ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States singenye yezindlela ezibucayi kakhulu zokuvikela umuntu ngamunye ekuthunjweni uhulumeni. Sivikela izakhamuzi ekufuneni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, siqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho akunakuphazamisa ukuphila kwakho ngaphandle kwesizathu. Nakuba umbhalo wayo uhlehlela emuva ku-1791, izimiso zawo zisebenza kakhulu ekuphileni kwanamuhla, zithinta yonke into kusukela ekumisweni kwezimoto kuya ekuthubeni kwezenzweni kobuchwepheshe. Ukuqonda ukuthi iSimemezelo Sesine singakunikeza kanjani amandla okuqaphela lapho amalungelo akho esengozini futhi sisabela ngendlela efanele.

Umlando Nenjongo Ye - core

ISichibiyelo sesine sasungulwa ngenxa yokucasuka kwamakoloni ngokumelene nemvume yosizo engokomthetho neyamandla, eyavumela iziphathimandla zaseBrithani ukuba zihlole amakhaya futhi zithathe impahla ngokuthanda. Abasunguli bahlose ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa okufanayo ngokufuna ukuba kokubili kuhlolwe futhi kusekelwe imvume esekelwe cishe ngenxa yesizathu. Injongo eyinhloko iwukuvikela ukulindele komuntu ngamunye okungokomthetho ukuba azimele, ulinganisele amalungelo akhe siqu mayelana nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekubekeni umthetho. Lokhu kulinganisela kuhlola nokuthumba konke okuqhutshwa amaphoyisa, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Lokho ISichibiyelo Sesine Esikushoyo Ngempela

Umbhalo weSichibiyelo sesine ufundeka kanje: "Ilungelo labantu lokuvikelwa kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke kuphulwe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuvela, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe yi-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo yokuphenywa, futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zibanjwe. Lo musho owodwa uveza isivikelo esihlukene: ukunqandwa okuvamile kokuphenya nokuqubuka okungacabangeli, kanye nemfuneko eqondile yokuthola imvume. Njengoba iNkanto ephakeme ichaza, ukunqamuka akusebenzi ezindaweni ezingokoqobo kuphela kodwa futhi kusebenza ezindaweni zomuntu siqu kanye nasemibhalweni. Ngombhalo wonke namazwi, bheka, bheka [[FLT] [5]

Izimiso Eziyinhloko: Ukucabangela, Izithakazelo, Nembangela Efanelekile

Izimiso ezintathu eziyinhloko zibusa ukuhlaziywa kweSichibiyelo sesine: ukucabangela, izimvume, nezimbangela ezilindelekile. Ukuphenya noma ukuthatheka kunengqondo uma kusekelwa ngesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi kubangelwa yisizathu. Isizathu esizwakalayo sisho ukuthi ngokusekelwe ekupheleleni kwezimo, kunamathuba amahle okuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu bungatholakala endaweni noma kumuntu ukuba buphenywe. Nokho, iNkanto ePhakeme iqophe iqopha izimvume eziningi ezingekho mfuneko, njengalapho izimo zingasasebenzi khona noma lapho izinto zibonakala zisobala.

Ukucabangela Njengendinganiso Ephelele

Ngisho nangaphandle kwemvume, ukuseshwa nokuphazanyiswa kumelwe kube okunengqondo. Inkantolo ilinganisela izinga lokungenela ngokumelene nesidingo sikahulumeni sokuthuthukisa izithakazelo ezingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa phansi kwezikhali isikhashana phakathi nokuma okuqinile kubhekwa njengokunengqondo, kuyilapho ukuphenya umzimba wonke ngaphandle kokusola kungena. Lendinganiso enengqondo ivumelana nobuchwepheshe obusha, njenge-GPS kanye neqoqo lemininingwane yocingo.

Yini Ebangela Ukufuna?

Ukucwaninga kwenzeka lapho isenzo sikahulumeni siphazamisa ukuma komuntu okunengqondo kokufuna ukuba wedwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungena ngokoqobo ekhaya, ukusesha imoto, ukuvula ibhatabhaza elivalekile, noma ukuhlola ukuhamba kothile ngokuhlola ngemishini. INkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi unokulindela okunengqondo kokuyimfihlo ekhaya lakho, umuntu wakho, imoto yakho (ngokwezinga elincane), futhi ekwazini ukwaziswa kwendawo okuthunyelwa ngocingo lwakho. Ngokwesibonelo, United States v. Jones, iNkantolo ithole ukuthi ukubophela umkhondo weGPS imoto kuyenza umsebenzi. Nokho, uma ushiya impahla noma uveza umbono wakho obala.

Ukuhlola Ngezinombolo

ISichibiyelo sesine sanamuhla sihlanganisa amacomputer, amakhalekhukhwini, nama-akhawunti amafu. Riley v. California, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okuqukethwe inombolo yocingo lukamakhalekhukhwini olubanjwayo phakathi nokuboshwa, ngoba ucingo luqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi komuntu siqu. Ngokufanayo, ukugcinwa komthetho kungadinga isiqinisekiso sokungena kuma-imeyili agcinwe ngengxenye yesithathu ye-imeyili nezinye izici. Lendawo yomthetho iyaqhubeka nokuthola ukwaziswa okushesha ngobuchwepheshe.

Yini Ebangela Ukungajabuli?

Ukuthatheka kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni ethatha impahla noma ebamba umuntu. Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, umuntu ubanjwa lapho, ngaphansi kwezimo, umuntu onengqondo engeke azizwe ekhululekile ukuphuma. Lokhu kungenzeka phakathi nokuma kwezimoto, ukuma kukaTerry (ukuvalelwa okufushane okuphenyayo), noma ukuboshwa. Impahla ithathwa uma kunento ethile enengqondo ephazamisayo nesithakazelo somuntu, njengokubopha isikhwama noma ukuthumba imoto. Ukuqumba kudinga ukuba zonke izithuthuthuva zibe ezinengqondo, kanye nokuquleka okungathi kubangelwa yisifo sokuquleka.

Ukukhishwa kwabantu: Izizathu ezinengqondo zokuncika

Ukugcinwa komthetho kungakuvimbela okwesikhashana ngenxa yokusola okunengqondo ukuthi uhilelekile emsebenzini wobugebengu. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephansi kunesizathu esingaba yiso. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu singakumisa uma ufanelana nencazelo esolekayo noma wenza ngokusolayo cishe igumbi lezidakamizwa elaziwayo. Kodwa ukuze uboshwe ngokomthetho, isikhulu kumelwe sibe nesizathu esilindelekile sokuthi unecala. Uma amaphoyisa eweqisa lemikhawulo, ukuthumba kunganga, futhi noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo bungacishwa.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ukuqonda lokhu okuhlukile kubalulekile ekuzitheni uthola ukuthi isivikelo sakho sincane kangakanani.

Usizo

Uma uvuma ngokuzithandela ekufuneni, akukho mvume edingekayo. Ungahoxa nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Amaphoyisa angase angakuphoqeleli ukuba uvume, futhi uma wenqaba, ngokuvamile kumelwe bathole isiqinisekiso. Ezimweni eziningi ezingokoqobo, izikhulu zibuze, “Uyathanda uma ngibheka nxazonke?” Unelungelo lokuthi cha.

Izimo Ezibi

Uma kunokusongela okusheshayo ekuphileni, ubufakazi buzobhujiswa, noma umsoleki ongabalekayo, amaphoyisa angase angene futhi afune ngaphandle kwemvume.

Funa Ithuba Lokuboshwa

After a lawful arrest, police may search your person and the area within your immediate control to protect their safety and prevent destruction of evidence. This does not extend to a full search of your entire home without a warrant.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi siphawula ukuthi siphambaniswe noma ubufakazi bungakhanyi, bangase bawubambe ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ukuhlola Izidingo Ezikhethekile

Ukusesha okuthile kukahulumeni akugunyaziwe ekufuneni imvume ngoba bafeza izidingo ezikhethekile ezingaphezu kokugcinwa komthetho, njengokuseshwa komngcele, izinkephe zokuphepha esikhumulweni sezindiza, ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zezisebenzi ezisezikhundleni zomphakathi ezizwelayo, kanye nezikhundla zokuhlola i-DUI. Lokhu kuhlola kumelwe kube okunengqondo.

Isichibiyelo Sesine Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke: Izibonelo Ezivamile

ISichibiyelo Sesine sithinta imisebenzi evamile izikhathi eziningi kakhulu kunaleyo abantu abayibonayo.

Izimoto Ziyama

Uma uthathwa ukuba uphulwe umthetho wokwephula umthetho womgwaqo, ubanjwa ngokwencazelo yeSichibiyelo sesine. Isikhulu singakubopha uma nje kudingeka ukuba unikeze ithikithi noma uhlole ukwephulwa komthetho kwasekuqaleni. Uma isikhulu sifuna ukusesha imoto yakho, sidinga imvume yakho, mhlawumbe isizathu, noma imvume. Akufunekanga uvume ekuhloleni. Ungabuza ukuthi, "Ngikhululekile yini?" ukucacisa isimo sejele. Uma uboshiwe, imoto ingaseshwa njengokuhlola uma ingekho, kodwa isibalo silinganiselwe.

Ukuhlola Kwasekhaya

Ikhaya lakho linesivikelo esiphezulu kakhulu. Imithetho angeke ingene ekhaya lakho ngaphandle kwemvume noma imvume eqashelwayo. Uma amaphoyisa engena emnyango wakho futhi ecela ukungena, akudingeki ukuba ubavumele bangene ngaphandle kokuba benobufakazi. Ungacela ukubona isiqinisekiso futhi uqinisekise ukuthi sichaza ikheli lakho ngokunembile nokuthi yini abalifunayo. Uma bengena ngaphandle kwemvume futhi bengatholakali esimweni esiphuthumayo, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obutholakalayo bungabekelwa inselele enkantolo.

Ukuhlola Umsebenzi

ISichibiyelo sesine seSichibiyelo silinganiselwe kakhulu. Izisebenzi zomphakathi zilindele ukuba kuhlale kuyimfihlo ehhovisi noma edeskini, kodwa kuncane kakhulu kunekhaya lomuntu. Izisebenzi zasemkhakheni womuntu siqu azivikelwe ngokuqondile yiSichibiyelo sesine ngoba sisebenza kuphela ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni, kodwa eminye imithetho kahulumeni nezimiso zenkampani zinikeza izivikelo. Emisebenzini yomphakathi, abaphathi bangase baqhube ngokunengqondo, bafune umsebenzi ngaphandle kwemvume.

Ucingo Lwamangqamuzana Nezindaba Eziyimfihlo

Ucingo lwakho oluphathwayo luqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi okuzwelayo: abangathintwa, ama-imeyili, izithombe, iziphakamiso zebhange, kanye nendawo yomlando. Ngaphansi Riley v. California, amaphoyisa ngokuvamile kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso sokuhlola izinto eziqukethwe yinombolo yakho, ngisho noma zingakubopha. Ngokufanayo, imininingwane yendawo yakho ivikelekile: United States v. Amaphoyisa ayavumelana, futhi inkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukungena endaweni yakho ye-cell-sturetry kudinga isiqinisekiso. Uma umthetho ucela ukubuka ucingo lwakho, ungakwenqaba. Uma ukhathazekile mayelana nokuhlola imfihlo, ukusebenzisa izinombolo eziqinile, nokugcina ulwazi oluqinile, futhi uqaphele ukuthi uyakwazi ukuhlanganisa naluphi ulwazi lwesithathu ngaphansi kwemfundiso yesithathu.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kuyingxenye yempi; futhi kumelwe ukwazi ukuwaqinisa ngenhlonipho nangempumelelo ekuxhumaneni kwangempela nomthetho ophoqelelayo. [[FLT: 0] ACLU's Sazi iziqondiso zamalungelo akho[[[FLT: 1] inikeza iseluleko esiwusizo ezimpini ezihlukahlukene.

  • Ufuna ukuvuma ekuhloleni. Ungathi, "Angivumi ukusesha" lokhu kugomela akusho umuzwa wecala; kuvikela amalungelo akho angokomthetho.
  • Ubuza ukuthi umthetho usebenza ngesiqinisekiso. Uma benaso, sihlole ngokucophelela. Hlola isignesha yomahluleli, usuku, kanye nezindawo ezithile ezigunyaziwe ukuseshwa.
  • Ungathuli uma ungaqiniseki ngamalungelo akho. Unelungelo lokuthula ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu. Unganqaba ngenhlonipho ukuphendula imibuzo nokucela ummeli.
  • Ngokushesha xhumana nommeli uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho ophuliwe. Ummeli onokuhlangenwe nakho wolwembu angahlola ukuthi ukuphenya noma ukuphanga kwakungavunyelwe ngokomthetho yini nokuthi ubufakazi bungacishwa.
  • Akha umbiko wokuhlangana. Uma kuphephile ukwenza kanjalo, ukuxhumana kwamaphoyisa ocingweni lwakho. Qaphela amagama amaphoyisa, izinombolo zamabheji, nanoma imuphi ofakazi. Lombhalo ungaba usizo olukhulu enkantolo.

Khumbula njalo ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sikuvikela ezenzweni ezingenangqondo, hhayi kuzo zonke izenzo. Uma unomuzwa wokuthi ukuseshwa akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho, hlala uzolile futhi ungaphikisi ngokomzimba. Ukwenqaba kungaholela ekumangalelweni okwengeziwe. Kunalokho, sho ngokucacile ukuthi awukufuni ukuthethwa futhi uthathe indaba kamuva enkantolo.

Imiphumela Yezephula: Ukubusa Kwamacala

Uma uhulumeni ephula amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesine, ikhambi eliyinhloko liwumthetho owenqabelayo. Lomthetho uvimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphenya okungekho emthethweni noma ngokuquleka kwecala lobugebengu kuwe. Umthetho uvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokususa isisusa sokunquma amachopho. Nokho, kunezinga: ubufakazi busengavunywa uma isikhulu sincike ngokunengqondo esithola ukuthi sikhubazekile (ukholo oluhle oluthathelwe eceleni) noma uma ubufakazi bungagwegwegwesi ukuba butholakale ngokomthetho. Emacala omphakathi, ungase ukwazi ukukhokhisa uhulumeni ngenxa yesijeziso ngaphansi [[FLT:] 1983 [FLT:] [FLD]] [1] ngokunengqondo ngenxa yokuphulwa amalungelo akho engokomthetho.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi umthetho wokuzihlukanisa usebenza kuphela ezinkantolo zobugebengu, hhayi ezicashini zokuthunyelwa kwabantu noma emacaleni amaningi omphakathi alahlwayo.

Ukuhlala Nginolwazi Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Umthetho wesine Isichibiyeli awumiswanga. Ubuchwepheshe obusha njengokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuqapha, nokuqashelwa kobuso kwe-software kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha ngokuphathelene nokuthi yini edinga isikhathi sokuba wedwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme isafuna ukunikeza amaphoyisa iziqondiso eziphelele zokusebenzisa izinzwa zokushisa, ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane kahulumeni, noma ukugcinwa kwemininingwane engekho ngokomthetho yomsebenzi wezenhlalo. Njengoba lezi zimpikiswano zivela, izinkantolo eziphansi ziyahlukana, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokunokwenzeka izocacisa imingcele eminyakeni ezayo. Imithombo enjengeSikhungweni seSikhungweni sokwaziswa sokwaziswa Sokwaziswa Okusemthethweni [[FLT:]]

Ukuqaphela lezizimo kungakusiza ukuba usekele izivikelo eziqinile zomuntu siqu. Ungavotela futhi izikhulu ezibeka inkululeko yomphakathi phambili, zisekele izinhlangano ezimisa amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, futhi zisebenzise ezobuchwepheshe ngezindlela ezinciphisa ububanzi bemisebe yakho yobuchwepheshe. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine singaphelele, siyisivikelo esinamandla uma siphoqelelwa ngokufanelekile. Ngokuqonda izisekelo zaso nokuzibandakanya, ungavikela enye yenkululeko ebaluleke kakhulu emthethweni waseMelika.