Table of Contents

Ukuqonda isimiso senkantolo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongase abhekane nezinselele zomthetho ekuphileni kwakhe kwansuku zonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nempikiswano encane, ukungavumelani, noma indaba engathi sína kakhulu, ukwazi indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo naziphi izinyathelo okufanele uzithathe kungenza umehluko phakathi komphumela ophumelelayo nokuhlangenwe nakho okukhungathekisayo. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sizokuhamba phakathi kwezehlakalo zenkantolo yaseMelika, sinikeza ulwazi olusebenzayo olukunika amandla okusingatha ukuqulwa komthetho ngokuqiniseka.

Ukuqonda Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Senkantolo YaseMelika

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso senkantolo esihlanganisa kokubili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nezezwe. Izinkantolo zase-United States ziyizimiso ezihlangene kakhulu zezinkantolo eziphethe amazinga kahulumeni nombuso. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni ukuthi icala lakho liphi nokuthi lizolungiswa kanjani.

Isimiso Senkantolo KaFederal

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinamazinga amathathu ayinhloko: izinkantolo zesifunda (inkantolo yamacala), izinkantolo zesifunda eziyizinga lokuqala lokudlulisa amacala, neNkantolo ePhakeme eUnited States, izinga lokugcina lokudlulisa icala esimisweni sikahulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo sesifunda siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala angabukezwa ngamazinga amaningi uma kudingekile.

Esisekelweni sesimiso sikahulumeni kunezinkantolo zesifunda. Izinkantolo zesifunda noma zamacala zezwe ezingu-94 zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda sase-U.S. izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Lezi zinkantolo zisingatha amacala okuqala ecala likahulumeni, lapho ofakazi befakazelwa khona nobufakazi.

Ngaphezu kwezinkantolo zesigodi kuhlala izinkantolo zecala. Kunezinkantolo ezingu-13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., futhi zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zecala le-U.S. umsebenzi wenkantolo edlulisa amacala uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa ngokufanele yini enkantolo equlweni noma enxuseni lokuphatha. Lezi zinkantolo aziwahloli amacala kodwa zibukeze izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezenziwa yizinkantolo eziphansi.

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iphakeme kakhulu eUnited States. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziphansi ezidlulisa amacala, iNkantolo Ephakeme inelungelo lokunquma ukuthi imaphi amacala ezwakalayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhipha amacala angu - 80 ngonyaka, akhethwe emacaleni angaphezu kuka - 7 000 acelwa ukuba abukezwe.

Izimiso Zenkantolo KaHulumeni

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni siveza isimo sesimiso senkantolo kahulumeni ngokuthi ngokuvamile sakhiwa amazinga amathathu ayinhloko: izinkantolo zomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zecala neNkantolo Ephakeme. Nokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi angokomthetho eMelika.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zizwa cishe u-98% wokuqulwa kwecala; izizwe eziningi zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile, ezivame ukusingatha izimpikiswano ezincane njengokudluliswa kwezimoto, nezinkantolo ezilawula imingcele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho obhekana nazo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke ziyoxazululwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kunokuba zixazululwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Izakhiwo zenkantolo yoMbuso zingahluka kakhulu kusuka kwesinye isifundazwe kuya kwesinye. Ngenxa yezisekelo zikahulumeni zokwahlukana kohulumeni abaphethe nohulumeni, izimiso zenkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene zikhululekile ukusebenza ngezindlela ezihluka kakhulu kwezohulumeni kahulumeni, nakwezinye. Ezinye izifunda zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile zezindaba zomkhaya, iprobate, noma iziphakamiso ezincane, kuyilapho ezinye ziqinisa lemisebenzi.

Uhulumeni ophethe

Ukuqonda ukuthi yisiphi isimiso senkantolo esinegunya ecaleni lakho kubalulekile. Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni wase-U.S. sizwa amacala ahilela izigebengu ezivela ezifundazweni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, ukwephulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, noMthetho-sisekelo, ukulahlwa kwemithetho, ukuwiswa kwemali, ukuwiswa kwemali, nokuhlobana kwezivumelwano, kanye nezimpikiswano ezihlobene.

Umehluko phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso awucacile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amanye amacala angahilela kokubili imibuzo yomthetho kahulumeni nokahulumeni, futhi ezimweni ezingavamile, icala eliqala enkantolo yombuso ekugcineni lingafinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. uma lihilela izindaba zomthetho-mthetho kahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Nemisebenzi Yazo

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Lezi zinkantolo zihlola ubufakazi, zilalele ubufakazi, futhi zenze izinqumo eziyiqiniso. Esimisoni sikahulumeni, izinkantolo zesifunda sase-United States ziyizinkantolo zokuqulwa kwemithetho yenkantolo ehlangene. Yilapho kuqulwa khona amacala kahulumeni, lapho ofakazi befakazelwa khona, futhi kusebenza khona izinkantolo zenkantolo zikahulumeni.

Abahluleli ezinkantolo banomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi amacala alungile, bakhipha isinqumo sokuthi ubufakazi abunakuqinisekiswa, bafundisa amajaji, futhi ekugcineni bakhipha izahlulelo.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwamacala zifeza umsebenzi ohlukile kunezinkantolo zamacala. Izinkantolo zezikhalo zinegunya elilawulayo. Azizona izinkantolo eziqulwayo futhi aziwathwali kuqala amacala. Kunalokho, izinkantolo ezithatha isigwebo zihlola izinqumo zezinkantolo zesifunda, futhi zinqume ukuthi zaziqinisile yini.

Uma udlulisa icala, awusatholi icala elisha. Kunalokho, amajaji ahlola umbhalo obhaliwe enkantolo enkantolo, afunde izifushaniso ezingokomthetho ezidluliselwe yiwo womabili amacala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi azwe izimpikiswano zomlomo ezivela kubameli. Bafuna amaphutha angokomthetho okungenzeka ukuthi athinte umphumela wecala.

Izinkulumo Ezincane Ezishiwo Yizinkantolo

Izinqumo ezincane zinikeza indlela efinyelelekayo yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezincane ngaphandle kobunkimbinkimbi nezindleko zempikiswano engokwesiko. Azikho izimeli ezidingekayo, zenza kube yindlela efinyelelekayo nefinyelelekayo yokuxazulula izimpikiswano. Inkantolo encinci inikeza ikhambi elisheshayo lezindaba ezihlobene nemali, futhi ezimweni eziningi, yonke inqubo ingasingathwa, igcine isikhathi nomzamo.

Isilinganiso semali yezinkantolo ezincane siyahluka ngokwesifundazwe. Isilinganiso semali umuntu angayikhokha emacaleni amancane singamaRandi angu - 120,000. ETexas, kuyilapho eCalifornia, kulapho ucabanga ukuthi olunye uhlangothi lukweleta imali engaphansi kuka-R2,500 (noma R6,50 uma umangalela njengebhizinisi).

Izinkantolo ezincane ziklanyelwe ukuba zibe abangane abasebenzisa intela. Ezinqilanisweni ezincane, izimpikiswano zixazululwa ngendlela elungile, esheshayo, nengabizi kakhulu. Ungacela ummeli ukuba akunike iseluleko ngaphambi kokuba uye enkantolo; kodwa, ungase ungabi nammeli okumelelayo enkantolo. Imithetho ilula kakhulu futhi ukuqulwa kwecala akukhululekile.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwecala elivamile nezinkantolo, isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziningi ezikhethekile. Kunezinkantolo ezingu-90 zokuwiswa kwamali e-U.S. Izinkantolo zamabhanki ezisiza abantu namabhizinisi angakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo baqala kabusha. Ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile zihlanganisa iNkantolo Yezentengiso yase-U.S.

Lezi zinkantolo ezikhethekile zithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile zomthetho futhi ngokuvamile zinezinqubo ezihambisana nezindlela eziphathwayo.

Ukunquma Impikiswano Zezomthetho: Isiqondiso Esilandelanayo

Ukuqonda Inkantolo Efanelekayo

Isinyathelo sokuqala esibucayi lapho sibhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho ukuveza ukuthi yiliphi inkantolo elinegunya lakho. Icala libhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo lokulalela amacala futhi lenze izinqumo zomthetho. Izici eziningana zinquma imingcele efanele:

  • Isihloko sesimiso sombuso : Ingabe inkantolo inegunya lokuzwa lolu hlobo lwecala?
  • GEOgraphic quare: Ingabe inkantolo inegunya emaqenjini nasendaweni lapho kwavela khona impikiswano?
  • Control : Imali iphikisana yini phakathi kwemingcele yenkantolo?
  • i-athomo ye-: Ingabe inkantolo inegunya kummangalelwa?

Ezindabeni eziningi zomthetho zansuku zonke, uzokubheka ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zeFederal kuphela ezinegunya ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamacala, njengalezo ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene lapho imali ingaphezu kuka $75 000 (R150 000) noma amacala lapho i-United States iyiqembu khona.

Ukuqoqa UmBhalo Nobufakazi

Uma usuyitholile inkantolo efanele, isinyathelo esilandelayo ukuhlanganisa zonke izivumelwano ezisemqoka. Ubufakazi obuqinile buyisisekelo sanoma iliphi icala lomthetho eliphumelelayo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa:

  • Izivumelwano ezibhaliwe
  • Izincwadi (izingcingo, izincwadi, imiyalezo)
  • Ama - “minater ”, ama - invoisi, namarekhodi emali
  • Ama-movie noma amavidiyo
  • Amarekhodi ezokwelapha (asezimweni ezibuhlungu)
  • Izitatimende zoFakazi noma ukwaziswa okuthintana nabo
  • Imibiko yamaphoyisa noma izincwadi ezingokomthetho

Inhlangano isihluthulelo. Yenza uhlelo lwezenzakalo lwezikhathi futhi uvumelane nobufakazi bakho nephuzu ngalinye elihlobene. Yenza amakhophi azo zonke izincwadi, ugcine imibhalo yokuqala endaweni ephephile. Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba unikeze amakhophi eqembu eliphikisayo nasenkantolo ngokwayo.

Ukuqonda Izinkantolo Nezigwegwe

Izinqubo zasenkantolo zingabonakala zinzima, kodwa zikhona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kulungile futhi akuguquguquki.

Izakhi ezinephutha zihlanganisa:

  • Izilinganiso zokulinganiselwa [: imikhawulo engokomthetho yokuhlela izinhlobo ezihlukene zamacathulo
  • [[UMTL:0] Izimfuneko ezifihlwayo[: Izakhiwo ezifanele, inkokhelo, nenani lamakhophi adingekayo
  • Ingxenye yenqubo: Isaziso esingokomthetho eqenjini eliphikisayo
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukhiphela isikhathi esimisiwe[[[QTL:1]: imingcele yesikhathi yokuphendula izikhalazo noma unyaka
  • Inkathi efihlwayo: Uhlelo lwezikhathi lokunikezelana ngolwazi nobufakazi
  • Imihlangano ye-Prequumment: Imihlangano yokuxoxa ngokuphatha icala
  • izinsuku ezidlule[: Izindlebe ezihleliwe okumelwe zifundwe

Omabhalane basenkantolo banganikeza ukwaziswa okuvamile ngezinqubo kodwa abanakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza izikhungo zosizo noma imithombo yezobuchwepheshe ukuze zisize abantu abazimelelayo.

Ukunquma Ukuthi Uzosifihla Yini I - athoriney

Esinye sezinqumo ezibaluleke kakhulu ozobhekana nazo ukuthi uqashe ukumelelwa ngokomthetho. Uma unelungelo lokuzimelela (waziwa ngokuthi "pro se"), lokhu akutusekanga ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Cabanga ngokuqasha ummeli lapho:

  • Leli cala lihilela izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho
  • Imali noma impahla ebalulekile isengozini
  • Umphikisi unezinga elingokomthetho
  • Kuhileleke amacala obugebengu
  • Leli cala lingabeka izibonelo ezibalulekile
  • Awujwayelene nezinqubo zenkantolo

Ukuzimela kungaba okufanelekele ku:

  • Abancane bamangalela amacala asenkantolo
  • Izingxabano Ezilula Neziqondile
  • Izinto ezingaphikiswa
  • Izindaba lapho izindleko zommeli zingadlula khona ukululama okungase kube khona

Abameli abaningi banikeza ukuhlola kokuqala okungakusiza ukuba uhlole ukuthi uyadinga yini ukumelelwa. Amanye amacala angazuza ku-"memorial memon," lapho ummeli esiza ngezici ezithile zendaba yakho lapho usingatha ezinye.

Inqubo Yenkantolo Encane

Inkantolo efuna ukunakwa ngokukhethekile ngoba iyindlela efinyeleleka kakhulu yenkantolo yezingxabano zansuku zonke. Ukuqonda le nqubo kungakusiza ukuba uxazulule izingxabano ngokuphumelelayo futhi usebenzise imali.

Ukuzisholo Ngokungeyikho

Okokuqala, ufaka isicelo noma isikhalo, okuyisimo esibonisa ukuthi kungani ufuna ukuthatha lelicala elincane lenkantolo. Lokhu kuveza i-applice, okuyinto ezosetshenziswa yiyo ummangalelwa. Inqubo yokufaka insimbi ihlanganisa:

  • Kuqedela ukusho komlindi ngemininingwane ngempikiswano yakho
  • Ukukhokha imali yokukhokha (ehlukahluka ngesimiso sokulawula)
  • Ukunikeza ummangalelwa igama nekheli elilungile
  • Isho ukuthi usho ukuthini

Kunezinyathelo ezine eziyisisekelo zokuqala icala elincane: Ifomethi ye-CCV-001 (DC-CV) nenkantolo. Likhokha imali yokukhokha. Kubalulekile ukuqamba ummangalelwa olungile, njengoba ukumangalela ummangalelwa ongalungile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni kwecala lakho ngisho noma uwina.

Ukukhonza Umvikeli

Ngemva kokufaka ifomu, kumelwe umazise kahle ummangalelwa ngecala. Inkantolo izokhipha iWrit of Fimphons ukuze yazise ngokomthetho olunye uhlangothi (olubizwa ngokuthi "ummangalelwa") ukuthi isuti igcinwe. Inkonzo efanele ibalulekile; ngaphandle kwayo, inkantolo ngeke iqhubeke necala lakho.

Enye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokufaka icala lakho eliyikhombana enkantolo ukusebenza ngesisekelo senqubo ongasethemba. Wonke amacala osuwamangalela kumelwe anikezwe isaziso esifanele ukuze icala lakho liqhubeke kahle. Izindlela zenkonzo ziyahlukahluka ngokomthetho kodwa zihlanganisa inkonzo yomuntu siqu ngesikhulu sezenkantolo, isisekelo senqubo yobuchwepheshe, noma kwezinye izimo, iposi egunyaziwe.

Ukulungiselela Izindlebe Zakho

Ukulungiselela izenzakalo eziyophumelela kancane enkantolo, noma kuyinto engavamile, udinga ukufakazela icala lakho. Lapho uqulwa icala, kulungele ukunikeza ofakazi noma ubufakazi ukuze ufakazele lokho okushoyo. Icala liyoba ngethukela kakhulu kunokuba icala elivamile, kodwa udinga ukukwazi ukufakazela ukuthi olunye uhlangothi lukweleta imali ozishoyo.

Ukulungiselela okuphumelelayo kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlela zonke izincwadi ngokohlelo lwezikhathi
  • Ukulungiselela intshumayelo ecacile nefingqiwe yendaba yenu
  • Ukulungiselela ofakazi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi batholakala
  • Ukulindela izimpikiswano zommangalelwa nokulungiselela izimpendulo
  • Iletha amakhophi amaningi awo wonke amakhophi
  • Ukuprakthiza intshumayelo yakho

Khumbula ukuthi amajaji amancane alalela amacala amaningi nsuku zonke.

Ukuqonda Ukulinganiselwa Okuncane

Iziphakamiso ezincane zinezithiyo ezibalulekile okufanele uziqonde. Izikhalo ezincane zisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula izimpikiswano zemali ezisukela kumaRandi ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuya kuR25 000. Nakuba abantu abaningi bengacabangi ngo $25 000 (R150 000) njengeshwabalele, lamacala ahilela imali engaphansi kakhulu kunalawo athola indlela yokungena enkantolo engokwesiko. Noma ubani angasebenzisa iziphakamiso ezincane ukuze alungise izimpikiswano zakhe zomphakathi. Nokho, iziphakamiso ezincane zihlukile ngokuthi isinqumo singahilela imali kuphela.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkantolo evumayo encane ayinakho:

  • Tshela othile ukuba enze noma ayeke ukwenza okuthile (ukukhululeka okungalawuleki)
  • Banqumele amalungelo abazali noma banqume ukuba nezingane zokutholwa
  • Siza Ukwahlukanisa
  • Ukusingatha izindaba zobugebengu
  • Izingxabano zixazululwe ngaphezu kwemali ezinayo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukhetha iziphakamiso ezithi zingumthetho ezimncane ukuze uxazulule impikiswano futhi ungumkhohlisi, uyaliyeka ilungelo lokuphinda uhlole elinye icala lomahluleli Omncane. Ngamanye amazwi, ummangaleli akanalo ilungelo lokudlulisa icala. Lokhu kuwukucabangela okubalulekile uma unquma ukuthi uzofaka yini icala enkantolo encane.

Amazwi Nemiqondo Engokomthetho Okubalulekile

Ukujwayelana nokusetshenziswa komthetho kukusiza ukuba uqonde ukuqulwa kwenkantolo futhi uxhumane ngokuphumelelayo nochwepheshe bezomthetho. Nawa amagama ayinhloko okufanele wazi:

Ingxenye Endabeni

  • Plaintiff: Umuntu noma inhlangano eqala ukumangalela ngokufaka isikhalo
  • [[QULT:0] I-defanting: Umuntu noma isigungu esimangalelwayo noma esimangalelwayo
  • I-petroli: Ifana ne-partiff, evame ukusetshenziswa emthethweni womkhaya noma ezincengweni
  • I-Resent: Ifana nommangalelwa, iqembu liphendula isicelo
  • Appellant: Iqembu likhanga isinqumo senkantolo ephansi
  • Appele: Iqembu elisabela ekudluliseleni

Amabhukwana Enkantolo Nezenzo

  • Summons: Isiqinisekiso somthetho esichaza othile osuyamangalelwa futhi kumelwe sivele enkantolo
  • Complait: Ibhukwana lokuqala ligcinwa umkhangisi osho lokho abakushoyo
  • Phendula: Impendulo engokomthetho yommangalelwa ekukhanseleni
  • Motion: Isicelo esingokomthetho esicela inkantolo ukuba yenze isinqumo noma umyalo othile
  • Incazelo efihlwayo: Inqubo yangaphambi kwezohlelo lokunikezana ukwaziswa nobufakazi
  • Ukubekwa: Ubufakazi obungenaluzwela obukhishwa ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile ehhovisi lommeli
  • Subpoena: Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna othile ukufakaza noma ukhiqize amabhukwana
  • Affidavit: Itekisi elilotshiwe elenziwe ngaphansi kwesifungo

Izinqumo Zenkantolo Nemiphumela Yazo

  • Isinqumo esifinyelelwe yijaji enkantolo
  • Isinqumo sokugcina senkantolo enkantolo uma kuqulwa icala
  • Isahlulelo esiyiphutha: Isahlulelo sangena uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula noma ukuvela
  • Ukwahlulela okungaqondakali[: Ukwahlulela okwenziwe ngaphandle kokulingwa okuphelele uma kungekho amaqiniso aphikisanayo
  • Isivumelwano [: Isivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu sokuxazulula impikiswano ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala
  • I-Dismol: Ukumiswa kwecala ngaphandle kokwahlulela ngezinzuzo
  • Appal[: Isicelo sokuba inkantolo ephakeme ibukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephansi

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Nemithwalo

  • Ibheji lobufakazi: Isibopho sokuqinisekisa lokho okushiwo umuntu noma isivikelo sakhe
  • Izibalo zobufakazi[: Indinganiso ezimweni zomphakathi (cishe hhayi)
  • Isho ukungabaza okunengqondo[: Indinganiso ephakeme efunekayo emacaleni obugebengu
  • Ukuma: Ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuletha icala
  • Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa [: isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokufaka icala
  • Juridiction: igunya lenkantolo lokuzwa icala nokwenza izinqumo
  • IVenue: Indawo efanele yendawo yokuzimela yovivinyo

Inkantolo Yezigebengu Iyaqhubeka

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwamacala ombango nobugebengu kubalulekile ekuqondiseni isimiso senkantolo.

Amacala Angaphakathi

Izenzakalo zombango zihilela izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano. Lezi zimo zivame ukufuna ukulimala kwemali noma ukufezeka okukhethekile kwezibopho. Icala elivamile lomphakathi lihlanganisa:

  • Ukuxazulula Izingxabano
  • Ukuzilimaza
  • Izingxabano zempahla
  • Izindaba zomthetho womkhaya (ukuhlukanisa, ukuwinwa kwezingane, ukusekela)
  • Izingxabano ezinkulu
  • Izingxabano Zomsebenzi
  • Ukuqoqwa kwezikweletu

Ezimweni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngokuhlola ubufakazi, okusho ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu kunokuba lokho abakushoyo kube yiqiniso. Iqembu elilahlekelwayo likhokhela umonakalo wemali kodwa alibhekeni nesikhathi sasejele.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Amacala ezigebengu ahlanganisa ukuquliswa uhulumeni ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho wobugebengu. Uhulumeni (ukuqulwa) kumelwe ufakazele icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo, indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu kunasecaleni lomphakathi.

Icala lobugebengu lingaphumela:

  • Ukuboshwa
  • Inkulumo
  • Amafashini akhokhelwa uhulumeni
  • Inkonzo yomphakathi
  • Ukundulelwa kwezisulu
  • Imibiko yezigebengu

Abalweli bamacala obugebengu baneminye imingcele engokomthetho evikelayo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lommeli (ngisho noma bengakwazi ukulithenga), nelungelo lokuqulwa icala.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Uma unganelisekile ngesinqumo senkantolo equlwayo, ungaba nelungelo lokudlulisa icala. Ukuqonda inqubo yezikhalo kubalulekile, nakuba kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunecala lasenkantolo.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Awukwazi ukunxusa ngoba nje ungavumelani nomphumela. Izizathu ezifanele zokudlulisa isikhala zihlanganisa:

  • Amaphutha angokomthetho awenziwa ijaji eliqulwa icala
  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele
  • Iziyalezo ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo
  • Ukuziphatha kabi kwabameli, amaqembu noma abahluleli
  • Ukuphulwa Umthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo ngokuvamile zilalela izinkantolo eziqulwayo ngezinqumo ezingokoqobo kodwa zibukeze imibuzo engokomthetho ngaphandle kwemvume.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukuzibulala

Ukukhanga kuhilela izinyathelo eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • Iphepha lokudlulisa [: Kumelwe ligcinwe phakathi kwezinsuku ezithatha isikhathi esiqinile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30)
  • Ukulungiselela okubhaliwe: Irekhodi lenkantolo equliweyo lihlanganiswa futhi lidluliselwe
  • Ukuhlanganisa: Izinkulumo ezilotshiwe zingeniswe yiwo womabili amaqembu
  • Impikiswano : Ama-athorney angaveza izimpikiswano kwindawo yohlu ye-appellate
  • Decision: Inkantolo ye-applete ibhala umbono

Izinkantolo zokuphanda zingaqinisekisa (umnyango) isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, siguqule, silungise, noma sibuye silungise (emuva) icala uma kuthethwa ezinye izikhalo. Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo ingathatha izinyanga eziningi noma ngisho neminyaka.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Akuzona zonke izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho okudingeka zixazululwe enkantolo. Izindlela zokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihlukile (ADR) zingalondoloza isikhathi, imali, nokucindezeleka kuyilapho ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela engcono.

Isiphazamiso

Ukubuyisana kuhilela ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi esiza abaphikisanayo ukuba bafinyelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akakwenzi izinqumo kodwa wenza kube lula ukukhulumisana nokuxoxa. Bonke amaqembu kumelwe bavumelane ngokubambisana ekuthatheni izigijimi, futhi imithetho engokomthetho yenkantolo ayisebenzi enqubweni yokuxhumana. Idili lingathintana neseminyango ye-metaintion encinci neseluleko sobulungu ukuze benze amalungiselelo okulungisa phambi kwenkantolo izwa icala labo.

Izinzuzo zokuxhumana zihlanganisa:

  • Izindleko ziphansi kunezindleko
  • Isinqumo se-fastler
  • Ukufihla
  • Ukulondoloza ubuhlobo
  • Akha amakhambi avumelane nezidingo zamalungu
  • Izinga lokwaneliseka eliphakeme

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

I-arbitration isemthethweni kakhulu kune-mediation. Umahluleli (noma iqembu labaqondisi) uzwa ubufakazi nezimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili futhi wenza isinqumo esibophekayo. Ukuthatha i-arbitrotion kungadingeka ngokuzithandela noma ngesivumelwano.

Izici eziyinhloko zokukhishwa:

  • Ngokuvamile kusheshiswa futhi kubiza kancane kunamacala asenkantolo
  • Kusemthethweni kakhulu kunokukhipha imvume kodwa kungeyona indaba engokomthetho kunenkantolo
  • Amalungelo okukhanga alinganiselwe
  • Ungabopha noma ungabopheki
  • Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa emsebenzini, ekuthengeni nasezimpikiswaneni zezentengiselwano

Ukuzilibazisa Nokuhlala

Ukuxoxisana okuqondile phakathi kwamaqembu (noma abameli bawo) kuxazulula izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho. Ukuzinzisa kungavela kunoma iliphi izinga lokuqulwa kwecala, ngisho nangemva kokuba icala seliqalile.

Ukuxoxisana okuphumelelayo kuhilela:

  • Ukuqonda okungcono kakhulu ongakwenza kunokuvumelana
  • Ukubona izithakazelo ezingaphezu kwezimo eziqondile
  • Ukucabanga Ngezixazululo
  • Ukunciphisa izindleko nezingozi zokuqhubeka kusetshenziswa
  • Ukukhulumisana ngokucacile nangobuchwepheshe
  • Ukuzimisela Ukuhlehla

Amacebiso Awusizo Ekubukekeni Kwenkantolo

Uma icala lakho liya enkantolo, kubalulekile ukulungiselela kahle nokunakekela inkantolo.

Phambi Kosuku Lwakho Lwenkantolo

  • Qinisekisa usuku, isikhathi, nendawo yokuzwa kwakho
  • Fika ngokushesha ukuze unikeze isikhathi sokupaka nokuphepha
  • Vusela wonke amaphepha adingekile, ahlelwe futhi alungele
  • Gqoka ngobuciko nangobudlabha
  • Lungiselela inkulumo ecacile, efingqiwe yendaba yakho
  • Hlela ukunakekelwa kwezingane uma kudingeka
  • Vala umakhalekhukhwini wakho ngaphambi kokuba ungene enkantolo

Ukuziphatha Kwasenkantolo

  • Yima lapho ijaji lingena noma lingena emaqabungeni
  • Biza umahluleli ngokuthi: “Udumo lwakho"
  • Khuluma nomahluleli ngokuqondile, hhayi nophikisayo
  • Linda ithuba lakho lokukhuluma; ungaphazamisi
  • Yiba nenhlonipho kuwo wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise namaqembu aphikisanayo nabameli bawo
  • Phendula imibuzo ngokuqondile nangokwethembeka
  • Vuma uma ungazi lutho kunokuqagela
  • Lawula imizwelo yakho; hlala uzolile futhi uchwepheshile
  • Landela yonke imithetho yenkantolo kanye neziqondiso zomahluleli

Ukuveza Isimo Sakho

  • Hlela intshumayelo yakho ngokunengqondo
  • Gxila emaqinisweni nasebufakazini obuhlobene
  • Gwema ukukhanga ngokomzwelo noma ukuhlasela komuntu siqu
  • Sebenzisa ulimi olucacile, olulula
  • Phawula izincwadi ezithile noma ubufakazi
  • Zilungiselele ukuphendula imibuzo
  • Hlala ugxile esihlokweni futhi ugweme ukugxambukela
  • Qedela ngamazwi acacile abonisa ukuthi ucela inkantolo ukuba ikwenze

Ukuqonda Izindleko Zenkantolo Nezifebe

Izindaba ezingokomthetho zihilela izindleko ezihlukahlukene okufanele uzilindele futhi uzihlele.

Amaphaphu Anukayo

Lezi zintela zingaqala ku - R2,50 uma zisho amacala amancane kuya emadola amakhulu angamakhulu emali ezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Izindleko Zenkonzo

Ukukhonza ummangalelwa ngokufanele ngamaphepha asenkantolo kudla imali. Inkonzo yomphathi wesigebengu ingabiza ama-50-100 (R150-100), kuyilapho izisebenzi zenqubo yangasese zingakhokha imali eyengeziwe. Inkonzo yeposi eqinisekisiwe ngokuvamile iyindlela engabizi kakhulu lapho ivunyelwe khona.

I - Attorney Fees

Uma uqasha ummeli, izindleko zingahlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe endaweni, okuhlangenwe nakho, nobunkimbinkimbi bezendaba.

  • Amazinga ngamahora (ngokujwayelekile amaRandi angu - 180-56 + ngehora)
  • Izindleko zokuthopha zezinkonzo ezithile
  • Izindleko zokuzivumelanisa (isilinganiso sokululama, esivamile ezimweni zokulimala komuntu siqu)
  • Izindleko ze - Retainer (ukukhokha ngokumelene nomsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo)

Ezinye Izindleko Ezingase Zibikwe

  • Izindleko zezintatheli zenkantolo
  • Izindleko zokufakaza ezingochwepheshe
  • Idokhumende lokukopishwa nokuhlengwa
  • Izindleko zokuhamba
  • Izindleko Zokukhipha Imali Noma Zokukhipha Imali
  • Izindleko zokudlulisa isinxephezelo

Kwezinye izimo, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase liyalwe ukuba likhokhe izindleko zenkantolo noma ngisho nenkokhelo yommeli, nakuba lokhu kuhluka ngokwegunya noma uhlobo lwamacala.

Ukukhipha Isahlulelo Senkantolo

Ukunqoba ukwahlulela akusho ukuthi uzothola inkokhelo ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuqonda izimiso zokuphoqelela ukugcinwa komthetho kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izindlela zokuqoqa

Uma ummangalelwa engasikhiphi ngokuzithandela isahlulelo, kungase kudingeke usebenzise izindlela zokwabiwa komthetho:

  • Imali yokudla: iqoqo lenkantolo elihlelwe kusheke weholo lomuntu obolekisiwe
  • Inkokhiso yemali : Ukukhokha izimali kuma-akhawunti obolekayo ebhange
  • [ Amanga ama-: iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ngokumelene nendawo noma impahla yomuntu siqu
  • Ukuthatheka okufiphele [: ukuthatha impahla ukuze kwanelise isikweletu
  • [ Ukuhlolwa koMcimbi [: ukuqulwa kwecala lapho abanecala kumelwe bembule khona impahla yabo

Indlela ngayinye yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usebenza kahle inezinqubo eziqondile nokulinganiselwa.

Ukuqoqwa Kwezinto Eziyizinselele

Ukuqoqa izahlulelo kungaba nzima uma enecala;

  • Abanayo imali
  • Amafayela Aphuthiwe
  • Idlulisela kwenye i-gallery
  • Ifihla impahla
  • Ukuzisholo ukuthi ukhululekile

Ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala, cabangela ukuthi ummangalelwa unekhono yini lokukhipha isahlulelo.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kwalabo Abazimelelayo

Ukuzimelela enkantolo (ukubonakala u "pro se") kuyilungelo lakho, kodwa kuhambisana nezinselele nemithwalo yemfanelo.

Imithombo yokuziveza ngokwakho

Izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza imithombo yosizo oluzimele:

  • Izikhungo zokuzisiza kanye nezisebenzi ukuphendula imibuzo ye-procedfia
  • Yenza amaphakethe ngeziyalezo
  • Imithombo yamavidiyo namavidiyo
  • Imitapo yezincwadi yomthetho enezincwadi zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho
  • Izinhlelo zosizo ezilinganiselwe
  • Imitholampilo yezomthetho ye - Probo

Sebenzisa le mithombo, kodwa khumbula ukuthi izisebenzi zasenkantolo azinakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho noma zikutshele ukuthi uthini enkantolo.

Izihibe Ezivamile Okumelwe Zigwenywe

  • Ukulahlekelwa isikhathi sokubhala izinto ezinqunyiwe
  • Ukuhluleka ukukhonza kahle iqembu eliphikisayo
  • Ukungalandeli imithetho nezinqubo zasenkantolo
  • Ifaka amafomu angaphelele noma anganembile
  • Ukuletha ubufakazi noma izimpikiswano ezingadingekile
  • Ukuba Onemizwelo Noma Othanda Impikiswano
  • Ukwehluleka ukulungiselela ngokwanele
  • Ukungawuqondi umthetho osebenzayo

Isikhathi Sokufuna Usizo Lochwepheshe

Ngisho noma uzimele, cabangela ukuxhumana nommeli:

  • Ukuhlola kokuqala kwecala
  • Iqhinga lokuthuthukisa
  • Ukubukeza kwedokhumende
  • Imibuzo eqondile engokomthetho
  • Ukuxazulula Izingxoxo

Abameli abaningi banikeza izinkonzo ezingakasetshenziswa noma abameleli abambalwa ngezindleko ezincishisiwe.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Enkantolo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho angokomthetho kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuphathwa ngokufanele kuyo yonke inqubo yenkantolo.

Amalungelo Avamile Emasontweni Asemphakathini

  • Ilungelo lokuqaphela izenzakalo
  • Ilungelo lokuzwiwa
  • Ukunikeza ubufakazi
  • kwesokudla sokunqamule i-examine ofakazi
  • Ilungelo lokuya kumahluleli olungile nongakhethi
  • Ilungelo lokudlulisa (ezimweni eziningi)
  • Ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho

Amalungelo Engeziwe Emacaleni Ecala Lobugebengu

  • Ukudla okulungile
  • Ukumelana nokuziphikisa
  • Ilungelo kummeli (omisiwe uma ungakwazi ukulithenga)
  • Uzalwe ngokushesha nangokuquliswa kwecala lomphakathi
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi
  • Ilungelo lokuphoqelela ofakazi ukuba bafakaze
  • Ukuya enkantolo yabahluleli
  • Ilungelo lokubhekwa njengongenacala
  • Isivikelo engozini ephindwe kabili

Amalungelo Okufinyelela

Izinkantolo kumelwe zinikeze abantu abakhubazekile izindawo zokulala ezifanele, kuhlanganise nalezi:

  • Ukutholakala ngokomzimba ezinkantolo
  • Abahumushi bolimi lwezandla
  • Usizo lokulalela
  • Amadokhumende kumafomethi ahlukile
  • Izilwane ezikhonzayo

Izinkantolo zinikeza nabahumushi abakhuluma izikhulumi ezingasasho isiNgisi imali engasho lutho ezimweni eziningi.

Imithombo Yezinto Ezisetshenziswa Ezisetshenziswa Ezingosini Nezinkonzo ZeNkantolo Ze - Internet

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, okwenza kube nezinkonzo eziningi ezifinyeleleka kalula.

Ukundiza Nge - electronic

Izinkantolo eziningi manje ziyafuna noma zivumele ukugcinwa kwamaphepha ngemishini. Izimiso ze-E-filfing zinikeza izinzuzo eziningana:

  • 24/7 Ukutholakala kwamaqoqo
  • Isiqiniseko serisidi esisheshayo
  • Iphepha elincishisiwe kanye nezindleko zokukopisha
  • Inqubo ye - properse
  • Ukufinyelela okulula kokwenza amadokhumende

Isimiso ngasinye senkantolo sinendawo yaso yokubuka izithombe enezimfuneko nezinqubo ezithile.

Ulwazi ngendaba yendaba ekwi-intanethi

Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza ukwaziswa okuphathelene namacala nge - Internet, zikuvumele ukuba ukuthole:

  • Hlola isimo sengobo yomlando
  • Buka izingeniso zechweba
  • Amadokhumende okungena agcinwe
  • Thola izinsuku nezikhathi zokuzwa
  • Bukeza iziyalezo zenkantolo nezahlulelo

Ukuzwa Ngokwalokho Okuzwayo

Izinkantolo eziningi manje ziphatha amacala ngengqungquthela yamavidiyo, ikakhulukazi ngezindaba ezingokwesayensi. Izindaba ezingokoqobo zinikeza inzuzo kodwa zidinga:

  • Ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi okuthembekile
  • Ubuchwepheshe obufanelekile (i - computer, i - tablet noma ucingo)
  • Indawo ethule, ewuchwepheshe
  • Ukukhanya okufanele nokubekwa kwekhamera
  • Ukubukeka kochwepheshe nokuziphatha

Imivubukulo Yangaphandle Ewusizo

Izinhlangano eziningi namawebhusayithi kunikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo mayelana nokuhamba ngezinyawo ezinkantolo:

  • [FLT] Inkantolo zase United States: Iwebhusayithi engokomthetho yejaji likahulumeni enokwaziswa okubanzi ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni
  • [FLT][1] Isikhungo sezwe seZinkantolo ZoMbuso: Imivubukulo nokwaziswa okuphathelene nezimiso zenkantolo yombuso kulo lonke izwe
  • Isifundazwe samawebhusayithi enkantolo: Umbuso ngamunye ulondoloza amawebhusayithi enkantolo asemthethweni namafomu, izinqubo, kanye nemithombo yosizo lwawo
  • [[[QURT:0] Izinhlangano zosizo : Nikeza usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile noma oluphansi ukuze ufanelekele abantu ngabanye
  • [[FLT][[FLT]Melika Bar Association: Inikeza imithombo yomphakathi nezinkonzo zommeli

Isiphetho: Ukuzinika Amandla Ngolwazi Olungokomthetho

Ukugada isimiso senkantolo akudingeki kukhungathekise. Ngokulungiselela okufanele, ukuqonda izinqubo, nolwazi ngamalungelo akho, ungasingatha izindaba zomthetho eziphakamayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Uma ufaka icala elincane, usabela enkantolo, noma usingatha indaba enzima kakhulu, isihluthulelo siwukuthi:

  • Thola inkantolo efanele futhi uqonde izinqubo zayo
  • Butha futhi uhlele bonke ubufakazi obuhlobene nemininingwane nemibhalo
  • Yibe usuyilandela yonke imithetho yenkantolo enqunywa isikhathi
  • Cabangela ukuthi uyawudinga yini umbhalo ongokomthetho
  • Izinketho zokuhlola ezinye impikiswano
  • Khuluma indaba yakho ngokucacile nangobuchwepheshe
  • Lazi amalungelo nemithwalo yakho yemfanelo
  • Sebenzisa imithombo yengcebo ekhona nobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo

Khumbula ukuthi kunezinqubo zenkantolo ezinikeza izimpikiswano ezinembile futhi zivikele amalungelo angokomthetho.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufuna ukuxazulula impikiswano, uvikela ekutheni uphikiseni, noma umane uqonde ukukhetha kwakho okungokomthetho, ulwazi oluthole kulokhu kuqondisa lunikeza isisekelo esiqinile. Isimiso senkantolo siklanyelwe ukuba sifinyeleleke kuzo zonke izakhamuzi, futhi ngokulungiselela nangokuphikelela, ungasekela ngokuphumelelayo izithakazelo zakho futhi ufinyelele imiphumela elungile ezindabeni zakho zomthetho.