele emisha yesimiso sakwamanye amazwe esiyodinga izinqubo ezizovumelana nalesimiso:

  • Impi nokungalawuleki (umnikelo, izimiso, amakhono okuhlasela)
  • Ukulwa Nokuhweba Emkhathini
  • Umncintiswano wokuhlakanipha owenziwe ngobuciko nokubusa
  • Ukulungiselela okungokwemali nokulondeka kwempilo kwembulunga yonke
  • Ukulondeka kwesimo sezulu (ukuthutha, izingxabano zemithombo yemali, ukuxhumana ngezinhlekelele)
  • Abaphathi bezindawo ezithuthayo nezinkinga zababaleki
  • Ukulondoloza isisekelo nokuwohloka kwezomnotho

Indlela Umthetho Wakwamanye Amazwe Othinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwansuku Zonke

Imiphumela Engokomnotho

Izinqumo zemithetho yamazwe angaphandle zihlela ngokuqondile imiphumela yezomnotho emikhayeni yaseMelika. Inqubo yezohwebo inquma amanani empahla kusukela ezingutsheni kuya ezingosini zogesi. Isimiso samandla alawula uphethiloli nezindleko zikagesi. Isimiso semali sithonya amandla emali, ithinta izindleko zokungeniswa kwemali nokukhokha. Imithetho yokutshala imali ithinta imali egciniwe yomhlalaphansi ngokuthengisa amasheya. Ukungasetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe kungathinta amathuba ebhizinisi kanye nokutholakala kwezokuthenga izinkampani nabathengi.

Imiphumela Yokulondeka

Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe sithinta ngokuqondile ukuphepha komuntu ngemizamo yokuvimbela ubuphekula, izindlela zokuvikela imingcele, ukuvikelwa kwesimiso sokuvimbela i - Internet, ukunqanda izikhali zenuzi nokungahlali ndawonye, izibopho ezidinga inkonzo yezempi, kanye nezindawo zezempi ezingathinta ukuziphatha okuhle nezomnotho emphakathini eziseduze.

Ithonya Lesiko Nezenhlalo

Isimiso sakwamanye amazwe sithonya amazinga okufuduka nokuhlukahluka kwezindawo, ukuhwebelana ngemfundo okuletha abafundi bomhlaba wonke emagcekeni, izinhlelo zamasiko nokukwazi ukufinyelela ezobuciko bakwamanye amazwe, indawo yokwaziswa enenkulumo - ze yakwamanye amazwe noma ekhululekile, amathuba okuhamba nemingcele yemvume, nedumela lembulunga yonke lamaMelika, okuthinta indlela amaMelika aphathwa ngayo kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuziphatheni Kwamanye Amazwe

Ukuhlanganyela Esakhamuzini

Izakhamuzi zingathonya indlela yokusebenza yakwamanye amazwe ngezindlela eziningi. Ukunikeza izimemezelo ezisekelwe ezikhundleni zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe kuyisisekelo. Ukuxhumana nabameleli ngezindaba zamazwe kungaguqula amavoti. Ukujoyina izinhlangano zezempango kufaka iphimbo lomuntu ngamunye. Ukuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi ngezintambo zomphakathi, ngamahholo edolobha, noma izinkulumo zezenhlalakahle. Ukusekela izinhlelo zokuhwebelana nokuhlanganyela ekuxhumaneni kwezakhamuzi lapho zihamba noma zingenisa izivakashi zomhlaba wonke kunengxenye.

Amathuba Okusebenza

Izindlela zomsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe zakwamanye amazwe zihlanganisa i - Transfusion Service (Isifundazwe), izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha (CIA, NSA), inkonzo yezempi, intuthuko yomhlaba wonke (USAID, Peace Corps), imicabango yezimoto nezinhlangano zokucwaninga, amaphephandaba nemithombo yezindaba ezihlanganisa izindaba zomhlaba wonke, ama - NGO nezingazuzisi ezisebenza ekwakhekeni kwabantu, noma endaweni ezungezile, kanye nebhizinisi lomhlaba wonke elifuna ukuqonda okungokombangahlangene.

Isiphetho: Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Nokusebenzisa Izikhali Ezweni Elihlangene

Inqubo yenqubo yangaphandle u-US imelela ukuxoxisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemibono yentando yeningi nezidingo ezisemqoka, phakathi kwamagatsha amaningi kahulumeni namaqembu afuna isithakazelo amaningi, phakathi kwezindinganiso zaseMelika namaqiniso embulunga yonke. Lemishini eyinkimbinkimbi, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ihamba kancane futhi iphikisana, iveza umbono wabasunguli wokuvimbela kokubili ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphamazela nokukhubazeka kweMelika ehlangene nezwe.

Ukuqonda indlela le nqubo esebenza ngayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okungenela ngokuphumelelayo ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nendima yembulunga yonke yaseMelika. Isimiso sangaphandle asithathwa yizikhundla ezingaziwa kodwa ngezinhlangano nezinqubo ezibonakala zihlala zilandisa kubantu baseMelika. Nakuba uMongameli ehola futhi ehlola amaKhongolo, abavoti bagcina ngokugamula.

Njengoba izinselele zembulunga yonke zikhula ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu .Njengoba zisuka ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu zishintshele ekusakazeni izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, kusukela ekusongeni kwezokuxhumana ngezobuchwepheshe kuya ekuncipheni kwezomnotho, inqubo yangaphandle kumelwe ihambisane nokuvumelana nokuvumelana, amandla okulawula, kanye nezithakazelo zezindinganiso. Ukuphumelela kwenqubo yangaphandle yaseMelika akuxhomekile nje empini noma emandleni ezomnotho, kodwa enqubweni yentando yeningi eqondisa ukusebenza kwazo. Ikusasa lamazwe angaphandle liyolotshwa ngendlela lesimiso esidala esizivumelanisa ngayo izinselele ezingama-21 amashumi amabili amahlanu adlulele phambili ngesikhathi silondoloza ukulandisa kwesimiso sentando yentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lenqubo, zingenza ukuba kube nesibopho esinezentethelelweni, futhi zihlanganyele ezweni elihlangene.

Ukuze uthole izibalo ezinzulu, vakashela umnyango wezwe , hlola ukuhlaziywa iCouncil kuMazwana , funda iSici seSiteka seNdlu yoMnyango weNdlu. gov[, noma hlola izinqubo eziningiliziwe zezindaba [ zezindaba nomagazini [FLT:][FT][FLT]]