Isingeniso

Indlela esukela ekuboshweni ukuya ekuqulweni icala nangalé kwayo ayivamile ukubekwa phambili. Izinga ngalinye lenqubo yomthetho engokomthetho lifeza injongo ethile engokomthetho, eklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo abamangalelwa ngenkathi ivumela umbuso ukuba uphishekele ubulungisa. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo, umshini ocacile usiza ukucacisa izindima zamaphoyisa, abameli, abameli, abahluleli, namajaji. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukukhubazeka kwenqubo yomthetho yesigaba ngesigaba, kusukela esikhathini sokuboshwa ngezicelo zeposi, kuhlanganise nokushintshashintshashintsha kwezimo phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nezokubusa, ukungeyikhomba okungasiyo, kanye namasuntwe ekwaziyo ukuthinta umphumela onyangweni ngalunye.

Ukuboshwa

Inqubo engokomthetho iqala ngokuboshwa, okwenzeka lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu. Imbangela engenzeka idinga okungaphezu kokusola nje; kumelwe isekelwe ngamaqiniso nezimo ezingenza umuntu onengqondo akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu buye bayenzeka. Ukuboshwa kungenzeka ngezindlela eziningi:

  • Ukuboshwa okungathandeki: Umahluleli unikeza isiqinisekiso sokubopha ngemva kwesizathu sokukhalaza okufungelwe okungase kuvele. Ama-warrant avamile kumafereji angathi sína noma uma umcabange engenakutholakala ngokushesha.
  • Ukuboshwa okungenacala: Isikhulu singabopha ngaphandle kwemvume uma bebona ubugebengu, kungenzeka ukuthi banesizathu sokuqunjelwa, noma ukusolwa okunengqondo kwephutha elenziwe phambi kwabo.
  • Ukuboshwa: Ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, abantu bomuntu siqu bangabopha othile ngenxa yobufakazi bobugebengu, kodwa lokhu akuvamile futhi ngokuvamile kudikibaliswa ukugcinwa komthetho.

Phakathi nokuboshwa, isikhulu kumelwe silandele imithetho eqinile, kuhlanganise nokufunda amalungelo aso asolwayo uma ukuphenywa kwemvume kulandela. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela ekucindezelweni kwezinkulumo. Ngemva kokuboshwa, umuntu uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa noma ejele ukuze abhale izincwadi.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: USA.gov – Kwenzekani uma uboshwa

Ukubhala izincwadi

Ukubhala amaphepha kuyinqubo yokuphatha elandela ukuboshwa. Esiteshini, izisebenzi zomthetho ziqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu okusolwayo, zithathe iminwe nezithombe (i-mogshot), zibhale noma yiziphi izikhwama zomuntu siqu, futhi zibhale amacala akhethekile abekweyo. Ukubhala akuyona ikhambi; akuyona indawo yokugcina amarekhodi kuphela. Nokho, isikhathi umuntu achitha ebhala incwadi singahluka kusukela emahoreni ambalwa kuya ngaphezulu, kuye ngesilinganiso sobuso nomthamo walabo ababoshiwe.

Phakathi nokubhala incwadi, umsoli angase abekwe esitokisini esibambe imoto. Kulesi sikhathi, banelungelo lokushayela ummeli noma ilungu lomkhaya ucingo. Ezindaweni eziningi, inqubo yokubhala inquma ukuthi umsoli uzokhululwa yini (ngezobugebengu obuncane) noma kumelwe ahlale ejele kuze kuvele inkantolo yokuqala.

3. Ukubonakala Kokuqala

Phakathi namahora angu- 48 okuboshwa (futhi ngokuvamile ngokushesha kakhulu, ikakhulukazi emacaleni kahulumeni), umsolwa kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ukuze avele kuqala, futhi abizwa ngokuthi ukubonakala kokuqala noma ukuvela. Leli ithuba lokuqala lommangalelwa lokuma enkantolo. Phakathi nalelicala:

  • Umahluleli ufunda amacala ngokuzwakalayo futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uyawaqonda.
  • Ummangalelwa waziswa ngamalungelo abo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula nelungelo lommeli.
  • Ijaji likhuluma ngendaba yebheyili, noma liphika ngokuphelele ukuthi icala libi kakhulu kangakanani, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, ukuhlangana nomphakathi, kanye nengozi yokundiza. umahluleli angase amise isibopho semali, akhulule ummangalelwa ngokuqaphela kwakhe siqu, noma aphike ibheyili uma icala elibekwe ummangalelwa libi kakhulu (isig. icala eliyinhloko).

Kwezinye izifundazwe, ukubonakala kokuqala kuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba angene ekuncengeni icala, angabi necala, noma angabi namncintiswano. Nokho, emacaleni anecala, isicelo sivame ukuhoxiswa kuze kube yilapho kuqalwa isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: [[QOMT]Cornell Legin Information - Ukubonakala kokuqala

4. Ukuzwa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

Ukuqulwa kwecala lokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi isizathu esingenzeka, kuyisinyathelo esibucayi sasekuqaleni emacaleni anecala. Injongo yalo iwukuthola ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini obungathethelela ukuqhubeka kuqulwa icala. Akuzona zonke izimo ezidinga ukuqulwa kwakuqala; enkantolo kahulumeni nakwezinye izifundazwe, umshushisi angaqhubekela ngokuqondile enkantolo enkulu enecala, adlulise lesi sinyathelo. Kodwa uma kwenzeka, ukuqulwa kuhilela:

  • Unikezelo lobufakazi:[ Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi anikeze ubufakazi obungokoqobo ukuze abonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu benziwa nokuthi ummangalelwa uyenze.
  • Inselele enzima: Ummeli ovikelayo angahlanganisa ofakazi abathwesa icala futhi anikeze ubufakazi bokululaza icala, nakuba kungadingeki ukuba bembule amacebo abo aphelele.
  • Ukubusa okungokwesiko: Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela, icala liyaqhubekeka. Uma kungenjalo, amacala angaxoshwa, noma umahluleli anganciphisa amacala abe yicala elincane.

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kwangaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile kusebenza njengendlela engokoqobo yokuhlola: uma icala lomshushisi libuthakathaka, bangase bafake isikhalo esihle phambi kwecala.

5. Isimangalo noma ulwazi

Ngemva kokwandulela, kulungiswe idokhumende yokukhokhisa. Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Icala eliqulwa abahluleli abakhulu: Ijaji elikhulu, elibunjwe yizakhamuzi, libukeza ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi namavoti ukuthi angamangalela yini. Ukuqulwa kwecala okukhulu kuyafihla, futhi ukuvikela akukho. Uma amajaji amakhulu athola ukuthi kungenzeka kubangelwe yisizathu, bakhipha “imvume yeqiniso,” futhi ummangalelwa umangalelwa ubekwa ngecala. Lokhu kuvamile enkantolo yombuso nakwamanye amazwe.
  • Ukwaziswa kudluliselwe umshushisi: Ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni, umshushisi ufaka ngokuqondile idokhumende ebizwa ngokuthi ulwazi, ehlela amacala. Lendlela isetshenziswa ngemva kokuzwa kokwandulela inquma imbangela, noma kwezinye izindawo, umshushisi angafaka ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokubekwa phambili kwecala elithile.

Ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwabahluleli abakhulu liqinisekiswa iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu samacala kahulumeni, kodwa amazwe amaningi awafuni ukuba sithathwe futhi kunalokho athembele ekwazisweni. Ukukhethwa kwenqubo kungathinta isikhathi nethuba lommangalelwa lokuphoxa isigwebo ngokushesha.

6. Ukubekwa icala

Icala ukubonakala kwenkantolo okungokomthetho kommangalelwa lapho kufundwa khona amacala futhi ummangalelwa angene esicelweni. Kubamangalelwa abaningi, lokhu kungokokuqala ukuba bavele phambi komahluleli ngemva kokubhala incwadi. I-arraigniment ihlanganisa:

  • Ukufunda amacala: Umahluleli ufunda icala noma ukwaziswa ngokuzwakalayo. Ezinkantolo eziningi, amacala afingqwa kunokuba afunde i-rticlat kugcina isikhathi.
  • ungeniswa: Ummangalelwa angamangalela necala, angabi necala, noma angabi namncintiswano (nolo imateriere). Akukho kunxusa komncintiswano okuvumayo kodwa ukwamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala; kungasetshenziselwa ukugwema icala lomphakathi kamuva.
  • Ukubekwa kwezimo: Uma ibheyili ingahlelwanga lapho kuvela khona ekuqaleni, umahluleli angayibiza manje. Inkantolo futhi ihlela uhlelo lokuqulwa kwecala lesikhathi esizayo kanye nezinsuku ezimisiweyo zemisebenzi yangaphambi kokuhlolwa.

Ezifundeni eziningi, abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abangamangalelwanga ngecala bamiswa njengomlweli womphakathi uma bengakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli. Labo abancenga icala bangagwetshwa ngokushesha, nakuba ngokuvamile umbiko wangaphambi kwemvume uqala. Izivumelwano ngokuvamile zimfushane, kodwa baqala ngokomthetho isigaba secala lobugebengu.

7. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi

Inkathi phakathi kokuquliswa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala ilawulwa yizenzo zangaphambi kokwahlulela, eziyizicelo zenkantolo ukuba ikhiphe izinqumo ezilawula izinga lokuqulwa kwecala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukungahambisani: Amasubathi okumangalelwa ukuthi akwanele ngokomthetho, kusekelwe ekwephuleni umthetho, eMthethweni, noma engozini ephindwe kabili.
  • Ukuthatha ukucindezela ubufakazi: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungekho emthethweni, njengokuseshwa okungekho emthethweni noma ukuphazanyiswa, noma ukuphazanyiswa iMiranda. Lokhu kungokunye kwamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okuvikela.
  • Ukuguqula indawo: Ama-Ague ukuthi ummangalelwa akakwazi ukwamukela ukuqulwa kobulungisa endaweni yamanje ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezindaba noma ubandlululo lomphakathi.
  • Ukuthola: izicelo zokudlulisa ubufakazi, kuhlanganise nezinhlu zofakazi, izitatimende, kanye nemininingwane yokubhala (izinto ezibhaliwe).
  • [[INTLA:0] i-limine: icela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe noma ivume ubufakazi obuqondile ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuvinjelwe ubandlululo.

Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kwecala kunqunywa ngemishwana ebhaliwe nangamazwi adluliselwa ngomlomo. Imiphumela yabo ingalithinta ngokuphawulekayo icala: ukushukuma okuphumelelayo kungaphazamisa icala lomshushisi, kuholele ekuxoshweni noma ekucelweni okuhle.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: Nolo – Pre-Trialsss ezicabeni zezigebengu [

8. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma icala lisinda ekuthatheni isigwebo ngaphambi kwenkantolo futhi kungekho sivumelwano esifinyelelwe, siyaqhubeka siqulwa. ISikhawulo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi yijaji elingakhethi. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuvuleka ngokulandelana okuhleliwe:

  • Ukukhetha i-jury (inani elibi): Ama-atney asemaceleni womabili angabuza abalawuli abangase bavuleke ubandlululo. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa izinselele zentelekelelo (inani elilinganiselwe) nezinselele ekubangeleni (engalinganiselwe, esekelwe ekucwaseni).
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Izinhlangothi zonke ziveza umbono wazo ngecala. Ukushushisa kuqala, kuveza ubufakazi abazobunikeza. Ukuzivikela kungathatha isikhathi kuze kube ngemva kokuphuma komshushisi.
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: Umshushisi ubiza ofakazi futhi ufakaze imiboniso. Ingxubevange yesiphambano se-examines. Ngemva kokuthula, abamangaleli banganikeza ofakazi babo siqu nobufakazi, kuhlanganise nobufakazi bommangalelwa (ummangalelwa akadingi ukufakaza).
  • Izimpikiswano ezibonisayo: uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa ukuthi kungani abahluleli bejaji kufanele bathole uhlangothi lwabo. Umshushisi ugcina.
  • Iziyalezo ze-JURY:[ Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, kuhlanganise nomthwalo wobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa.
  • Ukucubungula nokunquma: Abasizi bamajaji ngasese kuze kube yilapho befinyelela isinqumo esihlanganyelwayo (ezimweni eziningi) sokuba necala noma ukungabi nacala. Ijaji elilengisweyo lenzeka uma lingavumelani, okuphumela ekuxazululweni okungalungile; ukuqulwa kungalilungisa icala.

Ubude becala buyehluka: icala elivamile lingathatha usuku olulodwa, kuyilapho icala eliyinkimbinkimbi lingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuba khona nelokubhekana nofakazi.

9. Isifungo

Isinqumo siyisinqumo esingokomthetho sejaji futhi kungenzeka:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty:[ Ummangalelwa uboshelwe. Ijaji lithola ukuthi ukuquliswa icala kufakaze zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.
  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa ukhululiwe. Lokhu akusho ukuthi akanacala, kusho ukushushiswa kwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wobufakazi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ijaji elingumsizi: Ijaji alikwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo. Umahluleli umemezela icala eliyiphutha. Umshushisi angakhetha ukulilungisa icala nejaji elisha, noma angalahla amacala uma ubufakazi bubuthakathaka.

Uma ummangalelwa ekhululiwe, ziyakhululwa futhi azinakuthethelelwa icala elifanayo ngenxa yesivikelo esiphindwe kabili.

10. Ukugwetshwa

Isigwebo siyisinqumo senkantolo, umahluleli ubeka isigwebo enkantolo ehlukene, ngokuvamile ngemva kwamasonto. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Umbiko wophenyo lwe-PSI-PRE-empence (PSI): Ulungiselwe isikhulu sokucathula, iPSI iqukethe ukwaziswa ngesizinda sommangalelwa, umlando wobugebengu, isimo sezimali, kanye nemiphumela yesisulu. Isiza umahluleli ukuba athole isigwebo esilungile.
  • [ izisho eziqinile: izisulu noma imindeni yazo zingakhuluma enkantolo futhi zichaze indlela ubugebengu obathinta ngayo.
  • Izimpikiswano eziphoqelelayo: Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ukutusa. Umshushisi angase aphikise ngesigwebo esinzima phakathi kweziqondiso ze-stat; ukuzivikela kungaphikisa ngokungezwani, ukwelashwa komphakathi, noma ukugcinwa.
  • Isijeziso sihlanganisa ukuboshwa, amafa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa kwecala, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukuvalelwa ekhaya, noma inhlanganisela. Kumacala angathi sína, imisho ebophekile engasetshenziswa.

Ijaji kumelwe licabangele izinjongo zesijeziso: isijeziso, ukunqanda, ukuvala amanxeba, nokulungisa isimo. Iziqondiso, ikakhulukazi enkantolo kahulumeni, zinikeza uchungechunge lwezinyanga zokuboshwa ngenxa yezinga lobugebengu nomlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa. Nokho, amajaji anesinqumo esithile, afanelwe ukubukezwa.

Umxhumanisi wangaphandle: I-Sevensing Project – Ukucwaninga kanye nokukhipha isigwebo esilungile

11.

Ngemva kokugweba, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa isigwebo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Inqubo yokudlulisa isicelo ayiyona ikhambi lokuqulwa kwecala; ukubukeza amaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka athinte umphumela. Izimo zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • Amaphutha ekuvumeni noma ekubuyekeni ubufakazi.
  • Iziyalezo ezingafanele zabasizi bejaji.
  • Ukuziphatha okubi kwamacala.
  • Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko.
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo.

Ummangalelwa kumelwe abhale isaziso sokudlulisa isikhalo phakathi nosuku oluqinile (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi kuya kwezingamashumi amathathu). Lenqubo ihlanganisa:

  • Izinso:[ Zombili izinhlangothi zifaka izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe ezikhomba umthetho wecala nomlando ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala.
  • Impikiswano ye-ral:[ Izikhathi eziningi ihlelwe ukuba inkantolo ye-panellate izwe imibuzo kumajaji.
  • Ukubekwa:[ Indawo yohlu ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa ukuqiniseka, ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa ekuqulweni okusha, ukushintsha umusho, noma ukukhipha isigwebo.

Uma lesisikhalo singaphumeleli, ummangalelwa angase afune ukubukezwa okwengeziwe enkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. (isicelo sokufuna ukuvuselelwa kwe-certiorari), nakuba ukubukeza okunjalo kuhlakaniphile futhi kungaqashelwa. Amakhambi engeziwe angemva kokuqulwa, njengezicelo ze-habeas corpus, akhona ezimweni ezilinganiselwe, ikakhulukazi ezephula umthetho.

Ngalé Kwalokho: Imiphumela Yangemva KweSikhungo Nemiphumela

Ngisho nangemva kokuba ukudlulisa isikhalo sekuphelile, inqubo engokomthetho ingaqhubeka. Ummangalelwa angafaka uhele wosizo lwangemva kokukhipha isikhalazo enkantolo yombuso, anikeze ubufakazi obusanda kutholwa noma usizo olungaphumeleli. Emacaleni kahulumeni, abamangalelwa bangase bafune ukubukezwa kwe-habeas corpus enkantolo kahulumeni ngemva kokuba amakhambi kahulumeni esephelile.

Ngalé kwenqubo yenkantolo, isigwebo sobugebengu sinemiphumela eqinisekile engathatha ukuphila konke: ubunzima bokuthola umsebenzi, ukulahlekelwa amalayisense ochwepheshe, ukungagunyazwa kosizo lwezindlu, ukudingiswa ngenxa yokungabi namali, nokuvinjelwa ukuba nezibhamu. Ukuqonda lemiphumela kubalulekile kunoma ubani obhekene nalendaba noma uhlole isimiso.

Isiphetho

Inqubo engokomthetho (ukusukela ekuboshweni ngecala, ukugwetshwa, nokudluliswa kwecala) iveza ukulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwamandla ombuso namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Isigaba ngasinye sinikeza isivikelo esibucayi: ukuqinisekiswa kokubonakala ngokushesha, ilungelo lokubekela inselele ngokunokwenzeka, ithuba lokuvimbela ubufakazi obuthola ngokungemthetho, nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokungemthetho yijaji, futhi ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga ngabahluleli. Abafundi nothisha, ukudweba loluhambo kuthuthukisa ukwazisa okujulile ngokubusa komthetho kanye nezivikelo ezichaza isimiso sobulungisa saseMelika. Ngokwazi ngokuqondile ukuthi yini ehilelekile, ukuthi yini enyangweni ngalinye linganciphisa ukukhathazeka futhi likwazi ukukhomba isinqumo esiqotho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bacabangela isicelo noma balungiselela ukuqulwa.