ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Siyisisekelo: Indlela Egcina Ngayo Izwi Lakho Lizwiwa

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala singenye yezici ezinamandla nezibalulekile kakhulu zoMthetho - sisekelo we - United States. Lesi sisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo evumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imizwa yazo, zisebenzise izinkolelo zazo futhi zihlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekulolongeni uhulumeni wazo. Ukuqonda iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kubaluleke kakhulu kuMelika ngamunye ofuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo akhe futhi abe nengxenye engxoxweni eqhubekayo ngenkululeko, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, nenkululeko yomphakathi emphakathini wethu.

Sithini Isichibiyelo Sokuqala?

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala, amagama angu - 45 nje kuphela, siyisilondolozo esinamandla sezwi lakho, izinkolelo zakho, nelungelo lakho lokubhikisha, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Umbhalo ophelele ufundeka kanje: “UKhosana aluyikwenza mthetho ngokuqondene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokusakaza izindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo. ”

Naphezu kokufinyela kwawo, lo musho owodwa uye wathonya umphakathi waseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Wamukelwa kuyiBill of Rights ngo - 1791. INkantolo Ephakeme ichaza izinga lesivikelo esinikezwa lamalungelo. Ulimi lungase luzwakale luhleliwe futhi lungokomthetho, kodwa umyalezo walo ucacile: uhulumeni ngeke uphazamise inkululeko ethile eyisisekelo ebaluleke emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Eyisihlanu Evikelwe ISichibiyelo Sokuqala

IsiHlanzi Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisihluthulelo emihlanu ehlangene yokuqinisekisa amaMelika ukuba acabange ngokukhululekile, akhulume ngokukhululekile futhi ahlanganyele ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene ezihlobene nenkululeko engokwenkolo. I-Dreamentment Claus yenqabela uhulumeni ukuba amise umthetho wokumisa inkolo engokomthetho noma akhethe enye inkolo ngaphezu kwenye. Lokhu kuphoqelela lokho ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso," ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lowo hulumeni uhlala engathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zokholo.

I-Free Exempressice Claus yenqabela uhulumeni, ezimweni eziningi, ekuphazamiseni umkhuba womuntu wenkolo yakhe. Kusukela ngo 1791, amazwi okuqala eSichibiyelo sokuqala — "ISiphakamiso Angeke senze mthetho omisa inkolo, noma onqabela ukusebenzisa kwayo ngokuzithandela" — iye yahlanganisa inkululeko engokwenkolo njengeyisisekelo, engenakuhlukaniswa nabo bonke abantu.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi amaMelika anelungelo lokukhulekela ngokwezinkolelo zawo, noma lokukhetha ukungakhulekeli nhlobo. Uhulumeni akanakuphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele emisebenzini engokwenkolo, futhi ngeke azivimbele ekusebenziseni ukholo lwazo, uma nje lomkhuba ungaphuli eminye imithetho noma ungalimazi abanye. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela kuzo zonke izinkolo ngokulinganayo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkolo ezimbalwa zithola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esifanayo njengezinkolo eziningi.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Lapho abantu bezwa "ISichibiyelo Sokuqala" ngokuvamile bacabanga ngenkululeko yokukhuluma — futhi baqinisile. Kodwa kungaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho. Isici esiyisisekelo senkululeko yokukhuluma yilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingasetshenziswa ngendlela eqondile (amagama) noma (izenzo) ezingokomfanekiso.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivikela ilungelo lakho lokuveza imicabango, imibono, nemibono ngaphandle kokucubungula kukahulumeni noma isijeziso. Uma sikubeka, kusho ukuthi ungaveza imicabango yakho nemibono ngaphandle kokujeziswa uhulumeni. Nakuba kunemingcele ethile, iyisivikelo esibucayi kunoma ubani ofuna ukukhuluma ngengqondo yakhe.

Lenkululeko idlulela ngalé kwamazwi akhulunywayo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi inkulumo engokomfanekiso, `Izinyathelo ezidlulisela umyalezo' weSichibiyelo Sokuqala'. INkantolo Ephakeme ithole ukuthi inkulumo ingadlulela ngalé kwenkulumo eshiwoyo nakubhalwe kuyo, lapho izenzo zithumela khona umyalezo ongokomfanekiso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushisa ifulege noma ukufaka ibhande elimnyama lengalo yeSichibiyelo sokuqala.

Isivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma sibanzi ngokuphawulekayo. Sihlanganisa inkulumo yezombangazwe, ukudweba, inkulumo yesayensi, ngisho nemibono ecasulayo noma engathandwa. Isimiso esiyisisekelo siwukuthi emphakathini okhululekile, indlela engcono kakhulu yokulwa nemibono emibi inemibono engcono, hhayi ukucusumbula kukahulumeni.

Inkululeko Yezindaba

Lokhu kuvikela izintatheli nezindawo zokusakaza imithombo yezindaba. Banelungelo lokuhlola, ukugxeka, nokubika ngezenzo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbula noma ukuziphindiselela. Iphephandaba elikhululekile lisebenza njengesexwayiso sokugada imibuso kahulumeni, lazisa izakhamuzi ngalokho okwenziwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe futhi lizibeke icala.

Naphezu kokungaqondi okuthandwayo, ilungelo lenkululeko yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala sezindaba esiqinisekiswe yiSichibiyelo sokuqala alihlukile kakhulu elungelweni lenkululeko yokukhuluma. Livumela umuntu ukuba akhulume ngokukhishwa nangokusakazwa. Liyingxenye yesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo senkululeko yokukhuluma. Aliwaniki amalungu emithombo yezindaba amalungelo akhethekile noma amalungelo anganikezwanga abantu ngabanye.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi izintatheli azinawo amalungelo akhethekile omthetho-sisekelo antulayo izakhamuzi ezivamile. Nokho, inkululeko yezindaba iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zezindaba zingasakaza ukwaziswa ngokuphathelene nezindaba ezithinta umphakathi ngaphandle kokugunyazwa uhulumeni noma ukucubungula kusengaphambili. Lokhu kuvikela kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe isakhamuzi esikwazi ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi.

Inkululeko Yomhlangano

Ilungelo lethu lokubuthana ngokubhikisha komphakathi okunokuthula – emafolondweni, emibuthanweni yemihlangano emikhulu nakweminye imihlangano - inye inkululeko eyisisekelo eqinisekiswe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. lelilungelo livumela amaMelika ukuba ahlangane ndawonye asho imibono yawo, abonise ukusekela izimbangela akholelwa kuzo, nokucela ushintsho.

Njengoba isazi seSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisho kulombono, “Inkululeko Yesichibiyelo Sokuqala ayisizi uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zingacindezela inkulumo yokuthi zisaba ukuthi zizodala isiphithiphithi noma ukucasulwa. Ngaphandle kokuba kunengozi yangempela yokulimala okuseduze, amalungelo enhlangano kumelwe ahlonishwe.

Le nkululeko emihlanu isinika ilungelo lokuthuthukisa imibono yethu (futhi izinkolelo zethu); ukukhulekela (noma hhayi) ngokukhululekile; xoxa nabanye ngemibono yethu; xoxa nabanye ngezindaba, uhlele imisebenzi, futhi uhlanganyele ezenzweni zokuveza izinkulumo ezivusa amadlingozi eziwuchungechunge zezenhlalo nezombangazwe.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi ilungelo lenkululeko yokuhlangana nezinkolelo licacile ezinzimeni Zokuqala, Zesihlanu, nezeshumi nane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi unelungelo lokuhlangana nabanye futhi wakha izinhlangano nezinhlangano zokuthuthukisa imigomo nezinkolelo ezihlanganyelwa.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Uhulumeni

Noma kunjalo, lesi Sichibiyelo sokuqala esingasaziwa kakhulu sibalulekile ohlotsheni lukahulumeni wentando yeningi. "Inkululeko inelungelo lokucela uhulumeni nganoma iliphi izinga ukulungisa inkinga," ibhala isazi seSichibiyelo Sokuqala kule mininingwane echaza ukuthi ilungelo lesicelo lisebenza kanjani kuhulumeni wethu, futhi izindlela elisebenza ngazo.

Inkululeko yokugcina yeSichibiyelo sokuqala, ilungelo lokunxusa, ngezindlela eziningi, i-procedrost isho ukuthi amaMelika anezinhloso zawo. Leli lungelo livumela izakhamuzi ukuba zixhumane ngokuqondile nohulumeni wazo, kungaba ngokubhalela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, ngokubhalisa amacala, ngokufaka izicelo ezisemthethweni, noma ngokuhlanganyela ezinkathini zokukhulumela umphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo.

Ilungelo lokucela liqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usasabela kubantu. Linikeza izakhamuzi indlela engokomthetho yokufuna ukubuyiselwa uma zikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wenze iphutha noma lapho zifuna ukusekela izinguquko zesimiso. Leli lungelo libalulekile ekulondolozeni isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni uthola amandla akhe ngokuvumelana nababuswayo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Sikuvikela Kubani?

Enye yemibono engaqondile evame kakhulu ngeSichibiyelo sokuqala yizinga lokusebenza kwaso. Kubalulekile ukuqeda umbono odidayo: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sikuvikela kuphela ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni. Ayiyekisi inkampani ezimele noma umqashi ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokumelene nawe ngenxa yalokho okushoyo, futhi ayikuvimbeli amayunivesithi ukuba avimbele imithetho yokuziphatha.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengoMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza amalungelo abantu abangawasebenzisa ukuze baphikise uhulumeni. Ohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni banezinhlangano eziningi, okumelwe zonke ziphile ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Kodwa ukukhuluma kwethu ngokukhululekile namalungelo okuhlangana abantu ngokuvamile akusebenzi ezinhlanganweni zabantu, ngisho noma lezo zinhlangano noma abantu bethola izimali kuhulumeni.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba uhulumeni engenakukujezisa ngenkulumo yakho, ngezinhlangano ezizimele ezifana nabaqashi, izinkampani zezokuxhumana, nezikole ezingabodwa zingamisa imithetho yazo ngokuphathelene nenkulumo eyamukelekayo. Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana awadingeki futhi ukuze avikele inkulumo yakho. Inkampani yomuntu siqu ingadubula isisebenzi ezikhungweni zezembutho zomphakathi, futhi ingosi yewebhusayithi ingasusa okuneliswayo okuphula izimfuneko zayo zenkonzo.

Nokho, kusho ukuthi izikhulu zikahulumeni njengezikhulu zamaphoyisa, othisha - nhloko besikole, nezazi zezombangazwe zendawo azinakukujezisa ngenxa nje yokusebenzisa amalungelo akho okukhuluma, ukukhulekela, ukuhlangana, noma ukunxusa. izikole zomphakathi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nokugcinwa komthetho kumelwe ziwahloniphe amalungelo okuQothulela Umthetho, kuyilapho izinhlangano zomuntu siqu zikwazi kangcono ukulawula inkulumo nenkulumo.

Ukulinganiselwa Okubalulekile Kwezinqumo Zokuqala

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinikeza isivikelo esiqinile sokukhuluma, asisona esiphelele.E - United States, ezinye izigaba zenkulumo azivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. NgokweNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States, uMthetho - sisekelo wase - United States uvikela inkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho uvumela ukulinganiselwa kwezinhlobo ezithile zenkulumo.

Isinqumo esihlukile esiSichibiyelo Sokuqala simbalwa, sincane, futhi sichazwe ngokucophelela. Ukuze bavikele inkululeko yokukhuluma, kumelwe bahlale benjalo. Kodwa bakhona, ngamunye ngesizathu esihle. Ukuqonda lokhu kulinganiselwa kusiza ekucaciseni ukuthi amalungelo okukhuluma aphelelaphi nokuthi kuphi lapho kunezithakazelo ezibalulekile khona, njengokuvikela komphakathi namalungelo omuntu ngamanye.

Izinhlobo Zenkulumo Engavikelwanga

Inkantolo ivame ukubiza lezizigaba njengehlazo, ukuhlambalaza, ukukhohlisa, ukukhuthaza, amagama okulwa, izinsongo zeqiniso, inkulumo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kobugebengu, kanye nezithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane. Ake sihlole ezinye zezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu:

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Ukushukumisa — inkulumo ethi "eqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi cishe ikhuthaza noma ibangele isenzo esinjalo" — ayikhuthaziwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Indinganiso ivela esinqumweni seNkantolo Ephakeme ka-1969 eBrandenburg v. Ohio, iSichibiyelo sokuqala esibekela inselele ukuboshwa kwamalungu eKlux Klan ngaphansi komthetho womthetho wezephulamthetho waseOhio.

EBrandenburg v. Ohio (1969), lokhu kwalinganiselwe endingazweni "yesenzo sokungabi namthetho esiwubuqaba", neNkantolo Ephakeme ihlehlisa ukuqashelwa kweqembu leKu Klux Klan ngokuvumelanayo kweQembu lokuthi "ubudlova obungahile... njengendlela yokufeza inguquko yezombangazwe" ngoba izinkulumo zabo emhlanganweni azizange zibonise injongo esheshayo, noma eseduze, yokwenza ubudlova.

Lena indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu. Uhulumeni akanakumjezisa umuntu ngenxa yokukhuthaza ubudlova noma ukwephula umthetho. lenkulumo kumelwe iqondiswe ekubangeleni isenzo esingekho emthethweni esiseduze futhi kumelwe iveze leso senzo.

Usongo Lweqiniso

Izinsongo zeqiniso ziwulunye uhlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile. Lawa amazwi lapho umuntu onengqondo angachaza ukukhulumisana njengokubonakaliswa okungathi sína kwenhloso yokuphatha ngobudlova umuntu othile noma iqembu elithile. Umehluko oyinhloko uphakathi kwezinsongo zangempela nehaba, ukukhulumela okungokwezombangazwe, noma izinkulumo zentukuthelo ezingasho usongo lwangempela lobudlova.

Ukuphica

Ukulahlwa kuhilela izinkulumo ezithile zeqiniso eziyiqiniso ngomuntu odluliselwa ngamazwi (umnyundeli) noma ngokubhala (i-libel). Njengesho lesifebe, izici zokuhlambalaza zixhomeke emthethweni kahulumeni ofanele nezimiso zeNkantolo Ephakeme zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Nakuba izinkulumo ezihlanekezekayo zibhekwa njengezingavikelekile, iNkantolo iqaphele imingcele yeSichibiyelo sokuqala enecala emacalani anyundekayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni lapho inkulumo ithinta isikhulu somphakathi noma isibalo, iqembu elisho ukuthi lihlanjalazwa kumelwe libonise ukuthi isikhulumi sasebenzisa "unya olungokoqobo," okungukuthi, ulwazi lokuthi leyonkulumo yayinganakwa yiqiniso noma inkohliso. Lendinganiso ephakeme yezibalo zomphakathi iqinisekisa ukuphikisana okukhulu ngezindaba zomphakathi.

Ububi

KuMiller v. California (1973), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza indinganiso emithathu yezokulandisa okumelwe ihlangabezane nayo ukuze ibhekwe njengeyihlazo ngokomthetho: ukuthi umuntu ovamile, osebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi wamanje, uyothola ukuthi umsebenzi, othathwa njengengqikithi, unxusa "isithakazelo esijulile" (isithakazelo esingaphezu kwesivamile sobulili); kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi ubonisa noma uchaza ngendlela ehlazisayo, ukuziphatha kobulili; kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umsebenzi, uthathwa njengelungu eliphelele, awunayo incwadi engathi sína, isayensi, isayensi, noma inzuzo.

Ukuthi yini ngempela ewuhlobo lwenhlamba akucacile, kodwa njengoba incazelo iye yaba mincane kakhulu, futhi, ihlazo ngomqondo wenhlamba nje kungase kungajeziswa (Cohen v. California [1971]). Lokhu kusho ukuthi ulimi olungcolile nenhlamba ngokuvamile kuyavikelwa, ngisho noma abanye abantu bezithola zingathandeki.

Ukukhohlisa Namazwi Amanga

Nakuba futhi, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala singenzi phutha elisobala lenkulumo engamanga noma edukisayo, izinhlobo ezithile zamazwi okukhohlisa zingaphandle kwesivikelo sawo. uhulumeni ngokuvamile ungabeka icala ekukhangiseni okungamanga noma ezikhulumeni ezihlanekezelwe ngamaqiniso ngobomu ukuze zithole imali noma ezinye izinto ezibonakalayo (njengenzuzo yokusebenza). Ukugxeka — ukunikeza ubufakazi bamanga ngaphansi kwesifungo — nakho kungokomthetho - sisekelo.

Lokhu kuvumelana nokuqonda okuvamile kokuthi amanye amanga angenakugwenywa uma kuzovela imibono esobala nenamandla engxoxweni yasobala nangasese, okusho ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sifuna ukuqinisekisa. Nokho, ngisho nokuqamba amanga ngamabomu ngohulumeni kuvikelwe ngokugcwele.

Ukuhloniphisa Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu

KuGiboney v. Empire Study & Ice Co (1949), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathatha iSichibiyelo sokuqala ayinikezi sivikelo ku "indlela noma ukubhala okusetshenziswa njengengxenye eyisisekelo yokuziphatha ngokwephula umthetho osemthethweni wobugebengu osemthethweni" imfuno yomphangi yokukhomba ngezikhali ukuthi unikele imali yakho ayivikelwe. Futhi akukho kuphanga, uzungu lobugebengu, noma ukunxusa ukuba wenze ubugebengu obuthile.

Kuthiwani Ngokukhuluma Ngenzondo?

Abantu abaningi bayamangala ukuzwa ukuthi inkulumo yenzondo ayihlukile ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Inkulumo eningi yenzondo ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala futhi ayinakuhlolwa ngokomthetho, ngokuphambene nemibono evamile ephambene. Nakuba inkulumo yenzondo ngokuvamile icasula futhi ilimaza, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela ngokuthi uhulumeni akanakuyinqanda inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi iveza imibono enenzondo noma ewukuhlambalaza.

Lokhu akusho ukuthi inzondo iwumphumela wenkululeko. Izinhlangano zangasese zingayenqabela, abaqashi bangayala izisebenzi ngenxa yayo, futhi ukulahla umphakathi kulandela. Kodwa uhulumeni akanakwenza ubugebengu bokukhuluma ngenxa nje yokuthi iveza imibono ephakeme. Isizathu siwukuthi uvumela uhulumeni ukuba anqume ukuthi yimiphi imibono eyamukelekayo edala isibonelo esiyingozi esingasetshenziswa ekunqandeni ukungavumelani okungokomthetho.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ngisho nalapho inkulumo ivikelwe ngokugcwele yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo yokuthi ikuphi, kuphi, futhi kanjani leyonkulumo. Isikhathi, indawo nendlela kuvinjelwa ngokungeneliseki okubekwa uhulumeni emsebenzini owembulayo.

Imingcele enjalo ivela ngezindlela eziningi, njengemingcele ephakeme yezinga lomsindo wenkulumo, ifaka inani lababhikishi abangase bathathe iphakethe, bavale ijubane langaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukubhikisha kwamuva, futhi balinganisele ubukhulu noma ukubekwa kwezimpawu empahleni kahulumeni. Imithetho enjalo ivame ukusekelwa futhi imele ingxenye evamile yendawo ehleliwe emadolobheni amaningi nasemibalweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingadinga imvume yokufaka imiboniso emikhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha komphakathi nokuphathwa kwezimoto. Linganqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemibhobho ezindaweni zokuhlala ebusuku. Ingalinganisela ubukhulu bezimpawu empahleni yomphakathi. Lemigoqo ingokomthetho uma nje ingathathi hlangothi olugcwele (abathandi omunye umbono komunye), ikhonza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiphawulekayo, futhi ishiya eminye imigwaqo yokuxhumana.

Uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele embalwa kakhulu enkulumweni yakho uma uveza imibono yakho kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umphakathi wesiko" lezindawo zomphakathi njengemigwaqo, imizila yemigwaqo, namapaki, lapho abantu bevame ukuhlangana khona ukuze baxoxe futhi baveze imibono yabo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi "akuyona ingozi ukuthi imigwaqo yomphakathi nemigwaqo yemigwaqo iye yavela njengezindawo zokuxoxa ngemibono." Amajaji aye acabanga ukuthi imigwaqo nemigwaqo iyizindawo ezibalulekile lapho abantu behlangana khona nemibono abangayifuni khona.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Samalungelo Ezimo Eziqondile

Abafundi Nezikole

Abafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi balondoloza amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nakuba lamalungelo engalinganiswa ngokumelene nomsebenzi wemfundo wesikole. Kubafundi ukugqoka izibambo ezimnyama esikoleni ukuze baphikise impi ("Abafundi abawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo esangweni lesikole.""). Tinker v. Des Moines, 393 U.S. 503 (1969).

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala senqabela futhi zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni zendawo, kuhlanganise nezikole zomphakathi, ekulahleni inkulumo esekelwe embonweni wayo. Lesi simiso siwukuthi kungani ngoApril 24, 2024 ACLU-D.C. samangalela i-Arabian Students Union eD.C. isikole esiphakeme semfundo kahulumeni iJackson-Rerelet yokuhlola inkulumo yabafundi ye-pro-Palesitinan.

Nokho, izikole zinegunya elikhulu lokulawula ukukhuluma kwabafundi kunalelo elilawulwa uhulumeni ukuba lilawule ukukhuluma kwabantu abadala ezinkundleni zomphakathi. Izikole zingavimbela inkulumo ephazamisa kakhulu indawo yemfundo noma ephazamisa amalungelo abanye abafundi. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi ezikoleni zomuntu siqu abanawo amalungelo afanayo enkululeko yokukhuluma njengabafundi ezikoleni zomphakathi, ngisho noma isikole esizimele sithola izimali zikahulumeni. Amalungelo akhululekile abafundi ezikoleni ezizimele ngokuvamile amiswa ngemithetho, izimiso, nangezimiso zesikole.

Izisebenzi Zikahulumeni

Zombili izisebenzi zikahulumeni nezikhulu zikahulumeni zendawo zinelungelo lokukhuluma ngeSichibiyelo sokuqala ngezikhathi zazo. Ngokuvamile, inkulumo yezisebenzi zikahulumeni iyavikelwa uma lowo muntu ekhuluma njengomuntu wasese (hhayi umkhulumeli wemisebenzi yazo), uma kuphathelene nendaba yomphakathi, futhi uma inkulumo yazo ingaphazamisi umsebenzi wazo.

Umehluko oyinhloko uphakathi kokukhuluma njengesakhamuzi esizimele ezindabeni zomphakathi noma ukukhuluma njengengxenye yemisebenzi yaso engokomthetho. Uma izisebenzi zikahulumeni zikhuluma ngokuphapha kwemisebenzi yazo engokomthetho, azinaso isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zilondoloze impumelelo nesiyalo kuyilapho zisavikela amalungelo ezisebenzi ukuba zihlanganyele enkulumweni yeningi njengezakhamuzi.

Ibutho Lezempi Nejele

Ngokuqondene nezempi wase-United States, uhulumeni unamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuvimbela ukukhuluma kwezikhulu zempi, ngisho noma isithiyo esinjalo singangasebenzi kumuntu ongabuswanga. INkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa lesi simiso esinqunywe eduze esihlanu esithathu esinqumweni, uPacker v. Levy (1974), lapho iNkantolo yayigcina isosha ngokuyisisekelo ‘ umphakathi okhethekile ovela emphakathini wesizwe", owawufuna iziqondiso eziqinile.

Uma uhulumeni esebenza njengomqondisi wamajele, unamakhono amakhulu okulinganisela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kweziboshwa. Ngokuyinhloko noma yimuphi umngcele "ohlobene ngokomthetho nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho" uyasebenza. La mavesi amelela izindawo lapho isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka futhi avumela imingcele emikhulu kakhulu emazwini.

Imiphumela Yokuchithwa Kokuqala Eyathonya Ukukhuluma

Ukuqonda ezinye zalezi zinqumo eziphawulekayo kusiza ekuboniseni indlela izimiso ezingekho emthethweni ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe.

Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)

Lelicala lasungula indinganiso yanamuhla lapho inkulumo ingajeziswa njengokukhuthaza. Izwe lamangalela umholi weKlux Klan ngenkulumo ethi, "Kungenzeka ukuba kube khona ukuziphindiselela okuthile" kuhulumeni uma iqhubeka "icindezela abamhlophe, abamhlophe, abaBacaucasus". INkantolo Ephakeme yalahla ukuqiniseka, ibambe iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ukuvikelwa kobudlova ngaphandle kokuba "ingabekwa ukuba ivuselelwe noma ibangele isenzo sokungalungi futhi kungenzeka ikhuthaze noma iveze isenzo esinjalo."

New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)

Lelicala laguqula umthetho wokuhlambalaza ngokumisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zifakazele ukuthi "inzondo engokoqobo" ukuze zinqobe izikhalo zokuhlanjalazwa kwecala eliyingqophamlando iNew York Times v. Sullivan (1964) eqamba amanga ngohulumeni ingavikelwa ngokuphelele. Lesi sinqumo saqaphela ukuthi impikiswano eqinile ngezindaba zomphakathi ingahlanganisa ukuhlasela, ukuhlasela okungathandeki, futhi ngezinye izikhathi okungathandekiyo kuhulumeni nasezikhulu zomphakathi.

IDes Moines (1969)

Lelicala laqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi balondoloza amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo esikoleni. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abafundi babenelungelo lokugqoka izibopho ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam, iqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi aba "wawachithi amalungelo abo omthetho ngokomthetho esangweni lesikole." Lelicala lilokhu liyisisekelo samalungelo abafundi okukhuluma ezikoleni zomphakathi.

Miller v. California (1973)

Lelicala lasungula ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezintathu kokunquma ukuthi ukwaziswa kungcolile ngokomthetho yini futhi ngakho akuvinjelwa yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. I-Miller ihlola ukulinganisela kwezindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nesidingo sokuvikela ukuvezwa kobuciko nobuciko, kwakha incazelo elinganiselwe yokungcoliswa kwezithombe ezicatshangelwe ngokobulili okwenza izinto eziningi ezicacile zithole isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Enkathini Yezinombolo

Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthuka ngokushesha kanye nokufinyelela okukhulu kwe-inthanethi kuye kwaveza uhlelo olusha lwezindaba ezintsha ngokuphathelene nenkululeko yokuveza. Nakuba amasu okukhuluma manje engapheli, kwakungekho ukuqamba noma ukuphoqelela ngo-1791 lapho iBhili yamaLungelo ibuthelwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho, awahlanganisiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, i-ACLU isebenzela ukuqinisekisa lenkathi entsha kwezobuchwepheshe ithuthukisa inkululeko yomphakathi, kunokuba iyekethise.

Inkathi yokuxhumana yezobuchwepheshe iye yaveza izinselele ezintsha namathuba okukhuluma ngokukhululekile. imithombo yezokuxhumana yezenhlala - kahle isiye yaba indawo yomphakathi yanamuhla, lapho izigidi zabantu zihlanganyela khona imibono, zihlela futhi zihlanganyela enkulumweni yezombangazwe.

Imibuzo ephathelene nenkulumo ye-inthanethi iyaqhubeka ishintsha. Ingabe izinkampani zezokuxhumana zingadingeka ukuba zinikeze zonke izinkulumo zomthetho, noma zingakukhokhela njengabamemezeli abangabodwa? Kufanele ibhalwe kanjani umthetho nge-intanethi yokuhlukunyezwa kwe-intanethi ne-inthanethi? Kuthiwani ngemikhankaso yokuxoxisana ne-internationals? Ingabe uhulumeni angalawula ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezizosetshenziswa abasebenzisi be-algorith? Lemibuzo ayinazo izimpendulo ezilula, futhi izinkantolo zisasebenza kanjani ekusebenziseni izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala sezeko lokuxhumana.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo azifani: Uhulumeni akanakuyihlaziya inkulumo esekelwe embonweni wakhe, futhi imingcele kumelwe ivumelaniswe kancane ukuze ifeze izithakazelo ezibalulekile.

Okwenza ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Sibaluleke Ngentando Yeningi

Kungcono kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kaBill of Rights, inkululeko emihlanu yeSichibiyelo sokuqala equkethe okungcwele kakhulu ngokuzimisela kwaseMelika okungokomlando ukwakha umphakathi okhululekile nonomthwalo wemfanelo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala asisona nje isici esingokomthetho esiyisisekelo sezindinganiso zedemokrasi.

Lenkululeko isenza sikwazi ukuphila emphakathini obusa ngentando yeningi lapho abantu bekhuthazwa khona, imibono ihlukahlukene, futhi impikiswano yezombangazwe inamandla.

Izentengiselwano zemibono, ezivezwe nguMahluleli u-Orverell Holmes, zisikisela ukuthi uvivinyo olungcono kakhulu lweqiniso luyikhono lokuncintisana emakethe esobala. IJaji u-Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. lamemezela ukuthi "ukuvivinywa kweqiniso okungcono kakhulu amandla omqondo wokuzamukeleka ekuncintisaneni kwezentengiselwano." Ukukholelwa kulendawo yemibono kuyaqhubeka kusemthetho weSimemezelo sokuqala.

Lenkolelo - mbono ikholelwa ukuthi uma yonke imiqondo ingavezwa ngokukhululekile futhi iphikiswane, imibono emihle iyovama kakhulu kwemibi. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kuyinto enengqondo, kubonisa ukuthembela okuyisisekelo emandleni ezakhamuzi ukuhlaziya ukwaziswa nokwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi. Okunye okungasetshenziswa kuhulumeni ukunquma ukuthi imiphi imibono eyamukelekayo, kubeka izingozi ezinkulu kakhulu edemokrasi.

Amalungelo Okuqala ESichibiyelo Athola Imithwalo Yemfanelo

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma, asikuvikeli emiphumeleni yenkulumo yakho engekho emongweni wohulumeni. Ngelungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma kuvela umthwalo wemfanelo: umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlonipha indlela esikhuluma ngayo, nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela ilungelo labanye lenkululeko yokukhuluma, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyavumelana noma sinesithakazelo kulokho abakushoyo.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma isho ukuthi ungagxeka uhulumeni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuboshwa. Akusho ukuthi ungasho noma yini oyifunayo ngaphandle kwemiphumela yomphakathi. Abaqashi bangakuthukuthelisa ngamazwi acasulayo, abangane bangazehlukanisa nawe, futhi umphakathi ungagxeka imibono yakho. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sikuvikela ekucubungulani kukahulumeni, hhayi ekuhlonishweni kwezenhlalo yamazwi akho.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho okuHlaziya Kokuqala ngokuphumelelayo akudingi ukuqonda lokho nje ongase ukusho, kodwa nendlela yokuhlanganyela engxoxweni ezuzisayo. idemokhrasi liyachuma lapho izakhamuzi zingavumelani ngenhlonipho, zilalele imibono ephikisanayo, futhi zihileleke empikiswaneni yokholo oluhle. Ilungelo elingokomthetho lokukhuluma libaluleke kakhulu uma kuhambisana nesibopho esingokwesiko sokuvula inkulumo nokuthobeka kokuhlakanipha.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Okuqala

Nazi izindlela ezisebenzayo ongasebenzisa ngazo inkululeko yakho yokuqala yokuchithwa kweSichibiyelo:

Khuluma ngezindaba ozikhathalelayo: Imibono yakho hlanganyela ezingxoxweni, emithonjeni yezokuxhumana, ezincwadini eziya kumhleli, noma emihlanganweni yomphakathi. Izindaba zakho zilolonga inkulumo yeningi.
[ Isigaba sokubhikisha okunokuthula: Ukujoyina ukumasha, imibuthano, noma imiboniso ukuze kuboniswe ukusekela izimbangela ozikholelwayo. Khumbula ukuthi imibhikisho kumelwe ibe nokuthula futhi ingaba ngaphansi kwemingcele enengqondo, indawo, kanye nendlela.
Hlanganisa abameleli bakho abakhethiwe:[ Sebenzisa ilungelo lakho lokunxusa ngokubhala, ngokubiza, noma ngokuhlangana nezikhulu zikahulumeni ukuze ziveze imibono yakho ngomthetho nangesimiso.
Iphephandaba elizimele:[ Umbiko okhululekile uxhomeke ekusekeleni komphakathi. Zibophelele ezindaweni zokukhipha imibiko, ubika okubalulekile, futhi ugcina izintatheli zilandisa ngokunembe.
Imihlangano yeningi ehlangene:[ imihlangano yesikole, izikhawu zomkhandlu wedolobha, namahholo edolobha kungamathuba okuhlanganyela ekubuseni kwendawo futhi wenze izwi lakho lizwakale ezindabeni zomphakathi.
Khipha inkolo yakho ngokukhululekile: Ukukhulekela ngokwezinkolelo zakho, noma ukhetha ukungakhulekeli nhlobo, ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni.
Form noma joyina izinhlangano: Sebenzisa inkululeko yakho yokuhlangana ngokuhlangana nabanye abahlanganyela izindinganiso zakho kanye nokusebenza ndawonye emigomweni efanayo.
Zifundise wena kanye nabanye: Funda ngezindaba zeSichibiyelo sokuqala futhi uhlanganyele lololwazi. Ukwaziswa kwezakhamuzi kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Izinganekwane Ezivamile Zokuqala Zokuchithwa Ziyalahlwa

Inganekwane: Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Sivikela Konke Okukhulumayo

Iqiniso: Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sibanzi, izigaba ezithile eziwumngcingo zenkulumo — kuhlanganise nezinsongo zeqiniso, ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokuhlanjalazwa (hhayi) kungavikelwa. Nokho, lokhu okuhlukile kulinganiselwe ngokunakekela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphamba kukahulumeni.

Inganekwane: Izinhlangano Zangasese Kumelwe Ziwahloniphe Amalungelo Akho Okukhuluma

Iqiniso: ISichibiyelo Sokuqala simane nje sivimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni. Izinkampani zangasese, kuhlanganise neziteshi zezokuxhumana, zingamisa imithetho yazo siqu ngokuphathelene nenkulumo eyamukelekayo futhi zisuse lokho okuqukethwe yileyo mithetho ngaphandle kokwephula uMthetho - sisekelo.

Inganekwane: Ukuzonda Ukukhuluma Kungekho Mthethweni

Iqiniso: Inkulumo eningi yenzondo ivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, nakuba ingase isolwe ngokokuziphatha, ngokuvamile uhulumeni ngeke aphuce inkulumo esekelwe emibonweni evezwa yiso, ngisho neyenzondo.

Inganekwane: Ungasho Lutho Ngaphandle Kwemiphumela

Iqiniso: ISichibiyelo sokuqala sikuvikela ekujezisweni uhulumeni ngenkulumo yakho, kodwa asikuvikeli emiphumeleni yezenhlalo, yezobuchwepheshe, noma yezomnotho. Abaqashi bangakuthuka, abangane bangakugwema, futhi umphakathi ungakugxeka, futhi akukho kulokhu okuphula amalungelo akho okuHlaziya Inguquko Yokuqala.

Inganekwane: Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Isho Ukukhululeka Ekugxekweni

Iqiniso: ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokukhuluma, kodwa sivikela ngokufanayo ilungelo labanye lokugxeka lokho okushoyo. Ukuphikisa ngokwako kuvikelwe, futhi ukusabela enkulumweni enkulumweni kuyindlela efana ngayo nedayiswa yemibono.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Kodwa kusukela ngawo - 1920, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukufunda iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngokwandayo, futhi lo mkhuba wanda kakhulu ngawo - 1960. Namuhla, isivikelo esingokomthetho esinikezwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sinamandla kunanini ngaphambili emlandweni wethu.

Ukuzama Imali Nenkulumo Yezombangazwe

Ekuxazululeni kwayo kokuqala nalombuzo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi izindleko zezombangazwe neminikelo kungu "indlela yokukhuluma" esho iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngoba ihloselwe ukuthuthukisa ukubonakaliswa kwezombangazwe ngabashisekeli bezombangazwe nabanye. Nokho, iNkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi izindleko zezombangazwe neminikelo kungaqondiswa ngokuvumelana neSichibiyelo Sokuqala uma uhulumeni engabonisa ukulunga okubalulekile ngokwanele.

Indima yemali kwezombangazwe ihlala iphikisana. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchitha imali engokombangazwe okungenamingcele konakalisa idemokrasi futhi kuqeda amazwi avamile. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukunqanda izindleko zezombangazwe kuphula amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kulendawo ziye zahlukaniswa kakhulu, futhi umthetho ungaqhubeka uzenzakalela.

Ukushintsha Indlela Yokukhuluma Ngakuyi - Internet Nokushintsha

Uma kusetshenziswa inkulumo eningi kuyi - Internet, imibuzo ephathelene nendlela yokulawula iziteshi ze - computer iya ikhula.

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okungamanga kuyi-inthanethi kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka ngempilo yomphakathi, ukuthembeka kokhetho, nokubambisana kwezenhlalo. Nokho, ukuqaphela ukuthi "amazwi athile amanga angenakugwenywa uma kuzoba nemibono esobala nenamandla engxoxweni yasobala nangasese," iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakwenqaba ukukhipha isiGatsha seSichibiyelo sokuqala esicacile samazwi amanga. Ukulinganisela isidingo sokulwa nokungaqondisi okulimazayo ngesivikelo senkululeko kuseyinselele enkulu.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngamalungelo Akho Okuqala

Uma ufuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwakho amalungelo esiHlanzi Sokuqala nendlela esisebenza ngayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kunemithombo eminingi etholakalayo:

Isichibiyeli Sokuqala eFreedom Forum: sinikeza imithombo yemfundo, izindaba, kanye nokuhlaziywa komagazini beSichibiyelo sokuqala [ku- http:///wwwwww. inkululekoforum.org/
I-Libregion Liberties Union yaseMelika (ACLU): inikeza ukwaziswa ngenkululeko yomphakathi, kuhlanganise namalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala, kanye namalithi ezindaba ezibalulekile zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile kumahttp:///wwwwww.alu/
Isisekelo samalungelo omuntu ngamunye nophawulo (FIRE): igxila kwizindaba zokukhululeka zokukhuluma, ikakhulukazi emakolishi, e http://wwwwww.top.org /
Isikhungo somthetho-sisekelo: inikeza izinto zokufundisa nemithombo ehambisanayo ngoMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo Sokuqala, http://constitutioncenter.org/
Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo Ephakeme: Inikeza imibono ezicabeni zeSichibiyelo sokuqala nezinye izindaba zomthetho-sisekelo e http:///wwwwww.supmecourt.gov/

Isiphetho: Izwi Lakho Libalulekile

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala singaphezu nje kwamazwi esikhumba sesikhumba, isiqinisekiso sokuphila esivikela ikhono lakho lokucabanga ngokukhululekile, ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ukukhulekela ngokuvumelana nonembeza wakho, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa uhulumeni wakho. Lenkululeko ayinikezwa uhulumeni; ingamalungelo efa oMthetho-sisekelo ovikela ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, amaningi alamalungelo okuQothulela Izichibiyelo ngokuvamile aye abalulekile emaqenjini angathandwa, lawo amelela amaqembu amancane anamandla ezombangazwe noma iphimbo elincane.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli inkulumo ethandwayo nje kuphela, kodwa ikakhulukazi inkulumo yalabo abanemibono ebekela inselele isimo noma emelela imibono embalwa.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sokuqala kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokugcwele ekuphileni kwentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhuluma ngezokuxhumana, uyaya ekubhikisheni, ubhalela ummeleli wakho, noma umane uxoxe ngezombangazwe nabangane, usebenzisa inkululeko eyisisekelo eyenza ukuba umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika ube nokwenzeka.

Lamalungelo eza ngemithwalo yemfanelo − ukuwasebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha, ukuhlonipha amalungelo abanye okwenza okufanayo, nokuvikela lenkululeko lapho isongelwa. Isichibiyeli sokuqala asiqinisekisi ukuthi wonke umuntu uyovumelana nawe noma ukuthi inkulumo yakho izokhululeka kuzo zonke izimo. Kodwa iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke akuthule ngenxa yokuveza imibono yakho, futhi yisivikelo esifanelekile sokuqonda, ukusebenzisa, nokuvikela.

Njengoba ubheka imithombo yezindaba eyinkimbinkimbi, khumbula ukuthi izwi lakho ligcina izwi lesiSichibiyelo sokuqala lizwakala ngokuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba anqume ukuthi yimiphi imibono eyamukelekayo nengamukeleki. Ngokuqonda nangokusebenzisa amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, unezela ekuzameni okuqhubekayo kweMelika kokuzilawula futhi usize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene ayaqhubeka ehlela idemokrasi yethu ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.