Isimiso somthetho se-United States sisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso senkantolo samacala amabili, nezimiso zenkantolo ezihlukene zikahulumeni nombuso ezihlanganyela ubukhosi kuyilapho zisingatha izinhlobo ezihlukene zezindaba zomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela lezizimiso ezimbili ezisebenza ngayo, iziphi iziphakamiso, nokuthi zisebenza kanjani kubalulekile kunoma ubani obhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho noma ofuna nje ukuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni nezombuso, izakhiwo, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwazo.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo Yomphakathi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zimiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. futhi zisebenzisa amandla okwahlulela phezu kwesizwe. Zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, nezindaba lapho uhulumeni wase-U.S. ijaji lezwe liklanyelwe ukuba lizimele, futhi abahluleli abakhonza isikhathi eside ekuzivikeleni kwezombangazwe.

Izakhiwo Zamankantolo AseFederal

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinhlalo ezintathu eziyinhloko: izinkantolo zesigodi, izinkantolo zesifunda zamacala, neNkantolo Ephakeme yaseUnited States.

  • Izinkantolo zezesifunda (Izinga lamaTrial): Kunezinkantolo zesifunda ezingu-94 zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zasemasimini ase-U.S. isifunda ngasinye sinenkantolo yesifunda eyodwa, futhi ezinye izifunda ezinkulu zinesine. Lezi izinkantolo zokuqulwa lapho kuqulwa khona amacala esizwe nawezecala. Amajaji noma amajaji anquma amaqiniso futhi asebenzise umthetho kahulumeni. Izibonelo zamacala ahlanganisa angokomthetho, izimpikiswano ezisemthethweni, izindaba zokwehla kwemali, nokumangalelwa kwecala.
  • Izinkantolo Zomfunda Zokudlulisa Amacala (Appellete Degree): Izinkantolo zesifunda zesifunda zokudlulisa izicelo (ingqikithi yezifunda) zizwa izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda phakathi kwemingcele yazo yendawo. Zibukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho. Kunezifunda eziyinani elingu-11, i-D.C. isifunda, ne-Federal zuzungezo (esingatha izikhalo ezikhethekile njengemvume nentengiselwano yezizwe). Izikhalo zizwakala ngezihlulo zamajajithathathathu, futhi izinqumo zibekwa isibonelo sezinkantolo eziphansi phakathi kwesifunda.
  • Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yase-United States: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, ehlanganisa amaJaji ayisishiyagalolunye, izwa amacala alinganiselwe unyaka ngamunye. Ngokusho cishe 70-80 kwezicelo ezingaphezu kuka-7000. INkantolo ikhetha amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho-sisekelo noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zifinyelele izincazelo eziphikisanayo. Izinqumo zayo zibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi futhi azinakudluliswa.

Ukumangalelwa KwamaNkantolo Azimele

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zinegunya elilinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi zingalalela amacala agunyazwe uMthetho-sisekelo noma imithetho kahulumeni kuphela. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokubusa kukahulumeni yilezi:

  • I-Federal Question Jurisdition: Icala elivela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumangalelwa kwecala kugunyaza ukwephulwa kwemithetho yelungelo lomphakathi kahulumeni noma ukubekela umthetho kahulumeni.
  • Icala lobandlululo: Icala phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano sidlula khona amaRandi angu - 1 5000. Lokhu kuvumela izithakazelo ezingaphandle kwezwe ukuba zigweme ubandlululo lwendawo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngisho noma icala lihilela umthetho kahulumeni, lingazwakala enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • Uhulumeni wase-U.S. njengePhakathi: Icala lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni kazwelonke esheshiwe (umz., ukuqoqa intela) noma ususwe (umz., ngaphansi kwe-Federal Tort Access Act).
  • [[UMTL:0] Admiralty ne Maritime: Icala elihilela amanzi avulekayo, imikhumbi, kanye nezentengiselwano zasolwandle.
  • BANKUP: izinkantolo zeFederal zinegunya elikhethekile ekuwiseni kwemali ngaphansi kweBankruptic Code.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zezinkantolo Ezizimele

  • Ukumisa u-Movidual Creaty:[ ISiphakamiso III samajaji sisebenza ukuphila, siphinde siphume kuphela ngokucela. Lokhu ukuzimela kuhloselwe ukusekela ukubusa komthetho ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela.
  • Amajaji ahlangeneyo neSigele Ukuqinisekisa: amajaji angokombuso amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe iSigele, enza inqubo yokumisa yezombangazwe kodwa iqinisekisa ukulandisa.
  • IPredent neStarde Decisis: izinkantolo zeFederal zincike kakhulu ezinqumweni zangaphambi kwesinqumo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibopha zonke izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, futhi izinqumo zesifunda zibopha izinkantolo zesifunda kulelosifunda. Lokhu kudala ukungaguquguquki komthetho kahulumeni.
  • Izinkantolo ezihlukene: Ngaphandle kwezinkantolo eziphetheyo, kukhona izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile njengeNkantolo yeTaxi, iNkantolo yeTreade, neNkantolo yeMasipala.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngejaji likahulumeni, vakashela indawo engokomthetho yamankantolo ase-U.S..

Isimiso Senkantolo YoMbuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izimpikiswano ezinkulu ezingokomthetho − ngaphezu kuka-90% yazo zonke izinkantolo e-United States. Izwe ngalinye linomthetho-mthetho walo, imithetho, nezimiso zenkantolo. Nakuba zihluka ngokwemininingwane, eziningi zilandela indlela efanayo yezikhulu. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziyindawo yokuqala yokuxhumana kubantu abasingatha izindaba zomthetho zansuku zonke ezinjengokwephulwa kwezempatho, izingxabano zomkhaya, izingxabano zezindawo, nokumangalelwa okuningi kobugebengu.

Izakhiwo Zezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Izimiso zezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinamazinga amathathu, nakuba ezinye izifundazwe zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezengeziwe.

  • Izinkantolo zecala ezivamile zobuJurisirion: ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo zesifunda, lezi izinkantolo ezinkulu zokuqulwa kwecala. Zizwa amacala angathi sína (amacala), amacala omphakathi anezimpikiswano ezinkulu (ngokuvamile amaR120 000-R120 000), kanye nezezemifantu, nezindaba zabantwana. Ezikhathini eziningi, lezinkantolo zisingatha izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphansi.
  • Izinkantolo ezidiliziwe ze Juristalion: Izifunda eziningi zinezinkantolo ezincane zezindaba ezinjengenkantolo yomgwaqo, iziqulo ezincane, izinkantolo zenkantolo, nezinkantolo zamajaji. Lezi zisingatha amacala angathi sína kakhulu (abameli), amacala ngaphansi kwenani elithile lama - dollar, kanye nezinqumo eziqalwayo. Izinqumo zalenkantolo zingadluliswa enkantolo ephethe.
  • Izinkantolo ezithatha iziphakamiso eziphakathi: Eziningi kakhulu (kodwa akuzona zonke) zinezinkantolo eziphakathi. Lezinkantolo zihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo ezizahlulelwayo ukuze zilungise amaphutha. Ziyizinga eliyinhloko lokudlulisa amacala amaningi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi inkantolo ephakeme yezwe ayinqotshwa. Ezindabeni ngaphandle kwenkantolo ephakathi, ukunxusa kuya ngqo enkantolo ephakeme yezwe.
  • Inkantolo yeSimo esiPhakeme: Inkantolo yokugcina efuna usizo esifundazweni ngasinye. Ezifundazweni ezingaba ngu-40, ibizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme; kwezinye, ingabizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Yezikhalo Zokudlulisa Amacala (New York) noma iNkantolo Ephakeme Yokwahlulela (AmaMassachusetts). Lenkantolo ilalela ukudluliswa kwezinkantolo eziphakathi noma ngokuqondile ezinkantolo ezinkantolo eziqulweni. Izinqumo zayo ezingokomthetho ziwukugcina futhi azinakudluliswa enkantolo yase-U.S.

Ukumangalelwa Kwamankantolo Ombuso

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezingagcineli izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Icala lobugebengu:[ Icala lobugebengu eliningi `kusukela ku-DUI nokuhlasela kuya ekubulaleni(] libekwe ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni futhi liqulwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • Icala eliyi-Civil:[ Izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo, ukumangalelana komuntu siqu, izimpikiswano zempahla, nezenzo zesigaba ngokuvamile zibekwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ikakhulukazi uma zihilela umthetho kazwelonke futhi zingahlangani.
  • Umkhaya neMakhaya:[ isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukusekela umntwana, ukutholwa, nokubelethisa kuyizindaba zikahulumeni kuphela.
  • Isivumelwano kanye nezakhiwo: Ifa, amafa, ukwethenjelwa, kanye nemikhumbi eqaphile kusingathwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni.
  • Londlord-Tenant: Ukuhlungwa, ukuqasha izimpikiswano, kanye nezimo zempahla yicala likahulumeni.
  • [ Izindaba eziwubugqila: Amacala aqinile nokuthembela komntanakho ahilela izingane azwakala ezinkantolo zentsha zikahulumeni.

Izindlela Zokukhetha Ekwahluleleni

Ngokungafani namajaji kahulumeni asekela ukuphila, amajaji kahulumeni akhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene kuye ngokuthi:

  • Parisan noma i-Nonpartisan Ecostant: Kwezinye izifundazwe, abahluleli bamela ukhetho, ngokuvamile ngemibandela engu-4/10. Lokhu kubenza balandise ngokuqondile kubavoti kodwa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuguqula ijaji.
  • Ukumisa kukaMbusi:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela umbusi ukuba amise abahluleli, ngezinye izikhathi ngokugunyaza kwemithetho.
  • Ukukhetha iMirit (Icebo leMissouri): Ikhomishane ye-bipartisan imisa abameleli abafanelekayo, umbusi umisa umahluleli osohlwini, futhi umahluleli ubhekene nokhetho lokugcina ngemva kwesikhashana. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe nokulandisa komphakathi.
  • [[[QUL:0] I-Regitive Creatification Fromulation:[ Izifunda ezimbalwa (njenge-South Carolina ne-Virginia) zinezishaya-mthetho zazo ezikhetha amajaji.

Izindlela zokukhetha ezihlukahlukene zibonisa imibono ehlukene ngokuzimela kokwahlulela nokulandisa ngentando yeningi. Ukuze uthole ukucubungula kwesimiso sombuso ngamunye, bheka i-National Center for State Courts.

Indlela Izinkantolo Zomphakathi Nezinkantolo ZoMbuso Ezingenela Ngayo

Nakuba izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zisebenza ngokuzimele, zivame ukuhlangana. UMthetho - sisekelo wase-U.S. nemithetho kahulumeni kudala izinqubo zokuhamba kwamacala phakathi kwalezizimiso ezimbili. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kubucayi kudokotela abangokomthetho nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo.

Ukulahlwa Nokususwa Kwamanje

Amacala amaningi angafakwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni ngoba ahilela kokubili imithetho kahulumeni ne-overal noma ahlangabezana nezimfuneko zokulawula imibuso ehlukahlukene. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwamanje. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Ummangalelwa ovela kwesinye isifundazwe omangalelwayo ngenxa yokuphulwa kwesivumelwano enkantolo kahulumeni angase acele ummangalelwa ukuba akhiphe icala lakhe aliyise enkantolo kahulumeni uma imali ingaphezu kuka - R150 000.
  • Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi okugunyaza ukwephulwa koMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. nomthetho kahulumeni kwakungabekwa enkantolo ngayinye.
  • Amacala athile ahilela umthetho kahulumeni wobugebengu, umthetho ogunyaziwe, noma ukuwa kwamalungelo emali angokomthetho kuphela futhi awanakuzwakala enkantolo yombuso.

Uma icala libekwa enkantolo yombuso kodwa lingafakwa enkantolo kahulumeni, ummangalelwa angalifaka enkantolo yesifunda eseduze. Inkantolo kahulumeni isebenzisa imithetho yayo siqu kodwa isebenzisa umthetho ongaphansi (wecala noma umbuso) ofanayo inkantolo kahulumeni eyayiyowusebenzisa.

Ukudluliswa Kwamacala ENkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ingabukeza izinqumo ezenziwa yizinkantolo eziphakeme, kodwa kuphela uma icala lihilela umbuzo owenqaba . [1] njengokuchazwa kwe-U.S. Constitution, isivumelwano sikahulumeni, noma umthetho kahulumeni. Lena ukuphela kwendlela isinqumo senkantolo senkantolo ephakeme esingase sibhuntshiswe ngayo yinkantolo kahulumeni. Iqembu elifuna ukubukeza amafayela isicelo se-crect of cretiorariari, iNkanto enikezwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme kuphela lapho impikiswano engokomthetho ibalulekile ezweni lonke noma lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifinyelele iziphetho eziphikisanayo empikiswaneni efanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ummangalelwa kahulumeni omangalelwe uhulumeni ophikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni wawahlola ngokungemthetho ephuleni leSichibiyelo sesine angadlulisela icala lenkantolo ephakeme lokuphika lokho okushiwo iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S.. Uma iNkantolo ivuma ukulilalela lelicala, isinqumo sayo siyobopha zonke izinkantolo, kokubili uhulumeni nohulumeni.

Imfundiso Ecacile

Ezindabeni zokulawula ezihlukene, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zisebenzisa umthetho wezwe ongaphansi. Icala eliphawulayo Eliyi-Erie Railtraury Co. v. Tompkins (38) yamisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezilalela umthetho kahulumeni kumelwe zisebenzise umthetho kazwelonke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lowo mthetho uvela ezimisweni noma ezinqumweni zikahulumeni. Lokhu kugwema ukuthenga lapho ama-posttiff ayengakhetha khona inkantolo yezwe ukuze nje athole umthetho owe-msibindi. Imfundiso ye-Erie iqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela wecala kumelwe usebenze kahle noma ubekwe esinkantolo sombuso noma enkantolo.

Ukholo Olugcwele Nodumo

ISiphakamiso se-IV soMthetho-sisekelo sifuna ukuba kunikezwe "ukholo olugcwele nokuboleka" ezenzweni zomphakathi, emarekhodini, nasemacaleni okwahlulela ezinye izifundazwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isahlulelo esikhishwa inkantolo yezwe kumelwe siqashelwe futhi siphoqelelwe izinkantolo kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kuvimbela amaqembu ukuba abeke iziphakamiso ezibhekene nemigqa yezwe futhi kuqinisekise ukuzinza ezindabeni ezinjengemithetho yesehlukaniso, iziyalezo zokuwinwa kwelungelo, nezinqumo zemali.

Ukukhetha Inkantolo Efanele: Isiqondiso Esisebenzayo

Kubantu abahilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho, ukwazi ukuthi ukuhlanganisa inkantolo yesifundazwe noma kahulumeni kungathinta icebo, izindleko, nemithetho ehleliwe. Nazi izici eziyinhloko okumelwe zicatshangelwe:

  • Ukuvela kwecala: Uma icebo livela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni (umzk., ukuphulwa kwemithetho yezemvume kahulumeni, ukuphambaniswa kwemvume, umthetho wezisebenzi osemthethweni kahulumeni), kumelwe ilethwe enkantolo kahulumeni. Uma ivela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni (umz., ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano, isehlukaniso), inkantolo yesifunda iyindawo evamile.
  • Ukufaneleka kobuSazi: Uma ummangalelwa nommangalelwa bevela ezifundeni ezihlukene futhi isilinganiso singaphezu kuka $75 000 (R35 000), icala lingafakwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. inkantolo yamaFederal ingakhetha uma ummangalelwa elindele ubandlululo lwasendaweni noma uma imithetho esemthethweni kahulumeni (umz., ukutholwa okubanzi) kuzuzisa.
  • Imithetho yeTime ne-Ecrollles: izinkantolo ze-Federal ne-ovement zinemithetho yesikhathi ehlukene, imithetho yokuthola, nezinqubo zokudlulisa. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo ze-Federal, zinemithetho ebophekayo egunyaza ukucaciswa futhi ngokuvamile zihlela ukuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezindwayo.
  • I-Jurhomement: amachibi ejaji e-Federal athathwa esifundeni sendawo ebanzi, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivela esifundeni. Lokhu kungathinta isimo sokwanda kwe-avalum, futhi, ngethuba, umphumela.
  • Intela yokukhokha nokuthola: Intela yokukhokha, ukujwayelana nommeli, kanye nomkhuba wendawo kungathonya isinqumo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zivame ukufinyeleleka kakhulu kulezo ezizimelele zona futhi zinezinhlelo ezilula zokuzifunela izinto ezincane.

Ummeli angahlola ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthunyelwa enkantolo kahulumeni, ahlole amakhono ecala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, futhi anqume ukuthi i-orcum ingcono kangakanani uma kucatshangelwa.

Ukungafani Okuyinhloko Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Zombuso NezaseHulumeni Eqenjini

AspectFederal CourtsState Courts
Source of AuthorityU.S. Constitution, federal statutesState constitution, state statutes
Types of CasesFederal laws, constitutional issues, diversity, bankruptcy, patentsMost criminal, family, contract, tort, property, probate
Judicial SelectionPresident appoints, Senate confirms, lifetime tenureElected or appointed, fixed terms (varies by state)
Appellate Structure94 district courts → 13 circuit courts → Supreme CourtState trial courts → intermediate appellate courts (if any) → state supreme court
Finality of DecisionsSupreme Court decisions binding across U.S.State supreme court decisions final on state law; can be appealed to U.S. Supreme Court only on federal questions

Imithombo Yokuvimbela Isimiso Esingokomthetho

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, cabangelani lezi zindlela ezigunyaziwe:

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo samazwe amabili nesombuso siyisici esichazayo sokubusa kweMelika. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha izindaba zokubaluleka kwesizwe nomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zilawula izimpikiswano eziningi zansuku zonke ezingokomthetho. Ukusebenzelana kwazo, ngokuvumelana, ngokususa, nangokuhlola, kuqinisekisa uhlelo olungokomthetho oluvumelanayo oluphathelene kokubili ubunye nobukhosi besizwe. Ngokuqonda indima, imithetho, nemithombo yesimiso ngasinye, izakhamuzi nezindawo zingazenza izinqumo eziqondiswe ukuthi ungazifunela kuphi futhi kanjani ubulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene necala, uvala icala, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho, ulwazi lwezinkantolo luyithuluzi elibalulekile emphakathini wentando yentando yeningi.