UThomas Jefferson, uMongameli wesithathu wase-United States, ungomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu kakhulu ngemva kwe-Lewis and Clark Expedition, uhambo olukhulu olwashintsha unomphela umlando waseMelika. Umbono wakhe, ukuhlela ngokucophelela, nokuzimisela okungaguquguquki kokuhlola intshona washintsha lokho okwakungaba umsebenzi wokuhlolwa okunesizo esilinganisweni kwaba yinye yezimpi ezinkulu kakhulu emlandweni womhlaba. Iminikelo kaJefferson yanwetshwa ngaphezu nje kokugunyaza uhambo, kusukela ekukhetheni abaholi bayo ukuchaza izinjongo zabo zesayensi, ukuxhasa imali, nokumisa imithetho yezobuchwepheshe eyayingaqondisa ukukhula kwezizukulwane zaseMelika.

Iphupho likaJefferson lokuhlola kwaseNtshonalanga ukuphila konke

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba iLouisiana Purchase ibe yithuba lokuphumelela, uThomas Jefferson wayehlela uhambo lokuhlola iNtshonalanga yeMelika futhi athole indlela eqondile yokuhweba eya e-Asia. Lokhu kuthatheka ngamasimu asentshonalanga kwakungesona isithakazelo esisheshayo kodwa kwakuyisifiso esathatha amashumi eminyaka uJefferson. Nakuba uJefferson ayengakaze athathe uhambo olungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu ukusuka eMontillo, wayephupha ngebanga elinqamula iMissispi futhi wafunda isifunda lesifunda kakhulu isifunda emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, ngisho nokuzama ngokungaphumeleli ukuthumela uhambo lokuhlola izenzakalo ngezikhathi eziningana.

Isithakazelo sikaJefferson ekuhloleni intshonalanga saqala ebusheni bakhe. Njengomfundi osemusha, wachayeka emibonweni ephathelene nokwanda kwentshonalanga ngothisha wakhe, uReverend James Maury, owayehileleke ekuhleleni uhambo oluhlongozwayo lwenkampani ethembekile esentshonalanga. Lokhu kuvezwa kwakuqala kwatshalwa imbewu eyayizokhula phakathi nokuphila kukaJefferson. Phakathi nawonyaka ka-1780 no-1790, uJefferson wahluleka ukuzama kaningana ekuhloleni intshona, isithiyo ngasinye sasiqinisa kuphela isinqumo sakhe sokubona iMelika West ihlolwa kahle futhi ibhalwe.

Izisekelo zeCops of Discovery zabekwa lapho uThomas Jefferson ehlangana noJohn Ledyard ukuze axoxe ngohambo oluhlongozwayo lokuya ePacific Northwest entshonalanga ngo-1780. Ngo-18802, uJefferson wafunda incwadi ka-Alexander Mackenzie ka-1801 ekhuluma ngohambo lwakhe lwasezweni lonke lwango1792-1793 eCanada ePacific Ocean; lamaphephabhuku ahlolayo athonya isinqumo sakhe sokwakha indikimba yaseMelika ekwazi ukufinyelela ePacific kanye kanye. Ukuzimisela kukaJefferson ukuthatha uhambo lwaseMelika kwaqhutshwa ngokwengxenye yisifiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-United States, hhayi iBrithani noma eminye imibuso yaseYurophu, yayiyothola ulwazi nokulawula izifunda zasentshonalanga.

Ukubaluleka Okubalulekile Kwezindawo ZaseNtshonalanga

Ekholelwa ukuthi i-United States kwakudingeka yandise intshonalanga ukuze iqinisekise ukusinda nokuchuma kwayo, uJefferson wagxambukela ngethuba lokuthenga iLouisiana kuNapoleon Bonaparte waseFrance. Umbono kaJefferson wanwetshwa ngaphaya nje kokubekwa kwendawo. Ngalé kokuhileleka kwakhe wabeka umbono oqinile "wenkululeko" eyayisuka e-Atlantic ukuya ogwini lwePacific. Loluhlelo lwefilosofi lwaqondisa zonke izinqubo zasentshonalanga kaJefferson futhi lwanika i-Lecs noClarkey no-Expedition injongo eyayingalé kakhulu kwezokuhlola izinto ezivamile.

Jefferson waqonda ukuthi ukulawulwa koMfula iMississippi nokungena echwebeni laseNew Orleans kwakuwusongo olukhulu kwezentengiselwano nakukhuseleko lwesizwe saseMelika. Abalimi baseNtshonalanga babedinga indlela enokwethenjelwa yokuthutha impahla yabo ukuya emakethe, futhi uMfula iMississippi wasebenza njengomthambo oyinhloko wezentengiselwano wesizwe esakhula. Ithemba lokulawula amandla angaphandle alawula lo mzila wamanzi obalulekile laletha usongo olukhona kubantu baseMelika. Lapho iSpain i-Louisiana ibuyela eFrance ngo-19802, Jefferson yaqaphela ingozi, ibhala ukuthi le ntuthuko yayiwumbungu wesiphethuthuthuthu esikhumu esine esiyinhloko esizothinta isiphetho samazwe ezinhlangothini zombili ze-Atlanti.

Ukugunyazwa KweLouisiana Nokumiswa Kwenhlangano

ILouisiana Purchase yabangu - 1803 yandisa ngokuphawulekayo izinga nokubaluleka kohambo lukaJefferson oluhleliwe. Ngo-1803 iLouisiana Purchase yayiyindawo eshintshwayo yomhlaba wonke phakathi kwe-United States neFrance, lapho i-U.S. yathola khona indawo engamakhilomitha-skweleyimitha-skwele angu-87 000 entshonalanga yoMfula iMississippi yizigidi ezingu-R3 (R1,43). Ukudayisa kwayivala ngokuphumelelayo i-Spain neFrance ekuminyameni i-North America futhi kwaphindeka kabili izinga lentsha yase-United States, yayibeka enkabeni yeNtshonalanga yeNtlambo edabulayo enqamula izwekazini.

Abantu abaningi abaqapheli ukuthi uJefferson wayeseqale kakade ukuhlela uhambo ngaphambi kokuba iLouisiana Purchase iqedwe. Ngo-January 1803, uJefferson wacela iSishaya-Mkhandlu ukuba sifake izimali zokuhamba ezazizonqamula insimu yaseLouisiana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani ongayilawula, futhi aqhubekele ePacific. Lokhu kwembula ukucabanga okusemqoka kukaJefferson. [1] Wayeqonda ukuthi ulwazi ngezindawo zasentshonalanga lungaba usizo noma lungabi yi-United States.

Ukusekela Imali Ngezinqubo Ezivamile

Esigijimini esiyimfihlo sika-January 18, 1803, uMongameli Jefferson wacela u-R2 500 ukuba ahlole iNtshonalanga – yonke iPacific Ocean. Ukufihla lesi sicelo kwakungamabomu futhi kusekwe ngokwezombangazwe. UNobhala weMoole Albert Gallatin wanxusa ukuba isicelo senzeke ngasese. Isigijimi okuthiwa sizogxila esizweni sezohwebo saseNdiya futhi sakhuluma ngohambo lwasentshonalanga oluhlongozwayo ngasekupheleni kwalencwadi.

Indlela kaJefferson yokuthola ukuvunyelwa kwe-conovation yabonisa ukuvumelana kwakhe kwezombangazwe. Ngesikhathi ecela, insimu yaseLouisiana yayiseyiya eFrance, futhi iSpain yalawula ukungena kwemifula eyinhloko. Ngokuhlela uhambo ngokuyinhloko ngenjongo yokuthuthukisa ezentengiselwano kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuhlobo nezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika, uJefferson wenza ukuhlongozwa kwaleli cebo kwamukeleka kakhulu kuKhomishane kuyilapho elulaza izinhloso eziphambili zezezombangazwe. Isizotha sesicelo esincane, sachazwa ngokuyinhloko ngokwezimo zokuthuthukisa ezohwebo, ukufihla izinhloso ezinkulu zeRofferson.

ISivumelwano savuma ukusekela uhambo olwaluzoholwa nguMeriwether Lewis noWilliam Clark. I-R2,500 appropriation, nakuba ithotshisiwe ngezindinganiso zanamuhla, yamelela ukutshala imali okukhulu kwesizwe esincane futhi yabonisa ukuthembela kobuhlanga embonweni kaJefferson. Izindleko zangempela zohambo zaziyogcina zidlule lokhu kuhlola kokuqala, kodwa ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokwempumelelo ekugcineni kohambo lwamaJefferson kwaqinisekisa ukuthengwa kwemali izikhathi eziningi.

Ukukhetha Nokulungiselela Abaholi Abadutshulwayo

Esinye sezinqumo zikaJefferson ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisinqumo sakhe esasiwukukhetha abaholi bezohambo. UMongameli Jefferson wakhetha unobhala wakhe, uMeriwether Lewis, ukuhola iButho loFivayo. Lokhu kukhetha kwakungekhona neze okuwumthetho. UMongameli uThomas Jefferson wasebenzisa isikhathi sakhe, amandla, nenhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe kulomsebenzi futhi waqondisa ngokuqondile uhlelo lwawo lokuqala nenhlangano.

Meriwether Lewis: IProtégé kaMongameli

Ubuhlobo bukaJefferson noMeriwether Lewis babubodwa futhi bungobemisebenzi. Lewis wasamukela ngentshiseko isicelo sikaJefferson sokuba unobhala wakhe siqu futhi wanikeza iminyaka emibili yenkonzo ngaphambi kokuba amiswe njengomholi weqembu "lokucela ukuqashwa", ngokushesha ukuba abe yiButho loFivayo lwe Lewis neClark Expedition. Phakathi naleminyaka emibili, uLewis wayengena ngokungenakulinganiswa emtatsheni omkhulu wezincwadi kaJefferson futhi ehileleke ezingxoxweni eziningi eziphathelene namasimu asentshonalanga, ngokuphumelelayo esebenzela i-Discovery of the Vivs and Clark Expedition ekugcineni.

UVirginian nendodana yomnini-masimu eduze kweMonticello, uLewis wayengukaputeni ebuthweni onolwazi olubanzi lwesiyalo sezempi, okwaziyo emngceleni osentshonalanga, futhi njengoba uJefferson akubeka ukuthi "wahlala emahlathini, futhi wajwayelana nemikhuba yobuNdiya nobuntu bayo" uJefferson wayewazisa lamakhono asebenzayo, kodwa futhi waqaphela futhi ikhono lokuhlakanipha kuka Lewis kanye nekhono lakhe lokufunda izindlela zesayensi ezazizodingeka ukuze abhale izinto ezisungulwe yilolu hambo.

Ukuqeqeshwa Nokulungiselelwa Kwesayensi

Jefferson waqonda ukuthi impumelelo yaloluhambo yayingaxhomekile nje kuphela ekhonweni labaholi lokusinda ehlane kodwa nasekhonweni labo lokuhlola isayensi ngokunembile nokugcina imibhalo eminingi. Kulokhu, uJefferson wathumela iLewis eLancaster nase Philadelphia, ePennsylvania, ukuba afundiswe abanye ososayensi abaholayo besizwe (kuhlanganise uAndrew Ellicott, uBenjamin Rush, uBenjamin Smith Barton, Robert Patterson, noCaspar Wistar).

Loluhlelo lokuqeqesha okunzulu lwahlanganisa izihloko eziningi eziphawulekayo. U-Andrew Ellicott wafundisa ama Lewis ukubhekisa phambili emkhathini kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola. UDkt. Benjamin Rush, omunye wodokotela abavelele kakhulu eMelika, wafundisa i Lewis ngezokwelapha futhi wanikeza isiqondiso esiningi sokunakekela impilo yamalungu ayehamba. Benjamin Smith Barton, isazi sesayensi yezitshalo esiphambili, ujwayeziqeqeshelwe ukuhlukanisa izitshalo nokuqoqa i-specimen. URobert Patterson wafundisa izibalo nesayensi yezinkanyezi, kanti uCaspar Wistar unikeza imfundo ekwazi ukuma kwemibilishi namasiko.

Ububanzi nokujula kwalemfundo engokwesayensi kwabonisa umbono kaJefferson wokuvelela uhambo. Wayefuna okungaphezu komsebenzi ovamile wokuhlola − [1] wayecabanga ngophenyo lwesayensi olubanzi olwaluzolingana nohambo olukhulu lwaseYurophu lwenkathi. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi uLewis uthola ukuqeqeshwa okuvela ezingqondweni ezingcono eMelika, uJefferson wabeka isisekelo sempumelelo ephawulekayo yesayensi yohambo.

UWilliam Clark Uhlanganyela Kulo Msebenzi

Nakuba uJefferson akhetha Lewis njengomphathi wohambo, kwakunguLewis owakhetha uWilliam Clark njengomholi wakhe. Lewis wabhalela uWilliam Clark, emcela ukuba alandele uhambo eMissouri. UClark wavuma, encwadini kaJuly 18. Lobubu buhlobo babuyoba obunye bezindawo eziphumelela kakhulu ekuxhumaneni emlandweni wokuhlola, uLewis noClark benziwa amakhono ahlanganisayo kanye nenhlonipho yokuhloniphana okwasekela uhambo lweMissouri.

Jefferson wavuma ukukhethwa kukaLewis futhi wasekela ilungiselelo lobuholi obuhlangene, eqaphela ukuthi impumelelo yaloluhambo ingaxhomeke ekubeni nabaholi ababili abanekhono ababengahlanganyela imithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu futhi banikeze isisekelo uma kuvela ukugula noma ukulimala. Lesi sinqumo sabonisa indlela eqondile kaJefferson yokuhlela nokuzimisela kwakhe ukuthemba ukwahlulela kukaLewis ezindabeni zenhlangano yamasha.

Iziyalezo Ezicinene ze Jefferson

Awukho umqulu owabonakala ubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni iNtshonalanga Melika kunencwadi yemiyalo uJefferson ayilungiselela Lewis. Incwadi kaJefferson yaba incwadi kahulumeni yokuhlola kwesele yekhulu leshumi elinethoba. Lemiyalo, eyanikezwa eLewiss ngoJune 1803, yamelela isiphetho samashumi eminyaka kaJefferson acabanga ngokuhlola intshona futhi yembula ububanzi bombono wakhe wokuhlola uhambo.

Izindawo Nemisebenzi Yezentengiselwano

Jefferson waqondisa okaputeni ukuba baqhubeke benyuka eMfuleni iMissouri, baqaphele amabalazwe anembile alesi sifunda, futhi bachaze izindawo ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wezomnotho. Ukufunwa komzila wamanzi oya ePacific Ocean kwakuyinhloso eyinhloko. UJefferson, njengabaningi ababephila ngesikhathi sakhe, wayethemba ukuthi loluhambo lwaluzothola indlela yamanzi ewusizo enqamula izwekazini lase-Northwest Passage /a engenza ukuhwebelana ne-Asia.

Iziqondiso zikaJefferson zagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqaphelisisa nokugcina umlando ngokunembile. Kulokhu kuhlola okulungiselelwe Lewis, uJefferson wayala ukuba abahloli bamazwe bakhe babhale ukuthi “ubuso bezwe. ” Lesi siqondiso asihlanganisanga nje kuphela ukudweba imifula nezintaba kodwa futhi sasiveza izinhlobo zomhlabathi, izingqimba zamaminerali, isimo sezulu, nanoma iziphi ezinye izici ezingase zibonise ukubaluleka kwezomnotho.

Ukucwaninga Kwesayensi Kuyafika

Jefferson wayala ukuba bafune izindlela ezintsha zohwebo, basungule ubuhlobo nezizwe zasentshonalanga zamaNdiya aseMelika, futhi babike ngesayensi yokuma komhlaba, isayensi yesayensi yezinkanyezi, isayensi yezilwane, i-botany, kanye nesimo sezulu saseNtshonalanga. Lo myalo wezesayensi ogcwele yonke wabonisa izindinganiso zokukhanyiselwa kukaJefferson nenkolelo yakhe yokuthi ulwazi ngokwalo lwalubalulekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lusebenza kanjani.

Wayala Lewis noClark ukuba babhale ukwaziswa okubanzi ngezihloko zesayensi, kuhlanganise nezitshalo, izilwane, isimo sezulu, izindawo zamaminerali, nezinhlobo zenhlabathi ezingasekela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezolimo. UJefferson wayefuna incazelo eningiliziwe yazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezintsha ezazihlangana, kanye nama specimen ayengathunyelwa eMpuma ukuze aqhubeke ehlola. Wacela ukuhlola kwesayensi yezinkanyezi ukuze athole i-injini enembile ne-injini, ukuhlola isayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yezwe ukuze athole imithombo yemineralium, kanye nemininingwane yesimo sezulu ukuze aqonde isimo sezulu sezindawo zasentshonalanga.

Impicabadala yesayensi efunwa uJefferson yayingavamile ngesikhathi sayo. Wayala uLewis noClark ukuba benze amakhophi amaningi omagazini namabalazwe abo ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi lokho okutholwa yilolu hambo ngeke kulahleke uma inhlekelele igadla. Wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokunemba ngezilinganiso nangalokho okuphawuliwe, azi ukuthi ukuthembeka kokwaziswa kwalo.

Ubuhlobo Bomdabu Nabomdabu BaseMelika

Jefferson wahlanganisa iziyalezo ezinemininingwane mayelana nendlela amaButho okufanele angene ngayo kubantu boMdabu. ULewis noClark kwakumelwe "bawaphathe ngendlela enobungane kakhulu neyokulungisa ukuziphatha kwabo siqu okuzovuma." Lesi siqondiso sabonisa kokubili ukukhathazeka kobuntu kanye nohlelo lwezibalo. Jefferson waqonda ukuthi ukusinda kohambo kwakungase kuxhomeke ekulondolozeni ubuhlobo obuhle nezizwe zamaMelika Omdabu, futhi waqaphela futhi ukuthi ukusungula ubuhlobo obunokuthula kwakuyoba okubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni iMelika nezentengiselwano esikhathini esizayo.

Ukuthula nobungane, engqondweni kaJefferson, kwakuyizidingo zobuhlobo bezohwebo, uphawu oluyinhloko lwenkambiso kahulumeni kumaNdiya oMfula iMissouri. UJefferson wacabanga ngekusasa lapho izizwe zoMdabu waseMelika ziyoba abathengisi abakanye nazo futhi ekugcineni, zihlanganise irepublic yaseMelika eyandayo. Nakuba lombono wawuwububaba futhi ekugcineni waba nesandla emithethweni eyayilimaza abantu bomdabu, wawumelela umzamo kaJefferson wokucabanga ngekusasa elalihlanganisa abantu bomdabuzwe kunokuba libangenwe.

Jefferson wanikeza Lewis noClark izimendlela zokuthula ezinesithombe sakhe ukuze asabele abaholi besizwe. ULewis noClark baletha okungenani izimendlela eziyisishiyagalombili ezilingana nesihlanu ukuze bachaze isihlanu "izilinganiso" zenkosi. Lezi zindondo zafeza izinjongo eziningi: zazifanekisela ubukhosi baseMelika, zichaza izizwe ezinobungane abazohlola ikusasa, futhi zamisa umthetho wokuhlangana phakathi kohulumeni wase-United States nezizwe zoMdabu.

Ukuhlela Ngobuciko Nemithombo

Ukuhileleka kukaJefferson kulohambo kwadlulela emininingwaneni emincane kakhulu yokuhlela nokulungiselela. UMongameli Jefferson wasebenza eduze noMeriwether Lewis ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wayekulungele kahle – ulindele ukuthi yini leliqembu elaliyoyidinga ngezikhali, ukudla, imithi, igiya lokukanisa, izinsimbi zesayensi, nezipho zezizwe zamaNdiya.

Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo

Bahlela kahle. Nakuba loluhambo lwaphelelwa izinto zokunethezeka ezinjengoweshikey, ugwayi, nosawoti, abazange baphelelwe yizibhamu nempuphu, ababezidinga kokubili ukuze bazitholele inzuzo yokubhala nokudla — futhi abazange baphelelwe yiinki nephepha, okwakudingeka ukuba babhale lokho abakutholile. Lokhu kubhekisa phambili imithombo yemali kubonisa ukuqonda kukaJefferson okwakuzodingeka ngempela ukuze uhambo luphumelele. Iqiniso lokuthi loluhambo aluzange luphele nezinto zokubhala, naphezu kwebanga elide elihambayo nemibandela enzima, likhuluma ngokuzimisela kukaJefferson ekubhaleni izincwadi nokugcina umlando wesayensi.

Jefferson ngokwakhe wayeqondisa ukuthola amathuluzi esayensi, kuhlanganise nemishini yokuhlola i-hronometer yokuhlola i-longitude, i-sextates yezohambo lwasezulwini, ikhampasi, imishini yokuhlola ithermometer, kanye nemishini yokuhlola. Waqinisekisa ukuthi Lewis wayeqonda ukuthi umshini ngamunye ungasetshenziswa kanjani futhi ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokwenza ukuhlolwa njalo nokugcinwa komlando ngokucophelela.

Izindawo zokwelapha zohambo zazibonisa ukutusa kukaDkt. Benjamin Rush futhi zahlanganisa uhide lwemithi, amathuluzi okuhlinza, nokwelapha kokuvimbela. Jefferson waqonda ukuthi ukulondoloza impilo yamalungu ohambo kwakuzodingeka kakhulu ukuze aphumelele, futhi akazange akhokhe izindleko ekunikezeni imithombo yezokwelapha engcono kakhulu eyayikhona ngalesosikhathi.

Izipho Zezizwe Zomdabu ZaseMelika

Jefferson wanikela ukunakekela okukhulu ekukhetheni izipho ezifanele izizwe zomdabu zaseMelika. Lezizipho zafeza izinjongo zokuzwana, zasungula ukuzwana nokuxoxa ngezohwebo. Loluhambo lwalunezinto ezihlukahlukene kuhlanganise nobuhlalu, izibuko, imimese, ugwayi, indwangu, nezinye izinto zohwebo ezazikholelwa ukuthi uJefferson wayezozaziswa abantu bomdabu. Ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwalezi zipho kwabonisa ukuqonda kukaJefferson ngokubaluleka kobuzwe nokuqaphela kwakhe ukuthi ukuqashela ngempumelelo kwakuzodinga ukubambisana nezakhamuzi zomdabu.

Indima KaJefferson Phakathi Nokuxoshwa

Ukuhileleka kukaJefferson kulohambo akuzange kuphele lapho uLewis noClark besuka eSt. Louis ngoMay 1804. Phakathi nohambo, uJefferson wahlala ehileleke kakhulu entuthukweni yohambo futhi wathuthukisa izinhloso zalo ngenkuthalo.

Ukuthola Nokubonisa Ukuthola Okuphuthumayo

NgoAugust ka - 1805, uThomas Jefferson wathola ukuthunyelwa okungavamile e House kaMongameli eWashington, D.C. ethunyelwe nguLewis & Clark waseFort Mandan, ukuthunyelwa kwakunezitshalo, amabalazwe, izinto zobuMelika, izilwane eziphilayo, kanye nezinye, zonke ezaziqoqwe phakathi nohambo lwaminyaka emibili. Lokhu kuthunyelwa, kwathunyelwa zisuka ezindaweni zobusika zobusika phakathi kwabantu baseMandan, kwanikezwa uJefferson nobufakazi bakhe bokuqala obuphathekayo bokuthola lolu hambo.

UMongameli Jefferson wasebenzisa i-Entrance Hall yeWhite House ukuze abuyele izitsha zokubukisa zabuya empumalanga zisuka ohambweni, futhi kusukela komunye uhambo lwasentshonalanga olwaqhutshwa uZebulon Pike kusukela ngo-1806 kuya ku-1807. Ngokuveza lemisebenzi eqoshiwe eWhite House, uJefferson wenza ukuba izinto ezifinyelelwe yizikhulu ezihambelayo, amalungu eSishaya-Congress, kanye namanye amaMelika anethonya. Lombukiso womphakathi wafeza izinjongo eziningi: wabonisa inani lenkampane, wakhuthaza isithakazelo emasimini asentshonalanga, futhi wamisa iWhite House njengesikhungo sezesayensi kanye nolwazi lwezwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwama - diplomatic Nabaholi Bomdabu

EWashington, uJefferson wamukela iqembu lemibutho yaseMissouri, i-Oto, i-Arikara, ne-Yankeeton Sioux abaphethe abahlangana noLewis noClark esikhathini esingaphezu konyaka ngaphambili. Lokhu kuhambela kobuzwe kwakuyingxenye ebalulekile yecebo likaJefferson lokumisa ithonya laseMelika emasimini ayesanda kutholwa. Inkulumo kaJefferson eqenjini lamakhosi asuka eMfuleni osezantsi iMissouri iyinhlanganisela yobuhlobo, izithembiso zobuhlobo obunokuthula ezweni elihlangeneyo, nezinsongoso ezicathule uma amaNdiya enqaba ubukhosi baseMelika.

Indlela kaJefferson yokuxoxa noMadage aseMelika yayibonisa isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi nesiphikisanayo sombono wakhe wokwanda kwentshonalanga. Nakuba ayekholelwa ngobuqotho ekutheni kungenzeka ukuba kube khona ukuthula nokushintshana kwempucuko, wagcizelela futhi ubukhosi baseMelika futhi wacacisa ukuthi ukwenqaba ngeke kubekezelelwe. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kokufuna ukuqamba amanga nombuso kuyoba yinqubo yamaNdiya aseMelika ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.

Ukubuya Kwendawo KaJefferson

Lapho uLewis noClark bebuyela eSt. Louis ngo-September 1806, ngokushesha bathumela izwi kuJefferson lokuphumelela kwabo. Lewis wabhalela uThomas Jefferson ukuthi amakhorali aye "angene ezwekazini laseNyakatho Melika ePacific Ocean." Lenkulumo elula yamelela ukugcwaliseka kwephupho likaJefferson elingamashumi eminyaka futhi yaphawula inguquko emlandweni waseMelika.

Jefferson wathola izindaba ngokwaneliseka okukhulu futhi ngokushesha waqala ukusebenza ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi lokho okutholwa yiloluhambo kwakuzofakazelwa futhi kusakazwe ngokufanelekile. Wakhuthaza u Lewis ukuba alungiselele omagazini abazohlola izincwadi futhi asekele imizamo yokwakha amabalazwe anembile asekelwe ekuhloleni kohambo. Nakuba Lewis ayelwa nomsebenzi wokulungiselela umagazini ukuze akhiqizwe − − iprojekthi eyayingeke iqedwe ekuphileni kwakhe − Jefson waqhubeka ukuthuthukisa impumelelo yohambo lokuhlola nokusebenzisa lokho akutholile ukuze asekele umbono wakhe wokwanda kwentshonalanga.

Iminikelo Nefa Elingokwesayensi

Impumelelo engokwesayensi ye-Lewis and Clark Expedition yadlula ngisho namathemba kaJefferson aphambili. Uhambo lwafaka ubufakazi obungamakhulu ezimila nezilwane ezazingaziwa ngaphambili kuyisayensi, lwaveza amabalazwe anemininingwane yezindawo ezinkulu, lwasungula ukuhlolwa kwesayensi yezinkanyezi okuzilungisa ngokunembile izimo zendawo, futhi lwaqoqa ukwaziswa okubanzi okuphathelene nezizwe zamaMelika Omdabu.

Isayensi Yezitshalo Nesayensi Yemvelo

Lewis noClark baqoqa izitshalo ezingu-178 nezilwane ezingu-122 ezazisanda kusungulwa yisayensi. Lemivubukulo yandisa kakhulu ulwazi lwesayensi lwezinto eziphilayo zaseNyakatho Melika futhi yabonisa ukuceba kwengcebo yemvelo yalelizwekazi. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo zabizwa ngokudumisa i Lewis, uClark, noma uJefferson ngokwakhe, zakha ifa elihlala njalo elingokwesayensi kulolu hambo kanye nomxhasi walo.

Izindawo zohambo zazihlanganisa izitshalo eziyigugu zezomnotho ezazizotshalwa kamuva ukuze zithole ukudla, imithi, nezinye izinjongo. Okutholakele kwezilwane kusuka ezincelisayo ezinkulu njengebhere elinama-grizzy nenyamazane ye-pronghorn kuya kwizidalwa ezincane njengenja yase-incale nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezihlukahlukene. Ukutholakala kwazo kwakufakazelwa ngokucophelela ngencazelo eningiliziwe, izilinganiso, futhi uma kungenzeka, kwagcinwa ama-specimen angafundwa ososayensi eMpuma.

Imisebenzi Yezesayensi Yezwe Neyokubhala

Amabalazwe akhiwa nguLewis noClark, asekelwe emiyalweni kaJefferson nasekuqeqesheni kwezesayensi ayekuhlelile, amelela ukuma kwenani elikhulu kolwazi lwezwe lweNyakatho Melika entshonalanga. Ekuhleleni uhambo, iLewis neGallatin baqoqa amabalazwe amasha nokulandisa okuchaza izwe lasentshonalanga. Lo kwaziswa okubonakalayo nokunyathelisiwe kwafakwa ebhukwini eliyingxubevange. [1] Inkosi uNicholas (1803 balazwe − lona uhambo oluye lwahamba nabo okungenani kuze kufike emadolobhaneni aseMandan.

Izincwadi zohambo lwalo hambo zalungisa imibono eminingi ephambene ngokuma kwezwe lasentshonalanga futhi zanikeza ukwaziswa okunembile ngezimiso zemifula, izintaba, kanye namabanga ahilelekile ekuhambeni ngezwekazi. Nakuba lolu hambo lungazange luthole indlela ethembayo ye-Northwest Passage − ngoba ayikho indlela yamanzi elula kanjalo eyayikhona − iRocky Mountains nezinselele ezaziyobhekana nekusasa lokuhamba ePacific.

Umnikeli we-Ethnographic

Iziqondiso zikaJefferson zokubhala amasiko amaMelika Omdabu zaphumela emibhalweni eminingi eyigugu ehlala ibalulekile kuzazi-mlando nakubantu bendabuko namuhla. ULewis noClark babhala ukwaziswa okubalulekile mayelana nezilimi zesizwe, amasiko, izakhiwo zezombangazwe, imisebenzi yezomnotho, nempucuko yezinto ezibonakalayo. Babhala izibalo zenani labantu, imingcele yendawo, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezizwe. Lo kwaziswa, nakuba kucwengisiwe ngemiqondo yakudala yamaMelika aphakathi kweshumi elinethoba nethoba, kunikeza ubufakazi obungokomlando ngemiphakathi yamaMelika oMdabuko ngesikhathi esibalulekile emlandweni wawo.

Umbono kaJefferson nokwanda kwaseMelika

ILewis ne-Clark Expedition kumelwe iqondwe phakathi komongo wesombono kaJefferson wesikhathi esizayo saseMelika. Incwadi yahlanganisa izifiso zesizwe zokwanda kwendawo nokuthola isayensi. Lapha uJefferson wadweba uhlelo olubanzi noluvumelanayo lokuhlola intshonalanga. Lenhlanganisela yophenyo lwesayensi kanye nesifiso sombuso yaphawula indlela kaJefferson eNtshona nezindlela ezimisiwe ezazizoguqula ukwanda kweMelika kulo lonke ikhulu leshumi elinethoba leshumi elinesine.

UMbuso Wenkululeko

Jefferson wayecabanga ukuthi i-United States iwumboniso "wenkululeko" qhaqha irepublic enkulu yabalimi abazimele ababezolima izwe futhi bahlanganyele ekuzilawuleni kwentando yeningi. ILewis noClark Expedition basebenzisa lombono ngokuveza amazwe alungele ezolimo, bamisa iziphakamiso zamaMelika emasimini asentshonalanga, kanye nezindlela zokuvula izakhiwo zesikhathi esizayo. UJefferson wakholelwa ukuthi ukwanda kwentshonalanga kwakuyoqinisekisa ukusinda kukahulumeni weRepublic ngokunikeza izwe lezizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo nokuvimbela ukugcwala kwabantu emadolobheni, ayewabheka njengezindawo zokuzalanisa inkohlakalo nobushiqela.

Lombono, nakuba wawushukumisa amaMelika amaningi, waba nemiphumela ebhubhisayo kubantu boMdabu baseMelika ababehlala emasimini asentshonalanga kakade. "ummeli wenkululeko" kaJefferson wakhiwa ngokukhishwa kwabantu bomdabu kanye nokunwetshwa kobugqila emasimini amasha. i- Lewis noClark Expedition, naphezu kokuphumelela kwayo kwezesayensi nenhlonipho yangempela eyayivame ukuboniswa ngabantu bomdabu, ekugcineni yasebenza umsebenzi wombuso owawuyophumela ekulahlekelweni kwamazwe omdabuzwe nasekubhujisweni kwezindlela zokuphila zomdabu.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nezohwebo

Umbono wezomnotho kaJefferson kubantu baseNtshonalanga wawugxile kwezolimo nakuhwebo. Wayekholelwa ukuthi abalimi basentshonalanga babezoveza intengo yezolimo eyayingathunyelwa ezimakethe zaseYurophu, ithuthukise ingcebo futhi iqinisekise uzibuse kwezomnotho zaseMelika. Isabelo sohambo lokubona imizila yezohwebo nokumisa ubuhlobo nezizwe zomdabu zaseMelika sasifeza lokhu kuhlelwa kwezomnotho.

Jefferson futhi wayethemba ukuthi loluhambo lwaluzophawula amathuba okuhweba ne-Asia nge-Pacific edlula ogwini lwePacific. Nakuba lokho okwatholwa yiloluhambo kwacacisa ukuthi ayikho indlela elula yamanzi enqamula izwekazi, ukwaziswa okuqoqwe ngoMfula iColumbia nePacific Northwest kwagcina kusekele amaMelika okuzisholoza e-Oregon Territory futhi kubangele ukuba imizila yezohwebo yasePacific ithuthuke.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano

Indima kaJefferson eLewis and Clark Expedition yayinempikiswano. Isinqumo sakhe sokuqhubeka nohambo ngaphambi kweLouisiana Purchase sabuzwa imibuzo ephelele ngegunya lobuphathi kanye nesilinganiso esifanele samandla kamongameli. Isicelo sakhe sokuxhasa imali ngokuyimfihlo esivela kuKhongolo-mfutho sakhathaza abanye ababekholelwa ukuthi izinqumo ezinjalo ezibalulekile kufanele zenziwe ngenkulumo - mpikiswano esobala. Futhi umbono wakhe wokukhula kwasentshonalanga, nakuba ugujwa amaMelika amaningi, unganakiwe noma udedele amalungelo nezithakazelo zabantu boMdabu waseMelika ababezosuswa eMelika.

Imibuzo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Jefferson, owayekhele umsebenzi wakhe wezombangazwe ngencazelo eqinile yoMthetho-sisekelo, wabhekana nokugxekwa ngenxa yemingcele engaphezulu kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo kokubili eLouisiana Purchase nasemhambweni owawuhlola. Njengomenzi wokwakha oqinile, uJefferson ngokwakhe wayekhathazekile ngokuthi umongameli umnika igunya lokuthola indawo entsha noma ukuchitha izimali zomphakathi ekuhloleni. Nokho, ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekwandeni kwakhe entshonalanga ekugcineni kwadlula ukuthengwa komthetho - sisekelo wakhe, futhi waqhubeka nakho kokubili ukuthenga nohambo lwakhe naphezu kokungabaza kwakhe siqu ngesisekelo somthetho ngokomthetho.

Ithonya Kubantu Bomdabu BaseMelika

Nakuba uJefferson ayala uLewis noClark ukuba baphathe abantu bomdabu ngenhlonipho futhi bathuthukise ubuhlobo obunokuthula, umphumela wohambo lokugcina wawuwukwenza ukuba iMelika ikwazi ukukhula ngezindleko zezakhamuzi zabomdabu. Ulwazi lwezwe, ukuxhumana nobudlelwane nezindawo ezasungulwa yilolu hambo lwaseMelika kwavula indlela yokususa abantu boMdabu emazweni abo. Umbono kaJefferson wokuhlanganisa amaMelika Omdabu nomphakathi waseMelika ngokuthuthukisa impucuko yezolimo nezolimi wabonakala ungenangqondo futhi ekugcineni waba nengxenye ezimisweni ezazingabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu.

Ithonya Lesikhathi Eside Nokubaluleka Komlando

Ithonya lika Lewis noClark Expedition lingenakuchazwa ngokweqile emlandweni waseMelika, futhi indima kaJefferson ekukwenzeni kube nokwenzeka imelela esinye sezizathu zakhe ezibaluleke kakhulu kulelizwe. Uhambo lwasungula iMelika e-Pacific Ntlatho - ntshona, yanikeza ulwazi olubalulekile lwezwe nezesayensi, yavula izindlela zokuhlola nokuhlalisana kwesikhathi esizayo, futhi yabamba imicabango yaseMelika ngezindlela ezisaqhubeka zikhula nanamuhla.

Ithonya Ekuhloleni Isikhathi Esizayo

Loluhambo lokuqala lwamelela isifiso sokuthutha izindawo zaseMelika nemiphakathi ngaphesheya kakhulu koMfula iMississippi. Isikhungo seWhite House ekuhleleni nasekubonisweni kwamuva kwezinto zobuciko ezithunyelwe kuloluhambo luqokomisa isimo sesizwe sezigaba zokuqala zaseMelika entshonalanga. I-Lewis ne-Clark Expedition yamisa isibonelo se-Pronsor e-hulumeni nokuhlola okuzolandelwa kulo lonke ikhulu leshumi elinethoba. Amaphediyu ayezothathwa nguZebulon Pike, uStephen Long, uJohn Crémont, futhi amanye akhe esisekelweni esisekelweni esibekwe ngu-Lewis noClark no-Clark naseMelika yandisa ulwazi lwezwe kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga.

Ifa Elingokwesayensi

Impumelelo engokwesayensi ye-Lewis and Clark Expedition, yaveliswa ngokugcizelela kukaJefferson ukuqapha nokubhala ngokucophelela, kwanezela kakhulu kuyisayensi yaseMelika. Imishini yezesayensi yesayensi yezitshalo nezokuhloba iqoqwe yiqembu lezokuhlola isayensi ecebisa iqoqo lesayensi kanye nokuqonda izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaseNyakatho Melika. Imibiko ye-ethnographic yanikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngempucuko yamaMelika ase-Enicode. Futhi ulwazi lwezwe oluqoqwe yi-osenkabani lwanikeza ukwaziswa okunembile okwakungaqondisa izihambi nezakhamuzi zesikhathi esizayo.

Ithonya Lesiko

ILewis ne-Clark Expedition iye yaba enye yezilandiso ezichaza umlando waseMelika, ifanekisela umoya wokuhlola, ukuphishekela ulwazi, nokwanda kwezwe nethonya laseMelika. Indima kaJefferson ekuhlanganiseni, ekuhleleni, nasekusekeleni uhambo iye yaba ingxenye eyisisekelo yefa lakhe elingokomlando. Uhambo lwabonisa amandla okucwaninga kwesayensi okusekela uhulumeni osunguliwe futhi lwamisa izenzakalo zokuhileleka kombuso ekuhloleni nasekubuzeni ngesayensi okusaqhubeka nanamuhla.

Ukuzifakela Kwe-Jefferson

ICops of Discovery [1] Umqondo owaphakanyiswa uThomas Jefferson iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, wahlanganiswa nokuzinikezela kwakhe kwesayensi yokukhanyiselwa, futhi wagunyazwa umbono wakhe entshonalanga Melika($___wayeneziyalezo zawo, umsebenzi wawo, nomthwalo wawo ongokomlando. Lenkulumo ithatha ukuhileleka okujulile okusemkhankasweni kaJefferson ekuhambeleni. KuJefferson, iLewis noClark Expedition yamelela isiphetho sephupho lokuphila konke nokusetshenziswa kwemibono yakhe engokoqobo.

Ubuhlobo bukaJefferson noMeriwether Lewis babubaluleke kakhulu. Wayesebenza njengomeluleki nobaba eLewis, enikeza isiqondiso, imfundo, namathuba athonya ukuphila nomsebenzi kaLewis. Lapho uLewis ebulawa ngaphansi kwezimo eziyimfihlakalo ngo-1809, uJefferson wathinteka kakhulu ngokulahlekelwa. Wasebenza ukuze alondoloze idumela lika Lewis futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izinto aziphumele kulo mkhosi zaziyoqashelwa kahle futhi zibhalwe.

Izifundo Zokuhola Kwanamuhla

Indlela kaJefferson yokuhlela nokubulala i Lewis ne-Clark Expedition inikeza abaholi banamuhla izifundo eziwusizo. Ukuxubana kwakhe kokucabanga nokunaka ngokucophelela, ukuzimisela kwakhe ukutshala imfundo nokulungiselela, ukugcizelela kwakhe imibhalo ebhaliwe nempicabadala engokwesayensi, nekhono lakhe lokushukumisa nokusekela abantu abanekhono konke kwanezela ekuphumeleleni kwalo hambo.

UJefferson waqonda ukuthi ukufinyelela imigomo efuna ukuvelela kudinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, imithombo eyanele, izisebenzi ezinekhono, nezinhloso ezicacile. Waqaphela ukubaluleka kolwazi olungochwepheshe futhi wafuna ukuqeqeshwa okungcono kakhulu okukhona kuLewis. Wayezilindele izinselele futhi elungiselela izinto ezizokwenzeka. Wagcina isithembiso somshado phakathi nalo lonke iprojekthi futhi wagubha ukuphumelela kwalo. Lezizimiso zobuholi zisekhona namuhla futhi zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuhlela okunengqondo, okusebenzayo.

Isiphetho: Umnikelo ka Jefferson ohlala njalo

UThomas Jefferson wanikela ngeminikelo eLewis and Clark Expedition wadlulela ngalé kokugunyaza uhambo noma ukunikeza imali. Wathatha uhambo njengengxenye yombono obanzi wekusasa leMelika, wahlela ukuba lunake ngokucophelela imininingwane, wakhetha futhi walungiselela abaholi bakhe ngokunakekela okukhulu, wanikeza iziyalezo ezibanzi ezaziqondisa zonke izici zohambo, futhi wahlala ebophekile kulo lonke uhambo nangemva kokubuya kwalo.

Impumelelo yaloluhambo ekufezeni izinjongo zalo − ukudweba amasimu angaziwa, ukuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezintsha, ukwakha ubuhlobo obusha nezizwe zomphakathi zaseMelika, nokufinyelela ePacific Ocean(-vinician) kwabonisa inzuzo yokuhlola kukahulumeni nokucwaninga kwezesayensi. Ulwazi lwezwe, izinto ezitholakele zesayensi, kanye nobudlelwane obungokwenhlalo ezasungulwa yiloluhambo lwaba nemiphumela ejulile nehlala njalo emlandweni waseMelika, kwathuthukisa ukwanda nokuthuthukisa intuthuko yesizwe entshonalanga phakathi nekhulu leshumi elinesihlanu leminyaka.

Nakuba kumelwe sivume izici zenkinga zombono kaJefferson, ikakhulukazi ithonya lakhe kubantu boMdabu baseMelika, singaqaphela futhi ukuphumelela kwangempela kwesayensi nokuhlakanipha okuwumphumela wokusekela kwakhe i Lewis ne-Clark Expedition. Ukuzinikela kukaJefferson olwazini, ukholo lwakhe emandleni okuhlola nokubhala ngokucophelela, kanye nekhono lakhe lokukhuthaza nokusekela imisebenzi efuna ukuvelela kumelela izici ezibalulekile zefa lakhe.

I-Lewis and Clark Expedition isho ukuthi yini engafezwa uma ukuhola kombono, ukuhlela ngokucophelela, ukuqina kwezesayensi, nesibindi somuntu kuhlangene ekuphishekeleni imigomo yokufuna ukuvelela. Indima kaThomas Jefferson ekwenzeni lokhu kufezeka ibe yiqhaza elikhulu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika futhi ibonisa amandla ahlala njalo emiqondo, ukulungiselela, nokuzimisela ukulolonga indlela yezizwe.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe nge-Lewis and Clark Expedition nendima kaJefferson eMelika ekunwebeni entshonalanga, Thomas Website kaMonterson Jefferson [ inikeza imithombo emikhulu nemibhalo engokomlando. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [FOLD]] [UMkhondo] [[FLT]] unikeza ukufinyelela ku-oyela ku-Descrectory'unierry'unions's [umthetho] oyimfihlo ecela ukuxhasa ukuhwebela. [[[FLT] Imisebenzi emikhulu, i-Progractics, newwwwwwwwwwwwws, [5] futhi uhlela iziNunikonti ezisengwaneze izinyuzi ze-Genetics. [Frences] [Frences]