Ukulingana phakathi kwenhlalayenza nelungelo lomthetho kuyinto enzima emphakathini wanamuhla. Njengoba amazwe ebhekene nezinsongo ezikhulayo ezibangelwa ubuphekula, ukuhlaselwa kweze-inthanethi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, nokungahleleki kwezezombangazwe, umbango phakathi kokuqinisekisa ukuphepha komphakathi nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye uyakhula. Lesi sihloko sihlola umongo ongokomlando, izisekelo ezingokomthetho, izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezendaba okulawula lesi sihloko esibalulekile. Ukuqonda indlela idemocrali elisebenza ngayo lesimiso sombuso wentando yeningi kubalulekile ukuze kube nezakhamuzi ezifundileyo nezingalawuleki.

Umlando

Kuwo wonke umlando, imiphakathi iye yalwa nesidingo sokulondeka naphezu kokuhlasela kwangaphandle, ukuvukela kwangaphakathi, nezinye izinsongo ezikhona. Izisekelo zokuqala zamalungelo omthetho zenzakalela ngokuqondile ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla abalawuli abamisa uhlelo olungcono lwenkululeko. Lezi zehlakalo zamisa izimiso ezihlala njalo eziqhubeka zithonya ubujukuju banamuhla.

  • IMagna Carta (1215) — iphoqelelwe kuNkosi John yaseNgilandi, yamisa izimiso zenqubo efanele, njengelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga nesivikelo ekuboshweni ngokubopha. U-Claus 39 uyaziwa ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile ozakubanjwa noma aboshwe “ngaphandle kokwahlulela okungokomthetho kwabalingana naye noma ngomthetho wezwe.”
  • Isicelo sokudla (1628) — yaqinisekisa ukuthi inkosi ayinakuphoqa umthetho wokulwa, amasosha ayizingxenye ezine emakhaya abantu, noma intela ye-levy ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende. Yagcizelela umthetho ngokumelene negunya lobukhosi.
  • [ I-Lill of Rights yaseNgilandi (1689) — Isivikelo esiqinile ekujezisweni okunonya nokungavamile, ibheyili ephakeme, namabutho amile ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume. Yaqinisekisa futhi ilungelo lokunxusa inkosi.
  • Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. (1787) noBill of Rights (1791) — UMthetho-sisekelo wakha uhlelo lukahulumeni olinganiselwe, kuyilapho izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi ziguqula ngokuqondile amalungelo ayisisekelo: inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, iphephandaba, ingqungquthela, ivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka (Impoqo ye-Fourth), kwesokudla ukuthwala izikhali (i-Sud) nenqubo efanele (i-Fod).
  • IziXhobo zamalungelo abantu zeMpi Yezwe II [ — Umthetho Wendawo Yonke Wamalungelo Abantu (1948) kanye nezivumelwano ezalandela zamisa isivumelwano sezizwe zonke mayelana namalungelo omphakathi, ezombangazwe, ezomnotho, namasiko okungekho mbuso ongase uwaphule ngisho nangezizathu zokuphepha.

Lezi zingqopha - mlando zibonisa indlela elokhu ilandelana: izinkinga ezinkulu zokulondeka ngokuvamile zibangela ukwanda kwamandla kahulumeni, kodwa izinguquko ezingokomthetho ezalandela zivame ukuwanqanda lawo mazwe ukuze alondoloze inkululeko.

Imishini Eyinhloko Yesakhelo Esingokomthetho

Kunezici ezihlukahlukene ezingokomthetho ezizogcina ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka namalungelo.

Izivumelwano Nemihlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zinendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izimiso zenhlalayenza yesizwe zezokuphepha kuyilapho zisekela amalungelo abantu. Zibeka izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe futhi zinikeze izimiso zokwengamela, nakuba ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuhlukene. Amathuluzi angakholeki ahlanganisa:

  • ISimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu (1948) — ISiphakamiso 12 sivikela ekuphazanyisweni okuzenzekelayo kwezindaba zomuntu siqu, umkhaya, ikhaya, noma iposi. ISiphakamiso 29 siyavuma ukuthi amalungelo angalinganiselwa ngemithetho kuphela edinga ukuqashelwa okufanelekile kwamalungelo abanye nezimfuneko zokuziphatha, ukuhleleka komphakathi, nenhlalakahle evamile.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe (1966) — ISiphakamiso 4 sivumela ukukhipha izibopho ezithile phakathi “nezimo eziphuthumayo zomphakathi ezisongela ukuphila kwesizwe,” uma kunikezwa izinyathelo ezidingwa ngokuqinile yizimo eziphuthumayo futhi ezingangqubuzani nezinye izibopho zomthetho wezizwe zonke. Le nkulumo iye yabizwa phakathi nobunzima nobhadane.
  • I-European Convention on Human Rights (1950) — ISiphakamiso 15 ngokufanayo sivumela ukuhlatshwa kwamacala kodwa sidinga izifundazwe ukuze zazise uMkhandlu WaseYurophu. INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu iye yasungula ukulinganisela okukhulu ngokwesilinganiso ezindinganisweni zokuphepha.

Umthetho - sisekelo Wezwe

Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ngalinye uhlela ukulinganisela phakathi kwezinyathelo zokuphepha nesivikelo senkululeko yomphakathi. Izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho zisebenza njengemida yokugcina. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • United States — Isichibiyeli sesine sivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; Isichibiyeli sesihlanu siqinisekisa inqubo efanele; Isichibiyeli Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo nokuhlangana. INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukulinganisela isithakazelo sombuso ngokuphoqelelayo kumalungelo abantu ngabanye, isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwamalungelo ayisisekelo.
  • I-Eupanon Union — I-Charter of Fundamental Rights enshrines (i-Article 7), isivikelo sokwaziswa (Article 8), kanye nenkululeko yokuveza (i-Article 11). INkantolo yeJaji ye-European Union ishabalalise iziqondiso zezekhono zokuhluleka ukuhlanganisa.
  • Indiya — ISiphakamiso 21 siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuphila nenkululeko yomuntu siqu, iNkantolo Ephakeme eye yachaza ngokwengxenye ukuthi ihlanganisa ukuzifihla kwezindaba njengelungelo eliyisisekelo (I- Justice K.S.Plaswamy v. Union of India, 2017). Izilinganiso zokuphepha zikahulumeni kumelwe zidlule uvivinyo oluthathu: ukuthembeka, injongo esemthethweni, kanye nokulingana.
  • .Manada — Ingxenye 1 yeCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ivumela “imingcele enjalo enengqondo emiswe umthetho njengaleyo engathethelelwa ngokufanelekile emphakathini okhululekile nowentando yeningi.” Ukuhlola i-Oakes kudinga ukuba imingcele ibe nesilinganiso esilinganiselwe futhi inciphe kancane.

Impikiswano Yamanje

Eminyakeni yamuva, izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokulondeka nomthetho - sisekelo ziye zakhula, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yobuphekula, ukusongelwa nge - Internet, nezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi.

  • Ukuzuza namalungelo okuba wedwa
  • Ukumelana nezindlela zobuphekula nenkululeko yomphakathi
  • Impilo yomphakathi inikeza inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye
  • Izinqubo zokuzichaza nokuphepha kwemininingwane

Imfundo Namalungelo Okuzifihla

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kuye kwaholela emandleni angenakulinganiswa. Ohulumeni manje bangaqoqa inqwaba yemidwebo yemethane, ukuqaphela ubuso, ukusebenzisa amaphoyisa abikezelayo, kanye nokuqondisa imithombo yezokuxhumana. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nokuthi ohulumeni bangaziqapha kangakanani izakhamuzi egameni lokulondeka ngaphandle kokuphula amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Izinhlelo zokuhlola eziningi .N.Njengalezo ezavezwa nguEdward Snowden ngo-2013. Iqoqo elikhulu lemininingwane yezokuxhumana elivezwa yi-NSA. Ukukhala komphakathi okwalandela kwabangela izinguquko, kuhlanganise ne-USA INVANDLER Act (2015) eqede iqoqo elikhulu ngaphansi koMthetho we-PATRIOT nokukhanya okwengeziwe. Nokho, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha ziyaqhubeka zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlola ezibanzi ngaphansi kweziphathimandla ezibanzi njenge-Od Order 123333 ne-Proadssionsments Act, okuvumela abantu bakwamanye amazwe ukuba babheke ngisho nalapho bexhumana namaMelika. Abagxeki baphikisa izinhlelo zokulawula kwe-Genetic Reformation nesourcence.

Izinkantolo ziye zathatha izimo ezihlukene. INkantolo yaseYurophu yobulungisa Schrems II yenze ukuba i-Aspen Shield simel ingasebenzi i-Associal symee memone ngenxa yokukhathalela i-U.S. ukufinyelela kolwazi lwaseYurophu. Ngokungafani, iNkantolo ePhakathi ye-U.S. ePhakathi Ephezulu [FLT:] [FLT]] r. California [20] [20] [i-Platene] iqaphela ukuthi izinombolo ze-data yocingo kanye nendawo yocingo ne-sethiwezin, ifuna ukupheka kwe-FLTy [[FLT]

Ezinye iziteshi zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kobuso obuqashelwe yimithetho. Amadolobha amaningana (San Francisco, Boston, Portland) aye avala ukusetshenziswa kwawo, aveza ubandlululo lobuhlanga nokuntuleka komthetho. Lenkulumo - mpikiswano iveza ukuphepha komphakathi okuwusizo. Okufana nokuveza izingozi zokuqapha inqwaba yabantu kanye nemiphumela eshaqisayo engqungqutheleni yomphakathi.

Izinyathelo Zokumelana Nobugebengu

Abameleli baphikisa imithetho yobuphekula ngokuvamile bandisa imibuso kahulumeni, okuholela ekukhathazekeni ngokuthi kungenzeka kusetshenziswe kabi.

I-USA PARIOTTT Act e-United States, i-Antítrist, uCrime and Security Act 2001 e-United Kingdom, kanye nemithetho efanayo e-Australia, eCanada, naphesheya kweYurophu. Lokhu kuqapha okukhulu, ukuqapha, ukuvalelwa ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa (umz., iziyalezo zokulawula, ukuvinjelwa kweziboshwa) kanye nokuhlakanipha kokulawula amaqembu amaphekula. Abagxeki baphikisa izinyathelo ezinjalo zokuhlasela amaSulumane, baphula inqubo efanele, futhi bangasetshenziswa ekulweni nokuphikisa kwezombangazwe.

I-Investigation Powers Act 2016 2016 .() yabheja i- “Snooper’s Charter” [1] Izinkampani ze-Internet ukuze zigcine amarekhodi ezincwadi izinyanga ezingu-12 futhi zinikeze amandla omthetho abanzi okuwafinyelela. I-UN Special Rapporteur lungelo lokufuna ukuba wedwa iye yazwakalisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngokuvumelana kwayo nomthetho wamalungelo abantu womhlaba wonke.

Isimiso esiyinhloko esingokomthetho yisimiso sokulinganisela: izinyathelo zokuphepha kumelwe zibe yindlela enzima kakhulu yokufinyelela injongo esemthethweni. Izinkantolo eJalimane, eCanada, futhi iNkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungu yamaLungelo iqedile noma ilinganiselwe yamalungiselelo ahlulekayo ukuphumelela lolu vivinyo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu Szabó ne Visy v. Hungary (20) ikholelwa ukuthi ukuqapha okuyimfihlo kumelwe kusekelwe “ukusola okunengqondo” futhi iholele ekuqondiseni okuzimele.

Impilo Yomphakathi Nenkululeko Yomuntu Ngamunye

Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi, njengezifo eziwumshayabhuqe, ohulumeni bangase babeke imingcele ethinta inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye (inkululeko, iziphakamiso, izimfuneko zokugoma, izintambo zokuvala imoto, nokuxhumana ngemishini. Inkulumo - mpikiswano igxile ekutheni izinyathelo ezinjalo zifanelekile yini ngenxa yenzuzo enkulu noma uma ziphula amalungelo omthetho.

Isifo se-COVOVID-19 sanikeza ukuhlolwa kwembulunga yonke okungakaze kube khona. Amazwe amaningi ayencike kumthetho wezempilo yomphakathi nakumandla aphuthumayo, ngokuvamile edlula izinqubo ezivamile zomthetho. Izinkantolo ezisezindaweni eziningana zasekela iziphakamiso ezifana nezivalo zokuvala nokufihla imbobo ngaphansi kwemithetho ye- “police” eqanjwe ngokomlando engokomthetho, kodwa abulala imingcele ebanzi noma ewumthetho oweqikelezayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S i-Roma Katolika Diocese of Brooklyn. Cuomo v)

Imithetho ye-vaccine yezisebenzi zokwelapha, izisebenzi zikahulumeni, noma umphakathi jikelele yabangela izimpi ezinkulu ezingokomthetho. Nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela izigunyazo zomjovo wokugomela emsebenzini Biden v. Missouri [2022] [202]) yezezosizo zezempilo, yabulala isilinganiso esiphuthumayo seOSHA kubaqashi abakhulu e[FLT] uvo lwasesizwenity [FONCE v. OSTA [202] ezisekelweni ukuthi inkampani yadlula igunya layo. Ubunzima phakathi kwempilo ne-EXBMFLT buhlala bungaphelisiwe.

Izinhlelo ezilandelelanayo ezisetshenziswa ngemishini zaphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuyimfihlo, lapho ochwepheshe bexwayisa ngokuthi ukugcinwa kokwaziswa okusemzileni kwezifo kungahlolelwa ukuqapha. Amazwe anjengeSingapore ne-South Korea asebenzisa ukuqapha kwemishini ebanzi, kanti izizwe zaseYurophu zisebenzisa izimiso zokuzithandela ezihloniphekile, ezibhalwe ngokwezinombolo zokushona kwelanga. Isifundo siwukuthi isilinganiso sempilo yomphakathi kumelwe sibe sisobala, silinganise, futhi isikhathi esibekwe ukuba sigcine ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukutholakala Kwazo Ngobuchwepheshe Nokuphepha Kokwaziswa

Njengoba amazwe akha izimiso zezibalo ze-eÚgovernance, ukufakwa kwezezimali, nokulondeka kwezwe, ukungezwani phakathi kosizo, ukulondeka, nokuzimela. Isimiso se-Aadhaar saseNdiya, uhlelo lwe-ID ye-biometric, lwabekelwa inselele eNkantolo Ephakeme. INkantolo e-Plateswamy I[ [208]) yasekela uhlelo kodwa yalinganisela ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwalo okusemgoqo, ibusa ukuthi izinhlangano ezizimele azinakufuna i-Aadhaar yenkonzo. Izimpikiswano ezifanayo zivuthela amakhadi e-ID ezwe eKenya, i-Estonias edesian's busty, kanye nokuzimchaza kwe-mishuwashi ye-miltic.

Ukukhathalela kuthatha indawo: okuqala njengesimiso sokuzichaza sokuzithandela ngezinzuzo zezenhlala- kahle kungaba iphoqelekile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, okwenza izakhamuzi zibe sesimweni esibucayi sokuqashelwa, ukuphambana kwemininingwane, nokwebiwa kwemininingwane. Umthetho oqinile (ukungaqondisi okuzimele), ukuncishiswa kwemininingwane, ukukhonjwa kwe-compry, kanye nokukhetha ilungiselelo elibalulekile).

Ukuhlola Icala

Ukuhlola indaba ethile kusenza siqonde indlela ukulinganisela phakathi kwokulondeka namalungelo okuye kwasetshenziswa ngayo.

Umthetho We - USA Ophathelene Ne - PTRIOT

Idlulisiwe ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, i-USA PATRIOT Act yandisa amakhono kahulumeni okuhlola. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ahlanganisa ukukhuliswa kwemishini yokuhlola, ukuthatha isikhathi ukufunwa kwezaziso (sneak̆and àpeak), ukufinyelela amarekhodi ebhizinisi kuhlanganise nemitapo yezokwelapha (i-Spection 215), kanye nokunwetshwa kwezincwadi zesizwe ezisemthethweni kanye ne-gaglag. Nakuba abasekeli basekela ukuqiniswa kwalokhu kwandisa ukulondeka kwesizwe ngokususa “izindonga” phakathi kokuhlakanipha nomthetho, abagxeki baphikisana namalungelo oQondatha nawamayelane, ngokuvamile awephula amalungelo omthetho abalulekile.

Izinselele eziqanjiwe zomthetho: Doe v. Ashcroft [2004], inkantolo kahulumeni yakhipha iziyalo ze-NSL gag njengezingavumelani ne-constigal; uMthetho we-USA INFUX oguquliwe ka-2015 kamuva i-Centre 215 ngokufuna ukuba uhulumeni abonise “izizathu ezinengqondo” eziqopha umlando wombuso wangaphandle noma iqembu lamaphekula. Nokho, iqoqo elikhulu lase lidalwe kakade, futhi i-Act yanqabela ukuya phambili. Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngokudluliswa kwezikhulu ze-FISA.

Isimiso Se - NSA

Isimiso sokuhlola se-National Security Agency, embulwe ngo-2013 ngomcuphi wempempe, sabonisa ukuthi uhulumeni wase-US waqongelela imetameter kuzo zonke izingcingo zocingo (amarekhodi abizayo, ubude besikhathi, izinombolo) ngaphansi kwencazelo eyimfihlo ye-Rtic 215. Yahlanganisa ne-PRISM, eyaphoqelela izinkampani ezinkulu ze-Internet ukuba zidlulisele ukwaziswa kwabantu abangebona abasebenzisi. Lo hlelo lwabhekana nokukhala okukhulu nomthetho, okuqokomisa umzabalazo wokulondoloza izidingo zokhuseleko nezimiso zomthetho.

Izinqumo ezimbili ezinkulu zenkantolo: ACLU v. (2015), iNkathi Yesibili yakholelwa ukuthi uhlelo lwemetadata alugunyazwanga nge ngxenye 215. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, uKhomishano ludlulise uMthetho we-USA INFUX. Ngokuhlukene, i-Liberties Overstal Board yaphetha ukuthi uhlelo lwalungenaso isisekelo esingokomthetho futhi alusebenzi. Inkantolo yaseYurophu yeJaji ye-[FLT]Schrems I[ Isinqumo sango-2015] I-AUSCOUFFD [20] I-AVSCT] Indawo Ephephile ngenxa yokugadishwa kwe-US.

Isifundo: Lapho ukuqapha kuhamba phambili kunomthetho, umfutho ungasongela kokubili ukulondeka nenkululeko.

E - United Kingdom: Izimiso Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Ubuphekula

Ngemva kokuba i-Human Rights Act ka-1998 ifake i-ECHR eqenjini lasekhaya, izinyathelo ze-UK zokulwa nobuphekula zabekelwa inselele ngokuphindaphindiwe. Iziqondiso zokulawula imithetho yamanqamu enqanda ukunqatshelwa kwezikhathi zokuhamba, ukuvinjelwa kwezokuhamba nemingcele ehlangene .(iNdlu yamaWords isolwa ngaphandle kokulingwa). I-ECHR Iziyalo zikaHulumente zeSizwelo soMnyango wasekhaya v. [F [2009]) yanquma ukuthi kumele ukuba kubekwe ukwaziswa okungamelwe kucelwe inselelwe impikiswano ngokumelene nabo, kungenjalo iziqondiso zokulawula iSiphakathi 5 neSiphakamiso se-ENKR. Uhulumeni uthathe iziyalezo ngokuvimbela ukuvikelwa kwe-Grorisi (TPM) ngo-2020, kodwa ubekelwe inselele.

Lokhu kuhlola kubonisa inqubo yokuzibamba: izinkantolo ziphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba balungise izinyathelo zokuhlangabezana nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu, kodwa ukungezwani okuyisisekelo kusekhona.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukulinganisa phakathi kwenhlalayenza kanye namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kuyoba yinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu eminyakeni ezayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-merging organ quentacting, i-quantaputing, ukuhlola ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, izikhali ezizimele, izikhali eziwuzibukiso ezisekhona ezingase zixazululwe kahle.

  • AUAI extraidn accounting — ukubikezela i-politiki, ukuhlaziya imizwelo, nokuqaphela ubuso okuzenzekelayo kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo, iphutha, nokungabonakali. I-Al Union ehlongozwayo i-Al Act yenza ezinye izinqubo zibe zisetshenziswa njenge-AII “ingozi enkulu” edinga ukuhlolwa ngokuvumelana, kodwa i-gastimic ayiqiniseki.
  • Ukubhala izicathulo zangemva — ukugcinwa komthetho kufuna ukukhonjwa okubuthakathaka ukuze kufinyelelwe ukuxhumana kwezokuvikela kwesizwe okungqubuzana nesidingo sokuphepha kwamanani. Ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi ukufinyeza ukukhonjwa kwe-“injongo ezinhle” kudala izinto ezizosetshenziswa yimboni ekhohlakele.
  • UNeuro_rights — Izimpawu ezibotshelekayo zobuchopho kanye nokuhlikihla izinzwa kungasetshenziselwa ukuhlola amanga, ukuhlola, noma ukulawula isimo semizwelo. IChile yaba izwe lokuqala ukuguqula umthetho-sisekelo wayo ukuze ivikele ulwazi lobuchopho ngo-2021, kodwa izizwe eziningi azinaso isimiso somthetho.
  • Ukuhlola okukhulu ezingxenyeni zomphakathi — Amadolobha anjengeLondon neShanghai kakade asebenzisa izinkulungwane zamakhamera aqashelwayo ngesikhathi esika-196. Izinselele zomthetho zisekhona, futhi izinkantolo zidinga ukunquma ukuthi lokhu kuhlanganisa “ukufuna” okudinga izivumelwano.

Isimiso sokulinganisela, umthetho, nokuqondisa okuzimele kumelwe kuqondise izinqumo zesimiso.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisela phakathi kwenhlalayenza kanye namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo kuseyimpikiswano eshukumisayo. Umlando ufundisa ukuthi ukwanda kwesikhashana kwamandla kahulumeni phakathi nezinkinga ngokuvamile kuba okuhlala njalo, kuyilapho inkululeko yomphakathi inzima ukubuyisela ngemva kwemibuso ephuthumayo. Njengoba izinsongo zisuka ku-(ukuhlasela) ukuhlasela kwezeze-inthanethi ukuya ezinkingeni zempi ye-inthanethi (-sokunjalo ukuqonda kwethu kokuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi kanye nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuxoxa, ukuhlola, nokuqapha kwemithetho kudingekile ekulungiseni le ndawo eyinkimbinkimbi. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe zithole izindlela zokuzivumela ngaphandle kokudela zona kanye inkululeko ezifuna ukuvikela. Umphakathi oqinile uhlanganisa izinyathelo ezisobala, ezilinganayo, nezingabekelwelwayo.