Isingeniso

Ukuphishekela ukulingana kuye kwaba amandla achazayo emlandweni wesintu, ukuvuselelwa kwenguquko, ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho elinganiselwe, nokubekela inselele ejulile kwezenhlalo. Kusukela ezimpikiswaneni zefilosofi zakuqala kuya ezinhlanganweni zembulunga yonke, umqondo wokulingana uye wasuka entweni ecatshangelwayo waba imfuneko eqinisekile yokufuna ubulungisa nokuphathwa ngokulunga. Ukuqonda le mfundiso idinga ukuhlola ukuthi iziphi izenzakalo ezihlukene ezihambisanayo ngokulinganayo / qho ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe, kanye nendlela lezo zigobekele ezimise ngayo imingcele evimbela ukulingana nokulingana. Namuhla, ukulingana kusenempikiswano ejulile yezombangazwe, engokomnotho, nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Lesi sihloko siveza indlela engoko okukhona kuyo incazelo yayo, futhi izinselele eziqhubekayo ezibangela ukulwa kwezwe elifanelekele.

Imibono Engokomlando Ngokulingana

Umqondo wokuthi bonke abantu bayalingana ngokuyisisekelo ungowamuva kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Eminyakeni eyinkulungwane, imiphakathi yayihlelwe izungeze ababusi abaqinile − abaholi, ababusi, nezikhulu zazithi baphakeme ngefa, kuyilapho abantu abaningi bazalelwa ezindinganisweni ezimisiwe. Kodwa ngisho nakulezi zici ezingalingani, kwavela imbewu yemibono elinganayo.

Impucuko Yasendulo Nemisuka Yezigungu Zobushiqela

EMesophothamiya yasendulo, umthetho kaHammurabi ([FLT 1754 BCE) wamisa imithetho esetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile ngokwesigaba somphakathi nangabesifazane . Izigqila nabantu abakhululekile babenezijeziso ezihlukene. Ngokufanayo, eNdiya yasendulo, isimiso sokuhlukaniswa kwezigaba esihlangene nefa, nesokungalingani kwefa, kanye nomthetho Manusriti [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] ihlongothiwe indima eqinile yezenhlalo. IGrisi yasendulo, ngokuvamile igujwaliswa njengesiqalo sedemokhrasi, izigqila, idelitha abesifazane, izigqila, nezizwe ekuhlanganyeleni kwezombangazwe. Izibonelo zasendulo eziphambili zazibonisa ngisho nezezezemvelo eziningi. [FLT.3] zaveza ngisho nezezezezezezemvelo.[FLT.]

Nokho, kwakunamazwi aphikisanayo. Izazi zefilosofi zamaStoyiku njengoZeno waseCitium zafundisa ukuthi bonke abantu banemibono efanayo futhi babalulekile ngokokuziphatha, umqondo owathonya kamuva imiqondo engokomthetho yamaRoma ye- i-althone (umthetho ongokwemvelo]). EChina, izazi zefilosofi zamaMohiscian zasekela ukunakekela okungakhethi nokulingana kwethuba, zibekela inselele ukugcizelela kobuphini obuhlangene nokuziphatha. Nakuba lemibono ingazichithanga izakhiwo ezikhona, yanikeza izisekelo zokuhlakanipha zamuva kwezinhlangano ze-gnitacian.

Ukukhanyiselwa: Ukulungisa Okukhulu

Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le-17 nele-18 kwaphawula ukuphelelwa komlando wokulingana. Izingqondo ezinjengoJohn Locke zaphikisa ngokuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo okuthola “ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla” ngenxa yokuba ngumuntu, hhayi ngenxa yokuzalwa noma isimo somphakathi. UJean-Jacques Rousseau, eMbusweni wakhe wobuzwe wobuMangalelwano [, ngokusho ngokunelukusho ngokunezelayo ukuthi ukungalingani akuwona umkhiqizo wempucuko kodwa kwakuwumkhiqizo wempahla. Lemibono yabekela inselele ngokuqondile ilungelo laphezulu lamakhosi nelempahla.

Izimiso zokukhanyiselwa zabangela izinguquko ezimbili ezinkulu zezombangazwe. ISimemezelo saseMelika seNdende (1776) samemezela ukuthi “wonke amadoda adalwe elingana,” nakuba enza le-Afrika egqilaziwe engafakwanga ebugqilini, abantu bomdabu, nabesifazane. INguquko yaseFrance ] [i-Gouges] yamaLungelo oMntu noweSizwe [[[FLT:]] 1] [779] [1] waqinisa amalungelo alinganayo ‘ amadoda” kuyilapho iphikisana ngobudlova ngokuthi leyo sigaba sasihlanganisa abesifazane, abampofu, nabantu bebala. [i-Olympege Gouges] yabhala [ikhulu leminyaka elilandelayo] ukunciphisana kwamalungelo oMadomi namaMafebe [FLDians [FFFF]] [FFOLT] [3] ngokuphendula kuphela, ukuphikisana kwayo okuphikiswa yizimpi yamazwe asemhlabeni womhlaba wonke.]

Imingcele Yokulingana Kokukhanya

Izihlakaniphi ezikhanyiselwe zazivame ukufanisa ukulingana nesikhundla esingokomthetho esingokomthetho, zishiye izikhundla zezikhulu zezezomnotho nezezenhlalo zingaphazanyiswa. UThomas Jefferson wayenezigqila ngesikhathi ebhala ngokulingana; uImmanuel Kant waveza imibono yobuhlanga kubantu abangewona ama-Eunian. Leligebe phakathi kwesimiso nomkhuba laba yisimo esiyinhloko izinhlangano zamuva ezaziyofuna ukusixazulula.

Izinhlangano Eziyinhloko Zokulingana

Ikhulu le - 19 nelama - 20 leminyaka labhekana nokudlondlobala kwezinhlangano ezihleliwe ezifuna ukulingana ezilinganisweni eziningi.

Umzabalazo Wokukhululeka

Umzabalazo wokuqeda ubugqila kwakuyisidingo sokuqala esikhulu sokulingana kwezinhlanga enkathini yanamuhla. Abaxhasi bezezomnotho njengoFrederick Douglas, owayeyisigqila esinamandla, wadalula unya lwezikhundla zobugqila futhi waphikisa ukuthi uphikisa izifiso zesizwe zokusungula. Umkhankaso wezentengiselwano waseBrithani, owawuholwa yizibalo njengoWilliam Wilberhorn, wasebenzisa ukuncishwa kwezomnotho kanye nokunxenxela kokuziphatha ukuze kuphele ukuhweba ngezigqila ngo-1807 kanye nobugqila baseBritish ngo-1838. EUnited States, i-Emanpiation Proclametion (1863) kanye ne-13th Amedmentivementation (18655) yaphela ngokusemthethweni) ubugqila obungokomthetho, kodwa ukulwela ukulingana kwezinhlanga kwangempela kwaqala nje kuphela. Ifa lenhlangano ye-196664 yeze yaqala ukuhlanganisa i-evovovomential yemist yemist.

Ukuhamba Kwabesifazane Okungalawuleki

Impi yokulingana kwabesifazane ngokwezombangazwe yaqala phakathi nekhulu le-199, ithola amandla emikhankaso yokuqeda izikhali. ISivumelwano seSeneca Falls (1848) e-United States sakhipha umkhankaso we-Sentiments wenzelwa ukuThila iSimemezelo seSivumelo seNdende, sigunyaza ilungelo labesifazane lokuvota, impahla yabo siqu, nokuthola imfundo. Abaholi abanjengoSusan B. UAnthony noElizabeth Cady Stanton bafaka umkhankaso amashumi amaningi eminyaka, babhekana nokuhlekwa, nobudlova. EBrithani, ama-sftrette ngaphansi kwe-Em Pankhst, kuhlanganise nemfuthost, kanye ne-obhungane ne-ose-ounion, i-unionsvource (1911), kanti amazwe anjenge-Espourneon), avuse, e-19441, e-E. Ngonyaka wamuva kuya e-208, u-19, u-

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Phakathi nekhulu lama-20 i-Civil Rights Movement e-United States yabhekana nokwahlukaniswa ngokomthetho nokucwaswa kwabantu baseAfrika. Yakha ekuqaleni imizamo ngezibalo ezinjenge W.E. Du Bois noIda B. Wells, inhlangano yanamuhla yasebenzisa isenzo esiqondile esingekho emthethweni, izinselele ezingokomthetho, nokuqoqa abantu. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zahlanganisa iMontgomey Busboncott (5551966), iMarch eWashington (1963), kanye neSelma eMontgory Flarkss (1965). Abaholi besebenzisa ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile, izinselele zomthetho, i-Rosalson King Jr. Rosa Parks, noJohn Lewis bakhuthaza izilaleli zomhlaba lonke. Umbutho wathola umthetho osemthethweni: uMthetho ka-Ovilgalk (1965) kanye ne-OAct. Nokho, ukubulawa kweNkosi yezentellion (1965) kanye ne-X.

Ukwandisa Impi: Izisebenzi, Izakhamuzi, I - LGBTQ+, Namalungelo Okudideka

Izinhlangano zokulingana zamazwe ngamazwe zahlangana ngokushesha ngemva kwawo-1960. Izinhlangano zezisebenzi zalwela ukulingana kwezomnotho zenza amahora amafushane okusebenza, izimo ezilondekile, neholo lokuphila. INhlangano yaseMelika yezisebenzi ne-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) nezinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe ezihlangene ezihlangene ngokuphikisana ngamalungelo, nakuba amandla enyunyana enyaka kamuva. Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezisebenzi, njenge-American Indian Movement (AIM) nomkhankaso kaNo no-No no-Refective commentationssion of Canada, iye yafuna ukuqashelwa kobukhosi, amalungelo ezwe, nezokugcinwa kwempucuko. I-LBGTQQ, ikhutshwe yi-Strollall Riotts (1969), ngokwenyuswa kwendlela yokwahlukana kwemikhaza, futhi iveza ukunyuka kwemikhambiso engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, ngokuncitshiswa kwezizwe. Inhlangano ephefumlelwe [intentententententententententente ezihlangene] [ensi]

Izicelo Zanamuhla Zokulingana

Namuhla, ukulingana akuphikiswa nje ngokuthi kuwumgomo wokuziphatha okuhle kodwa kuwumgomo owusizo.

Ukulingana Komphakathi: Ukuhlangana Nokuzichaza

Izinhlangano zokulingana kwezenhlalo ezikhona esikhathini esidlule azigcizeleli nje kuphela amalungelo alinganayo kodwa futhi zigcizelela nokuqaphela nokuhlonipha izimo ezihlukahlukene. Umqondo wokuhlangana kwezindawo, owaqanjwa isazi esingokomthetho uKimberlé Crenshaw, uqokomisa indlela i-CML, isigaba, ubulili, ukukhubazeka okuyingqayizivele. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Izimo Zokuphila ne # Meo[FLT] isebenzisa amathuluzi obuchwepheshe ukuhloba emhlabeni wonke, ukufuna ubulungisa obuhleliwe nenkani. Ukulingana kwezenhlalo kuhilela ukumelela okungokwesiko: olandisa izikhundla, ofundisa izikhundla zamandla, nomlando wakhe. [FLT] nemfundiso ye-stun, ulimi olune, olune, olubonisa ukumelana nokuphikisana okuqhubekayo kwezenzo zokwehlukana phakathi kolimi.

Ukulingana Kwezombangazwe: Intando Yeningi Isongelwa

Ukulingana kwezombangazwe − isimiso sokuthi izwi lesakhamuzi ngasinye linesilinganiso esilinganayo − libhekene nezinselele ezingathi sína ekhulwini lama-21. Amasu okucindezela amavoter, njengemithetho eqinile ye-ID, ukuvota, nokukhipha i-overder roll, ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kuthinta imiphakathi encikene ngokulandelana kwemithetho yezezimali emazweni anjenge United States. Izimiso zezezimali zezezimali zezezimali ezisezikhundleni eziningi zivumela abantu abacebile nezinhlangano ukuba basebenzise ithonya elinamandla, kulula ukulinganisela kwenzuzo yomuntu oyedwa, omunye umvoti. Okwamanje, imibuso ewumbuso yentando yeningi ivimbela ukuthathisana ngokuphelele kwezombangazwe, futhi imisa ngisho nokuncipha kwezimiso zezentengo. [[FLT:] Inhlangano yezentelligence ne-El Convitation [Fal Convition:1]

Ukulingana Kwezomnotho: Igebe Elandayo

Ukungalingani kwezomnotho kuye kwanyuka kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1980. Ngokwe-Oxfam, ingcebo yomhlaba ecebe kakhulu iphindwe kabili kunenani labantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,9. Lokhu kulinganisela kulula ukulingana kwethuba, njengoba ingcebo inquma ukufinyelela imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukugcinwa kwezindlu, nokubekwa kwemithetho engokomthetho. Ukusabela komthetho kuhlanganisa iziphakamiso zemali eyisisekelo yomhlaba wonke (UBI), intela yezemali, kanye nesivikelo sezisebenzi ezinamandla kakhulu. I-CHOVAID-19 inciphisa lezi zigebengu, nezisebenzi eziphansi, abesifazane, nabantu abanombala abathwele imithwalo enzima. Ukulingana kwezomnotho kudinga izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zezezomnotho (UBI), ifa lemali, intela yomhlaba wonke.

Ukungalingani kwezibalo

Umehluko omusha wokungalingani kwanamuhla ukuhlukana kwenombolo. Ukuntuleka kokuthola ulwazi lwe-inthanethi, ukufunda nokubhala nge-amanani, kanye nemishini ebizayo kukhipha izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemfundo, umsebenzi, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ubandlululo lwe-algolic ekuqasheni, ekuqesheni, nasekuboleni izikweleti lungaqinisa ukubheka ubuzwe nabobulili obuhlukile. Njengoba ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kudlanga kakhulu, kuqinisekisa ukulingana kwe-akhawunti ($) ngenethi, imininingwane eyimfihlo, kanye nomklamo owenziwe ngokuphuthumayo.

Izinselele Zokufinyelela Ukulingana

Naphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka entuthuko, izithiyo ezinkulu zisasele. Ukucwasana kwezimiso zezimiso kusezinhlanganweni ezithi ngokungenakulinganiswa zibangele ukucwaswa kwabantu abanombala, izimakethe zezindlu ezikhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, nezimiso zokunakekela impilo ezinikeza ukunakekelwa okungalingani. Ukubekwa kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kuguqula ukulingana kube izimpi ezihlukene, ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yezezimali. Imingcele yezomnotho, njengokuhlangana kobumpofu nokungahambi kahle kwezenhlalo, idala izicupho ngisho nabantu abazimisele ukuphuma bebodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphikisana nenzuzo yesilinganiso kuyaqhubeka: intuthuko yeqembu elilodwa elibona ukuthi libheke isikhundla sabo siqu njengesenzweni esisongelwa. Lokhu kubangela amandla okukhuthaza ukuhlasela kwezentengiselwano ezenhlalo, ukunqanda ukushukuma kwenkululeko, nokuzama ukulwa kwenkululeko eqinile.

Enye inselele ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokungalingani kwanamuhla. Izimbangela zivame ukuguqula ukukhiqizwa kwezindawo zomhlaba wonke kushintshela emazweni aphansi, awekho, futhi amakhambi emali angafuni ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Nokho, ukusabela kombuso kuphoqelela amazwe ekuvikeleni nasekubekeni imingcele kunokuba abeke isibopho sokwenza izinto ngokuhlangene. Inhlekelele yesimo sezulu inezela olunye ungqimba: ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile okulimaza kakhulu imiphakathi efinyelelekayo namazwe asathuthuka, kudala umehluko omusha wokungalingani okwaziwa njengobulungisa bemvelo.

Imfundo: Imishini Yokulingana

Imfundo ingenye yamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu okuthuthukisa ukulingana. ingaqeda ubumpofu, ikhuthaze ukucabanga okugxekayo futhi ihlakulele uzwela.

Imfundo Nesidakamizwa Esibucayi

Imfundo elingana ngempela ihlanganisa imibono ehlukahlukene futhi ifundisa abafundi ukubuza i-huerdias ezimisiwe. I-Curricula ehlanganisa umlando wamaqembu aphansi . "Abantu abakhotyokisiwe], amaqembu, akhiwe amazwe, abesifazane, abantu bomdabu, abasizwe, abasiza abafundi ukuba baqonde izimpande zokungalingani kwamanje. Isikole esinikeza izifundo zobuzwe, ubulili, nezobulungisa emhlabeni wonke ziveza amakilasi aneziqulo ezicishe zihlanganyele kakhulu ekuphileni komphakathi nommeleli wokulingana.

Ukungena Nethuba

Ukufinyelela imfundo elinganayo kuseyinselele yomhlaba wonke. Emazweni angenayo, izigidi zezingane − ngokwengxenye zincishwa imfundo ngenxa yobumpofu, izingxabano, noma izimiso zempucuko. Emazweni acebile, ukuhlukana kwezimali phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu kudala amathuba okufunda alingana. Izinhlelo ezifana ne [[FLT: 0] UNICEF] yemfundo [ isebenza ukuvala le mikhawulo, kuyilapho izifundiswa kanye nezimiso eziqinile zisiza ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokudlala insimu. Imfundo engokwemfundo yabantu abadala kanye nokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi, nazo zibalulekile ekulolongeni abantu ekushintsheni izomnotho nobumpofu.

Ukuhlanganyela Engxoxweni Nesigqi

Izikole zingasebenza njengezindawo zokucwaninga zokulingana ngokuthuthukisa ingxoxo ekhululekile ngezindaba eziphikisanayo. Izimpikiswano ezihleliwe, ukulungisa ubulungisa, nemisebenzi yenkonzo yomphakathi zisiza abafundi ukuba babonise ukungavumelani ngenhlonipho, baqonde imibono eminingi, futhi bahlakulele umuzwa wokuba nomthwalo wemfanelo ofanayo. Uma abafundi bezizwa bephephile ukuba baxoxe ngohlanga, ngesigaba, ubulili, nangelungelo, basuke behlonyiselwe kangcono ukuqondisa umphakathi ohlukene futhi babeke inselele ukungabi nabulungisa lapho bebhekana nakho.

Isiphetho

Umlando wokulingana uyindaba yentuthuko ephawulekayo nokwehluleka okuqhubekayo. Kusukela ekuqedweni kwezigqila kuya ekuqashelweni kwe-LGBTQ, ukunqoba ngakunye kuye kwandisa isizinda salabo ababhekwa njengabangabantu ngokugcwele nabafanelwe ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo. Kodwa njengoba imingcele emidala incipha, amasha aphuma ``engsuntral', ukungalungisi kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani komthetho-mthetho. Ukulwela ukulingana akuqedi; kuyavumelana nemome nezindlela ezintsha zokuzihambelana nazo. Okuhlala kuyinkolelo yokuthi akukho muntu okufanele aphucwe ithuba, isithunzi, noma izwi ngenxa yalokho akukho. Imfundo, izenzo zokusebenza, namathuluzi agcweleyo akhona esinawo ukuze siqhubeke lomsebenzi. Ngokufunda kusukela esikhathini esidlule nangokwezimo ezikhona, singakha inkolelo engenakufezeka ngokuphelele kodwa sonke.