Ukuqonda Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Isiqondiso Esiphelele Samalungelo Akho Omthetho - sisekelo

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu singenye yezindlela zokuvikela ezibucayi kakhulu eSigqebheni samaLungelo, sivikela abantu ukuba baphathwe kabi uhulumeni phakathi nama-cate angokomthetho. Ngo-1791 njengengxenye yezinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, lesi sivumelwano simisa amalungelo amaningi abalulekile ahlala ekhona ezinkantolo zanamuhla nakwezomphakathi. Nakuba abantu abaningi baqaphela ukuthi inkulumo ethi "ukuhola owesihlanu" emidlalo yethelevishini, ukunqatshelwa kunikeza ngempela uhlelo olubanzi lwesivikelo oludlulele ngalé kokuthula nje. Ukuqonda lamalungelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise izimo ezingokomthetho ngokuqiniseka futhi zithola ukuphatha okulungile ngaphansi komthetho.

Umbhalo weSichibiyelo sesihlanu ufundeka kanje: "Akekho umuntu oyokhonzwa ukuba aphendule ngenhloko - dolobha, noma ngenye indlela ubugebengu obudume kabi, ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe icala noma icala loMbhishobhi Omkhulu, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izimo ezavela ezweni noma ebutho lempi, noma eMilitia, lapho esenkonzweni yangempela ngesikhathi seMpi noma ingozi yomphakathi; noma umuntu ongeke ahlonishwe ngenxa yecala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma inxenye; futhi ngeke aphoqelelwe noma kunoma yiliphi icala ukuba abe ufakazi owesigebengu, noma ancishwe ukuphila, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; noma impahla yomuntu angeke athathwe ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi, ngaphandle kokukhokhwazwa, isivikelo ngasinye, isivikelo esikhethekile."

Isihluthulelo Sika - Claus Esihlanu Sesichibiyelo Sesihlanu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu siqukethe izivikelo ezinhlanu ezihlukene ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo olungokomthetho olufanelekile. Isigqebhezana ngasinye sikhuluma ngendawo ethile lapho amandla kahulumeni ayengawanqoba khona amalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba ngokwehlukana kusiza ekucaciseni indlela ukulungisa ukusebenza kwazo njengeqembu.

I - Grand Jury Clause

IGrand Jury Clause ifuna ukuba abashushisi bahulumeni banikeze ubufakazi ejajini elikhulu ngaphambi kokuletha amacala ezenzo ezingathi sína. Ijaji elikhulu lihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezivamile ezibukeza i-Schrirt ’ ubufakazi futhi lithole ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokumangalela. Lenqubo ivimbela uhulumeni ekukhipheni izimangalo ezingenasisekelo kubantu ngaphandle kokubonisa isizathu esanele sokuqhubeka.

Ikomiti enkulu yamajaji isebenza ngendlela ehlukile kumajaji aqulwayo. Icala lihlala liyimfihlo, futhi umshushisi akadingi ukunikeza ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala. Amajaji amakhulu azwa kuphela isigwebo esiwubufakazi obuthi i ’ icala futhi anqume ukuthi ubufakazi obanele bukhona yini ukuze buqhubeke. Lesivikelo sisebenza ngokukhethekile emacaleni obugebengu obusemthethweni obucatshangelwa ngokuthi "awuyi-amone," ngokuvamile obuhlanganisa ukujeziswa ngonyaka owodwa ejele.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi iGrand Jury Clausle ayisebenzi ekumangaleleni ngemfundiso ehlanganisayo. Kunalokho, izifundazwe ngazinye zisebenzisa izinqubo zazo, ezingase zihlanganise ukuqulwa kwamacala okuqala kunokuba zifake izintambo ezinkulu. Nokho, izifundazwe eziningi zikhetha ukusebenzisa izinkantolo ezinkulu lapho kubekwa icala elingathi sína, zilondoloza ungwengwengwe lwezakhamuzi ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutshekwe icala.

Isivikelo Engozini Ephindwe Kabili

IReopardy Claus ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba umangalele umuntu kabili ngecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa. Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamacala angokomthetho futhi sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba azame kaningi ukubopha othile kuze kube yilapho ethola umphumela omuhle. Uma ijaji selimxoxile ummangalelwa, umshushisi akanakummangalela lowo mmangalelwa noma alethe amacala amasha asekelwe ekuziphatheni okufanayo.

Isivikelo esiphindwe kabili uma ijaji libekwa futhi lifungwe icala elingokomthetho, noma uma ufakazi wokuqala efukwa ecaleni lejaji. Uma inkantolo iphambaniswa ngezizathu ezifana nejaji elilengisiwe, uhulumeni ngokuvamile angalilungisa icala ngenxa yokuthi ingozi ayifinyelelanga esinqumweni sokugcina. Nokho, uma umshushisi ebangela ngamabomu ukuqulwa kwecala ngecala elingafanele, inkantolo ingavinjelwa.

Umehluko obalulekile uhlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwezemthetho zobugebengu nezenzo zomphakathi. Ukuziphatha okufanayo kungaholela kukho kokubili ukumangalelwa kwecala nasemacaleni omphakathi ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu okhululwe ekuhlaseleni kobugebengu angabhekana nokumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi ngenxa yesehlakalo esifanayo ngoba amacala ombango womphakathi ahlanganisa indinganiso ehlukile engokomthetho nengase ibe nemiphumela ehlukile. Ngokufanayo, ohulumeni bombuso nohulumeni bangamangalela umuntu ngokuziphatha okufanayo uma lowo kuziphatha kwephula imithetho kuzo zombili izinganiso zikahulumeni, ngaphansi kwalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "ubukhosi obuvamile".

Isivikelo Ekuzichayeni

Ukuzithethelela kuka-Claus mhlawumbe kuyilungiselelo elaziwayo kakhulu leSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Liqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu "ophoqelelwa kunoma iliphi icala ukuba abe ngufakazi omelene naye." Leli lungelo livumela abantu ukuba balahle ukuphendula imibuzo engase ibabangele ukuba baphathwe kabi. Isivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwenkantolo kunoma yisiphi isimo lapho uhulumeni ephoqelela khona ubufakazi, kuhlanganise nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa, ukuqulwa kwezindaba, nokuqulwa kwemithetho.

Isixwayiso esidumile seMiranda esixwayisayo sokuthi amaphoyisa asho izisho phakathi nokuboshwa sisuka ngqo kulokhu kuboshwa. Miranda v. I-Arizona [1966], iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukuthi abantu abasolwayo kumelwe batshelwe ilungelo labo lokuthula nelungelo labo kummeli ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuphenywa ngemibuzo yelungelo. Izinkulumo ezitholakala ngaphandle kwalezi zixwayiso zivame ukuba zingasebenzi enkantolo. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu baqonde amalungelo abo engokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba baphenywe endaweni ezungezile.

Ilungelo elimelene nokuziphikisa lisebenza kuphela ebufakazini obufakazelwayo, hhayi ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Amaphoyisa angafuna ukuba kucaciswe ukuthi anikeze iminwe, amasampula, igazi, noma ukuhlanganyela ekulandeleni imigqa ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngoba lezizinhlobo zobufakazi azibhekwa njengeziwubufakazi. Umehluko ukhona ngokuthi ubufakazi budinga yini umsoleki ukuba axhumane nokwaziswa noma imicabango. Ukuvuma izono kuyisiqinisekiso, kodwa ukunikeza isampula lombhalo akuyona.

Inkampani ayifuni ukukhipha izincwadi ezisekelwe eSichibiyelweni Sesihlanu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi leli lungelo liyilungelo lomuntu siqu futhi alidluliseli kumalungu ahlangene, ngisho noma la maphepha enganikeza abantu abalawula inhlangano icala.

Inqubo KaClaus Elindelekile

I-Gast Process Claus imemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu ozothi "aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho." Leli lungiselelo lifuna uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokwenza izenzo ezithinta amalungelo omuntu ayisisekelo. Inqubo isebenza ngezindlela ezimbili ezihlukene: inqubo yokulungisa iprocedro nenqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo efanelekile engokwesiko idinga ukuba uhulumeni asebenzise izindlela ezilungile lapho encisha othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza isaziso sezenzo ezihlongozwayo, ithuba lokuzwa, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi. Izinqubo ezithile ezidingekayo ziyahluka kuye ngokwesimo senzalo esesigxotsheni nangezimo zendaba. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqeda amalungelo abazali kudinga isivikelo esikhulu kakhulu kunokulahla umshayeli i- amalayisensi ngenxa yokuthi izithakazelo ezihilelekile zibaluleke kakhulu.

Inqubo efanele yokushada [ ivimbela uhulumeni ekuphutheni amalungelo athile ayisisekelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinqubo ezisetshenziswa ziyini. Lemfundiso ivikela amalungelo akhona "esekelwe emqondweni wenkululeko emisiwe," kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokukhulisa abantwana, ilungelo lokufuna imfihlo, nelungelo lokwenqaba ukwelashwa. Inqubo efanelekile idinga ukuba izinkantolo zihlole ukuthi imithetho elinganisela lamalungelo ayisisekelo ifeza inzuzo kahulumeni futhi ihlonyiswe kancane ukuze ifinyelele lesosithakazelo.

I-System Process Clause yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu isebenza ngokukhethekile kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sineSiphendu se-AdT Proces Claus esebenza kohulumeni bezwe. Ndawonye, lezi zigaba zakha indinganiso engaguquki yokulunga kuso sonke isimiso somthetho waseMelika.

Ukuthatha UClaus

I-Puries Claus, eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi i-Eminient Coant Claus, ithi impahla yomuntu siqu akumelwe ithathwe ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, ngaphandle kwembuyiselo." Leli lungiselelo livumela uhulumeni ukuba athathe impahla yangasese ukuze enze imisebenzi yomphakathi kodwa lidinga ukukhokhwa kwenani elifanele lempahla. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuthatha kwakhe kufeza injongo yomphakathi futhi kumelwe anikeze isinxephezelo esanele ngenxa yokulahlekelwa.

Izindawo eziphambili zisebenza ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemisebenzi kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokwakha imigwaqo emikhulu, izikole, amapaki, nezinye izakhiwo zomphakathi. Uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo eziqondile ukuze asebenzise lo mbuso, kuhlanganise nokunikeza isaziso kubanikazi bempahla, ukuqulisa izikhalo zomphakathi, nokwenza isithembiso esihle sokuthenga leyompahla ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukulahlwa.

Isici esiphikisanayo sokuthatha i-Piting Claus hilela incazelo "yokusetshenziswa komphakathi." Kelo v. Idolobha laseNew London [2005], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho kuyafaneleka njengomsebenzi womphakathi, uvumela uhulumeni ukuba uthathe impahla kumnikazi othile ozimele futhi uyidlulisele kwenye injongo yokuvuselelwa kwezomnotho. Lesinqumo sabangela ukuphambana okukhulu emphakathini futhi saholela amazwe amaningi ukuba adlulise imithetho ebeke imingcele ephakeme yezentengiselwano yezomnotho. Uhulumeni womphakathi namazwe amaningi manje anezimfuneko eziqinile zokuthatha izinto ezizuzisa amalungu azimele.

Ukuthatha amakheli ka-Claus e-Iakes futhi kuthatha amakheli okuqondisa, lapho imithetho kahulumeni inciphisa khona inani lempahla kakhulu kangangokuba inciphisa umnikazi wakho konke ukusetshenziswa kwempahla okusebenzayo ngokwezimali. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umnini mpahla angase avunyelwe ukukhokhelwa ngisho noma uhulumeni engayithathanga ngokomthetho impahla. Izinkantolo zihlola ukuthatha iziphakamiso ngesisekelo secala, zicabangela inzuzo yezezimali yemithetho, izinga eliphazamisa ngalo izithembiso ezilinganiselwe zemali, kanye nobuntu bukahulumeni.

Indlela Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Esisebenza Ngayo

Ukuqonda ukuthi lezisivikelo zisebenza kanjani ezimweni zezwe langempela kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele amalungelo azo futhi ziwasebenzise ngokuphumelelayo. Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sisebenza ngokwehlukile kuye ngomongo, futhi ukwazi ukuthi isivikelo ngasinye siyasebenza nini kungenza umehluko omkhulu emiphumeleni engokomthetho.

Lapho Amaphoyisa Ehlangana

Uma bemiswa amaphoyisa noma beboshwa, abantu banelungelo lokuthula futhi kufanele basho ngokucacile ukuthi banelungelo lokusebenzisa lelolungelo. Ukuthula nje kungase kwanele ukucela isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuzo zonke izimo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi umuntu kumelwe anxuse ilungelo lokuthula noma ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko. Izinkulumo ezinjengo "Ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli" noma "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula"

Ngemva kokucela ilungelo lokuthula, amaphoyisa kumelwe ayeke ukuphenya ngokushesha. Nokho, angaqhubeka ephenya ngezinye izindlela, njengokufuna i-’ esolayo noma ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Isivikelo ekuzivikeleni ekuzichayeni amaphoyisa awenqabele ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungabonisi sisekelo noma ukuqaphela ukuziphatha okungase kube yicala.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela kokwaziswa ngaphandle kokuphenywa akuhlanganisi isiHluzi sesihlanu. Isivikelo sisebenza kuphela ekufakazeni ngempoqo. Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kokubuzwa imibuzo noma ngaphandle kokuba sejele, ukuvuma izono kungathandeka ngisho noma kungaxwayiswa uMindanda. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi izimemezelo zenziwa ngaphansi kokucindezelwa uhulumeni noma ukuphoqelelwa.

Enkantolo

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, abamangalelwa banelungelo lokwenqaba ukufakazela, futhi umshushisi akakwazi ukuphawula ngokwenqaba kwabo ukwenza kanjalo. Ijaji liyalwa ukuba lingatholi izinkulumo eziphambene kummangalelwa i-’ isinqumo sokuthula. Lokhu kuvikela kuvumela abamangalelwa ukuba bafake icala labo ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa ukuba bahlanganyele ekumangalelweni kwabo.

OFakazi abangewona abamangalelwa bangacela futhi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ukuba benqabe ukuphendula imibuzo ethile engase ibafake esiphakamisweni. Nokho, ofakazi abakwazi ukuphendula ngokukhetha eminye imibuzo kuyilapho benqaba ukuphendula abanye ngendaba efanayo. Uma ufakazi eqala ukunikeza ubufakazi ngesihloko esithile, ngokuvamile abanakulicela ilungelo lokuphendula imibuzo ehlobene naso. OFakazi kumelwe baqinise lelilungelo ngesisekelo sombuzo esingabuzwanga, futhi umahluleli enquma ukuthi lelilungelo liyasebenza yini ngokufanelekile.

Ezimweni zomphakathi, amaqembu angacela iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ukuba sigweme ukuveza ubufakazi obungase buwafake icala ezindabeni zobugebengu. Nokho, ngokungafani nasecaleni lobugebengu, abahluleli becala lomphakathi bangase bathathe izincazelo eziphambene kuqembu le-’ ukwenqaba ukufakazela noma ukuveza izincwadi. Lomehluko ubonisa izinjongo ezihlukene zobugebengu nomthetho kanye nezigxobo ezihilelekile.

Ebhizinisini Nasemasimweni Okuqondisa

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sisebenza ngokungafani ezimisweni zebhizinisi nakwezezimiso. Abantu ngabanye banganqaba ukuveza izincwadi zabo siqu ezingase zibafake emadolobheni, kodwa ilungelo alidluleli nasemalini egciniwe yezebhizinisi egcinwe yizinhlangano zezebhizinisi noma ezinye izinhlangano zezebhizinisi. Izikhulu zezezimali kumelwe ziveze amarekhodi enkampani ngisho noma leyo mibhalo ingabanikeza icala labo.

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zivame ukucela ukwaziswa emabhizinisini, futhi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu singanikeza isivikelo esilinganiselwe kulendaba. Abantu banganqaba ukuphendula imibuzo phakathi nokuphenya okugunyaziwe uma izimpendulo zabo zingaholela ekumangalelweni ngecala. Nokho, amasu amaningi okulawula ahlanganisa amalungiselelo okuvikela abantu ekuvikelweni komthetho asekelwe ebufakazini babo obuphoqelelwe, obususa ngokuphumelelayo isithiyo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ukuze bathole ukwaziswa.

Imfundiso edingekayo inikeza esinye isivikelo esihlukile esiphethweni seSichibiyelo sesihlanu, uma uhulumeni ufuna amabhizinisi ukuba agcine amarekhodi athile enjongo yokuqondisa, lawo mibhalo ibhekwa njengezincwadi zomphakathi kunokuba ibhekwe njengezincwadi zangasese. Uhulumeni angaphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kwamarekhodi adingekayo ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo sesihlanu, ngisho noma imibhalo iqukethe ukwaziswa okungasolwa.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile NgeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Ukungaqondi okuningi okusakazekile ngeSichibiyelo Sesihlanu kungaholela ekudidekeni ngamalungelo angokomthetho nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Ukufihla: Ukufakaza kweyesihlanu kusho ukuthi unecala. Isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ekuzichayeni komuntu siqu sikhona ngempela ngoba abantu abangenacala bangase babe nezizathu ezifanele zokugwema ukufakaza. Ufakazi angase esabe ukuthi izimpendulo eziyiqiniso zingaqondwa ngokungeyikho noma zisetshenziswe ngezindlela eziholela ekumangaleleni izindaba ezingaqondakali. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele njalo ukuthi ukudlulisa iSibuyelo seFindre akukona ukuvunywa kwecala nokuthi akukho sizathu esiphambene okumelwe sithathwe kumoniwe umSholistestest ukuthula.

Ukuvikelwa: Isichibiyelo sesihlanu sisebenza kuphela enkantolo yezigebengu. Nakuba ukulungisa kukhuluma ngokuqondile "amacala obugebengu," isivikelo ekuzibekeleni ngokwakho kusebenza kunoma yisiphi isimo lapho uhulumeni ephoqelela khona ubufakazi, kuhlanganise nezinkulumo zomphakathi, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuphenywa kwengqungquthela, nokuphenywa kwemibuzo. Isivikelo sibanzi ngokwanele ukufihla noma isiphi isimo lapho umuntu i-’ izimpendulo zingaholela ekumangalelweni ngobugebengu.

Ukungavumelani: Ungamane uncenge owesihlanu uma ungummangalelwa. Noma yimuphi ufakazi anganxusa isiMithelela sesihlanu ukuze agweme ukuphendula imibuzo engase ibafake icala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayingxenye yecala. Ilungelo lilodwa futhi lingokafakazi ngamunye. Nokho, ilungelo alimvumeli ufakazi ukuba anqabe ukuphendula imibuzo engabangela omunye umuntu.

Ukufakwa kwe-Misc: Ukwehlelwa kabili kusho ukuthi awusoze wazanywa kabili. Isivikelo sengozi esiphindwe kabili siqukethe okuhlukile okumbalwa okubalulekile. Njengoba kuphawulwe ngaphambili, imfundiso yobukhosi obubili ivumela kokubili ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni ukuba bamangalele othile ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwa kabili akukuvimbeli ukuqulwa ngemva kokuba ummangali-jaji olengi, noma ukudluliswa okuphumelelayo okubangelwa yisidingo esisobala. Ukumangalelwa kwamacala omba uhulumeni kanye nobugebengu ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo kuvunyelwe.

Ukugxembukisa: Uhulumeni angathatha indawo yakho nganoma isiphi isizathu uma nje ikhokha. I-Times Claus idinga kokubili ukusetshenziswa komphakathi nembuyiselo. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuthatha inzuzo engokomthetho yomphakathi, futhi umnikazi wendawo unelungelo lokubekela inselele ukuthatha inkantolo inkantolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezifanele, kuhlanganise nokunikeza isaziso nethuba lokuzwa. Abaphathi bezindawo abakholelwa ukuthi impahla yabo ithathwe ngaphandle nje kwenkokhelo bangasola ngokumelene nokubuyiselwa kwecala.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu Embukisweni Wanamuhla Ongokomthetho

Intuthuko yamuva kwezobuchwepheshe nomthetho iye yaphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nendlela isiMithende Sesihlanu esisebenza ngayo ezimweni zanamuhla.Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nendlela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esingokwesiko esihunyushelwa ngayo ezimweni zanamuhla ezihilela ubufakazi obuphathelene nemishini yokuxhumana nama - computer, kanye namasu athuthukisiwe okuhlola.

Enye indaba eyenzekayo ihilela ukuthi uhulumeni angaphoqelela abantu ukuba bafunde imishini yabo yezobuchwepheshe noma anikeze i-password ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo. Izinkantolo ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene kulombuzo, ngokukholelwa ukuthi ukufushaniswa kwemiyalo kunikeza ubufakazi obuyisiqinisekiso obuvikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sesihlanu, kuyilapho abanye beye bathola ukuthi ukunikeza igama eliyisikhala kuyisenzo esingokoqobo kunokuba kube amazwi afakazelwa. INkantolo Ephakeme ayikayixazululi ngokunembile lendaba, yenza kungaqiniseki ukuthi isilinganiso seSiphendumiso Sesihlanu sesilinganiso senkathi yobuchwepheshe.

Enye indawo ethuthukayo ihilela ukusetshenziswa kokuzivikela ekuphoqeleleni ubufakazi. Abashushisi banganikeza ofakazi ukuzivikela ukuze basuse iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu futhi babaphoqelele ukuba banikeze ubufakazi. Ukuvikela komshuwa ekumangalelweni kokuziphatha okuxoxwe ebufakazini, kuyilapho ukusebenzisa ukuvikeleka kuhulumeni kuvimbela kuphela ukusebenzisa ubufakazi ngokwabo ekumangalelweni. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa isivikelo sokuzivikela kwanele ngokusemthethweni ukuphoqelela ubufakazi, isho ukuthi uhulumeni ungaphoqelela ubufakazi ukuba bufakaze uma nje bungavumi ukusebenzisa lokho bufakazi kubo kamuva.

Ukuhlangana kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu nezinkathazo zesizwe kuye kwadala impikiswano enkulu. Izinkantolo ziye zavumela uhulumeni ukuba athole inkululeko enkulu yokunikeza ubufakazi obuvumelana nomthetho wesizwe wezokuphepha, ikakhulukazi uma ofakazi bethola ukwaziswa okuhlukanisayo. Nokho, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sihlala siqinile, futhi abantu balondoloza ilungelo lokumelana nokuzihlukanisa ngisho nasezindabeni ezibucayi zokuphepha.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwesichibiyelo Sesihlanu Namanye Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu asikho ngokuzihlukanisa kodwa sisebenza kanye nezinye izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze kwakhiwe isimiso esibanzi samalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlobana kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo usebenza kanjani njengesimiso sokuvikela esihlangene.

IsiHlulo seSiphendulo se-SIBRAT[ siqinisekisa ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi elisheshayo, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, nelungelo lenqubo ephoqelelwe ukuze bathole ofakazi. Lezi zivikelo ziphelelisa iSiphendu sesihlanu zivikela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa banamathuluzi adingekile okuthuthukisa isivikelo esiphumelelayo. Ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ikakhulukazi, lisiza abamangalelwa ukuba baqonde futhi basebenzise amalungelo abo eSiphendulweni sesihlanu phakathi nokuphenywa kwamaphoyisa nenkantolo.

ISichibiyelo se-FLT sesine [ sivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli, okudinga iziqondiso ezisekelwe endongeni okungenzeka ikhona. Lokhu kuvikela kuhlangene neSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngoba ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphenya okungekho emthethweni bungakhishwa ekuqulweni ngaphansi komthetho owe-odale kanye nowesihlanu. Umthetho wokukhipha usebenza izinjongo zokwehliswa kokuziphatha okubi ngokuvimbela amaphoyisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa ababoshelwanga ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obungavunyelwe umthetho.

Isichibiyeli se-Fourtenth sisebenzisa izivikelo eziningi zeSigqizo samaLungelo kuhulumeni ngemfundiso ehlanganisiwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi isivikelo sesihlanu seSichibiyelo sisebenza ezizweni ngeGazentementth Confected ’ i-Sct Programme Claus. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isivikelo ekuzibekeleni ngokwayo, ukunqandelwa kwengozi ephindwe kabili, nemfuneko yenqubo efanele. I-Grand Jury Clausle ihlala ingenayo, izincazelo azidingeniswanga ukusebenzisa izikhalo ezinkulu ze-jaji ze-feylon.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho ESichibiyelo Sesihlanu

Ukwazi indlela efanele yokunxusa nokuvikela amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sesihlanu kungenza umehluko omkhulu ezimweni ezingokomthetho.

sho ngokucacile inhloso yakho yokuthula. Uma nje uthi "Ngisebenzisa ilungelo lami lokuthula" noma "Ngifuna ukukhuluma nommeli" unikeza isaziso esicacile sokuthi ucela amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Gwema izinkulumo ezicacile ezingase zichazwe njengokungawatholi amalungelo akho. Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi uyafuna ukukhuluma nommeli, phambuka ohlangothini lokucela othile.

Ungaphenduli imibuzo ngemva kokubuza amalungelo akho. Uma usuthe uthule noma ufuna ummeli, yeka ukukhuluma ngokushesha. Noma yiziphi izinkulumo ozenzayo ngemva kokucela amalungelo akho zingasetshenziswa kuwe, ngisho noma amaphoyisa eqhubeka ekukubuza. Uma amaphoyisa ephikelela ekubuzeni, phinda uphinde ukuthi usebenzisa ilungelo lakho ukuba uthule futhi ufune ukukhuluma nommeli.

Ngaphansi kwe-pane ime ukuthi ukuthula kukodwa kungase kunganele. Kwezinye izimo, ukumane nje uthule ngaphandle kokucela ngokuqondile amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu kungase kungavimbeli uhulumeni ukuba akhulume ngokuthula kwakho noma asebenzise ukukuchapha. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi umuntu kumelwe ngokusobala acele ilungelo lokuthola isivikelo esiphelele. Uma kungaqinisekwa, khuluma futhi usho ngokucacile inhloso yakho yokuthula.

Ukukhomba nommeli ngaphambi kokuba enze noma yiziphi izinkulumo. Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho wobugebengu angakululeka ngokuthi ukukhuluma nomthetho kusemqoka wakho futhi kungakusiza ukuba ulawule ukucupha amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Ngisho noma ukholelwa ukuthi awunacala, ukubuza ummeli ngaphambi kokwenza iziphakamiso kungavimbela abavikeli abahlonisiwe besivikelo somthetho-mthetho.

Ayabhala noma yikuphi ukusebenzelana nokugcinwa komthetho. Uma uphenywa amaphoyisa noma ubizwa ukuba ufakaze, gcina amarekhodi anemininingwane ezokuxhumana, kuhlanganise nosuku, isikhathi, indawo, amagama abaphathi noma izikhulu abahilelekile, kanye nokubaluleka kwanoma yimiphi imibuzo ebuzwayo. Le mibhalo ingaba wusizo uma ufuna ukubekela inselele ukufaneleka kwamazwi noma ukuhlangana okungokomthetho kamuva.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo KweSichibiyelo Sesihlanu

IsiHluzi sesihlanu siseyisisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika, sivikela izakhamuzi kuhulumeni eziphanjwe ngokungemthetho futhi siqinisekise ubulungisa obuyisisekelo emacaleni angokomthetho. izigaba zazo ezinhlanu zisebenza ndawonye ukuze zakhe isimiso somthetho esihlonipha umuntu ngamunye, sivimbele ukuxhashazwa kukahulumeni, futhi silondoloze isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokufakazela icala kunokuba ufune abantu ukuba bafakazele ukuthi abanacala.

Nakuba ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu kuqhubeka nokushintsha ngoshintsho kwezobuchwepheshe nasemphakathini, izimiso eziyisisekelo aziguquguquki. Uhulumeni ngeke aphoqelele abantu ukuba bazifake bona ngokwabo, angabi namuntu ozoqungatha icala elifanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe, kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba aphuce noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, futhi kumelwe akhokhe imbuyiselo lapho ethatha indawo yangasese ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi.

Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda iSichibiyelo sesihlanu kusho ukuqonda amandla ezinawo lapho zibhekene nesimiso somthetho. Ukwazi lezisivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo kunika abantu amandla okuqinisa amalungelo abo ngokuqiniseka futhi baqaphele lapho lawomalungelo ephulwa. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sisebenza hhayi nje njengesivikelo esingokomthetho kuphela kodwa njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi esimisweni sobulungisa saseMelika, uhulumeni kumelwe aqinisekise icala lakhe ngokungakhethi nangenhlonipho ngamalungelo omuntu ngamunye.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana neSichibiyelo sesihlanu kanye nezinhlelo zaso, hlola imithombo yezezimali ebizwa ngokuthi i- Cornell Information Institute noma i-National Archals[[ yemibhalo egcwele kanye nomongo ongokomlando. Isiqondiso esengeziwe sokusebenzisa amalungelo akho omthetho singatholakala ngokuvikela amalungelo e-"[FLT:] [FLT]] ALCLU Alwazi Amalungelo Akho [[[FLT]], okunikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho. Kulezo ezibhekene nezimangalelo zobugebengu, ukuxhumana nommeli womthetho ofanelekayo ukuzivikela ezimele ukuvikela amalungelo eGOMthethweni ezigeqekeleleni ezika-5 ezimweni ezithile.