Ukwakhiwa Kwabantu Abahola Ngentando Yeningi

Ukhetho lukamongameli lumelela okunye kokuziqeqesha okulandelayo kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Akuzona izenzakalo ezikodwa kodwa yizinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezineziteji eziningi eziveza izigidi zezakhamuzi, ngezinye izikhathi iminyaka, futhi zihlanganisa umzamo ohlangene wezigidi zezakhamuzi, izinkulungwane zabaphathi, nezinhlangano eziningi. Ukuqonda indlela lokhu kukhetha okuhlelwa futhi kuqhutshwe ngayo kudinga ukwazisa ngezimiso zomthetho, izinselele zomthetho, kanye nezindlela zokwakha ezizinzisayo ezizisekelayo.

Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka kakhulu ezweni ngalinye, izakhiwo eziyinhloko zokhetho lukamongameli zilandela ukulandelana okunengqondo: imfanelo yokuvota nokufakwa kwemijovo, ukubhalisa, ukukhankanya, ukuvota, ukubala, ukuvota, ukunikeza isiqinisekiso, nokudluliswa kwamandla okungokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okuningiliziwe, okulandela isigaba ngasinye, ukudweba imikhuba emisiwe esukela emhlabeni wonke ukubonisa indlela okhetho abaphumelela ngayo ngokufaneleka ngokukhanya, ukulondeka, ukugcinwa, nobuqotho.

Izisekelo zokukhetha zangaphambi: Isakhelo esingokomthetho nesiphethe

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nemithetho

Kuzo zonke izinqumo zobumongameli zisebenza phakathi komthetho omisiwe ngomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe nemithetho yokukhetha. Lemithetho ichaza ukuthi ubani ofanelekele ukulawulwa umongameli, ubude benkathi yomkhankaso, usuku lokhetho, nemithetho yokungena kwezezimali zomkhankaso nezokuxhumana. Uhlelo olungokomthetho lumisa futhi ikhomishane ezimele noma indikimba efanayo enomthwalo wokuqondisa ukhetho. Kuzo zonke izakhiwo zentando yeningi, lamalungiselelo ahlanganiswe enqubeni yemithetho-sisekelo nakwenezelwa yimithetho yokukhetha ebhalwe yonke inyathelo lomkhankambiso, kusukela ekubhalisweni kwesinqumo somkhankathiso wemizwano.

Amazwe anjenge-Brazil, i-India, ne-South Africa alondoloza imithetho ebanzi yokukhetha eye yacwengisiswa phakathi namashumi eminyaka enqubo yentando yeningi. Isimiso somthetho kumelwe siphendule imibuzo eminingana ebucayi: Ingakanani inkathi, izakhamuzi, nezindawo zokuhlala? Ingabe kunemingcele yezikhathi ezithile? Abazofuna ukuzimela bangasebenza, noma bonke abazobhapathizwa kumelwe bahlanganiswe neqembu lezombangazwe? Yiziphi izinqubo ezikhona zemiphumela yokukhetha ebekela inselele?

Ukumisa Indikimba Yokuqondisa Ukukhetha

Ukukhetha okuthembekile kudinga indikimba yokuqondisa ezimele nenekhono. Amazwe amaningi amisa ikhomishane yokhetho noma ibhodi lomphathi wokhetho elisebenza ngokwayo egatsheni eliphethe ihhovisi. Lendikimba inomthwalo wemfanelo:

  • Ukuthuthukisa nokulondoloza umbhalo wokuvota
  • Ukunemba Okuncomekayo
  • Ukuklama nokunyathelisa amaphepha
  • Ukuhlola nokuhlola imishini yokuvota
  • Izisebenzi zokuvota eziqeqeshayo
  • Ukumisa izindawo zeziteshi zokuhlola
  • Ukulawula inqubo yokubala yamavoti
  • Ukumemezela imiphumela engokomthetho

Ukuzimela kwekhomishane yokukhetha kubalulekile ekuthembekeni komphakathi. Amazwe amaningi amisa amalungu ekhomishane ngenqubo yokuhlola ehilela amagatsha kahulumeni amaningi noma adinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho emikhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i- Independent Evolution Commission of Afghanistan yaklanyelwa ukuhlanganisa amalungu anezizinda nezinhlangothi zezombangazwe ezihlukene. E-United States, ukuqondisa kokhetho kuhlonipheka kakhulu, nezikhulu zikahulumeni nezokuvota ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni, nakuba i-Eustation servition Commission inikeza iziqondiso nokusekela.

Ukusungula Nokufaneleka Kwawo

Amaqoqo Ezindaba Nezimpondo

Inqubo yokukhetha eqalwayo iqala ngokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe ngaphambi kakhulu kokhetho oluvamile. Emazweni amaningi kusetshenziswa okhetho oluyinhloko, lapho amalungu eqembu evota khona ukuze akhethe amavoti awo. I-United States inochungechunge lweziprinsimi zikahulumeni kanye nezimpompo eziqala ngoFebruary ngonyaka wokhetho futhi zifinyelela umvuthwandaba emihlanganweni yezizwe eqhutshwa phakathi kwehlobo. Kwamanye amazwe, abakhonyane bakhethwa ngemihlangano yangaphakathi yeqembu, ukuvota, noma ukuhola. Ngokwesibonelo, iBrazil, iphethe imihlangano yamadili lapho izihambeli zivota abamele izithunywa zevangeli, kuyilapho amaqembu amakhulu aseNdiya esebenzisa inhlanganisela yokuvota kwangaphakathi kanye nokugunyaza.

Inqubo eyinhloko ingaba encintisana kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile ilololonga uhlobo lomkhankaso wokhetho. Abavoti kumelwe bakhe imifelandawonye, baphakamise izimali, futhi babonise ikhono labo lokuwina amavoti ngaphambi kokuba bathathwe ngokomthetho. Imithetho elawula amaprimenti iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe afuna amalungu eqembu ukuba abhalise kusengaphambili, kuyilapho amanye evumela noma imuphi umvoti ukuba ahlanganyele eqenjini eliyinhloko. Izikhulu zamazwe zivumela abavoti ukuba bavote noma isiphi isibalo ukuba bavotele esigabeni esiyinhloko, kuyilapho amaprofensi evala imingcele yokuthatha isigaba seqembu elibhalisiwe.

I-Indidatethis Ezimele Nokutholakala Kwezingxenye Zesithathu

Akuzona zonke izifemu ezithatha umongameli ezeza ngamaqembu ezombangazwe. Izimiso zentando yeningi eziningi zentando yeningi zivumela abazozimela ukuba bavele ebhandeni, uma nje behlangabezana nezimfuneko ezithile. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuqoqa inani elincane lezisayino ezivela kubavoti ababhalisiwe, ukukhokha imali, nokubonisa izinga lokusekela komphakathi. ERussia, abantu abazimele kumelwe baqoqe okungenani izignesha ezingu-30 000, kuyilapho ePhilippines badinga izisayino zabavoti ababhalisiweyo abacishe babe 10 000. I-United States imisa izimfuneko zokusayinwa ngokuzihambela ngokwezwe, ngokuvamile ifuna izinkulungwane eziningana zokuzisayina ukuze ithole ukungena komfunda njengemvume ezimele.

Inqubo efanelekile yabafuna ukuzimela ikhona ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abalwayo abangathi sína kuphela abavela ebhokisini kuyilapho besalondoloza ukutholakala kwalabo abasekelwa umphakathi ngempela.

Ukubhalisa Nokuxosha

Uma sebenqunyiwe noma beshiwo, abazobhapathizwa kumelwe babhalise ngokusemthethweni kukhomishane yokuvota. Lokhu kudinga ukunikeza imvume efakazela ukuthi bahlangabezana nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo zesikhundla. Izikhulu zokhetho ziqinisekisa ubudala bomnyunyana ngamunye, isikhundla sesizwe, nendawo yokuhlala. Zingase futhi zibukeze amarekhodi obugebengu, ukudalulwa kwezimali, nezingxabano zesithakazelo. Emazweni amaningi, abazokufaka izicelo zesizinda noma bathathe izisekelo ngezinkonzo zokhuseleko ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi abangephulwanga ngaphansi kwemithetho esebenzayo.

Le nqubo yokuziphindiselela ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ubuqotho bokhetho. Ivimbela abantu abangakholeki noma abafaka izingozi zokuphepha ekuveleni ebhodini. Inikeza futhi umphakathi isiqinisekiso sokuthi abazobhapathizwa bahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho zesikhundla. Inqubo yokuziphindisela ingaba nempikiswano, ikakhulukazi uma ibonakala ishukunyiswa kwezombangazwe noma ibekelwe imingcele engaphezulu. Noma kunjalo, iyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo yokhetho.

Ukubhalisa Ngokusemthethweni Nokuphumelela

Ukumisa Imfundo Yokubhala

I-votel enembile nebanzi iyisisekelo sanoma yiluphi ukhetho olusemthethweni. Amazwe asebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokwakha nokugcina lemiyalo. Amanye amazwe, njengeCanada neJalimane, athembele ezikhombisweni zikahulumeni ukuze abhalise izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ngokuzenzekelayo. Ezinye, njenge-United States, zifuna ukuba abantu babhaliswe. Amazwe amaningi aqhuba imishini yokuvota ngezikhathi ezithile, ngokuvamile ehambisana nemininingwane yokubala, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubhaliso usaqhubeka.

Kumelwe kuhlelwe kabusha njalo ukuze kususwe abantu abafile, labo abaye bathutha, nalabo abaye balahlwa ngenxa yezinkolelo zobugebengu noma ukuhluleka ngengqondo. Kumelwe futhi kuhlanganiswe nabavoti abasha abaye bafinyelela inkathi yokuvota. Emazweni amaningi, abavoti bangahlola ukubhalisa kwabo kuyi-ingosi ye-intanethi noma ezikhungweni ezisemthethweni. Ikhomishani ye-Ecomtion ivame ukunyathelisa uhlu lwabavoti ukuze bahlolwe umphakathi, ivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibone amaphutha noma iziphazamiso.

I - Voter ID nokuqinisekisa

Ngosuku lokhetho, abavoti kumelwe bafakazele ukuthi bazizo ngaphambi kokwamukela i-collet. Indlela yokuqinisekisa iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Amazwe amaningi adinga ikhadi lokwaziswa likahulumeni elinomfanekiso. Amanye asebenzisa ikhadi lokuvota noma inhlanganisela yamaxwebhu. Kwezinye izindawo, izimiso zokuqinisekisa isayensi yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo ziyasetshenziswa, kusetshenziswa iminwe noma ukuqaphela ubuso ukuze kufanelane nokuvota. Ngokwesibonelo, iNdiya iye yasebenzisa amakhadi e-optimetim ahlangene nesimiso somvoti we-Aadhaar ukuze inciphise ukukhwaba.

Izimfuneko ze-Voter ID ziyaphikisana kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi i-United States, lapho abagxeki bephikisa khona ngokuthi bathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa inani elincane nabahlawulwa kancane. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi bavimbela ukukhwabanisa kokuzenza futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti abafanelekayo kuphela abahlanganyela. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nokuthola inselele eqhubekayo kubaphathi bokhetho.

Inkathi Yomkhankaso

Imali Nezimali Zomkhankaso

Imikhankaso yanamuhla kamongameli idinga izimali ezinkulu. Izisebenzi kumelwe ziphakamise imali yokukhangisa, amaholo ezisebenzi, ukuthatha uhambo, ukuvoca, nezinye izindleko. Amazwe alawula izimali zomkhankaso ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Amanye anikeza izimali zomphakathi kwabazohlangabezana neminyango ethile, kuyilapho amanye ebeka imingcele ezinhlamvwini zeminikelo yomuntu ngamunye nezinhlangano. I-United States inesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esihlanganisa kokubili ukuxhasa kwemali yomphakathi neyomuntu siqu, nezimfuneko eziqinile zeminikelo engaphezu kwenani elithile. Amazwe amaningi avimbela iminikelo yezinhlangano zezezimali noma avimbele iminikelo yezinhlangano zakwamanye amazwe.

Imithetho yezezimali ehloselwe ukuvimbela ukonakala, ukunciphisa ithonya labacebi, futhi uqinisekise izinga lokudlala. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa lemithetho kungaba yinselele. Izimbobo, njengokusetshenziswa okungenamkhawulo ngamakomiti ezombangazwe azimele eU.S., kungalulaza injongo yokuguqula. Ukuphumelela kwemithetho yezezimali kuxhomeke ekuqikeleleni kokuqikelelwa, ukuba sobala, nokutholakala komphakathi ukwaziswa ukuthi obani abazofunda ngemali.

Ukuthola Imithombo Yezindaba Nokukhangisa

Imithombo yezindaba inendima eyinhloko okhethweni lukamongameli, isebenza njengendlela eyinhloko abafuna ukuvota abaxhumanisa ngayo. Emazweni amaningi, abazobhapathizwa baqinisekiswa ukuba bakhululeke ngendiza kubasasazi bomphakathi. Izingxoxo zihlelwa, ngokuvamile ngamakhomishane okhetho noma ama-media, ukuze bavumele abazofika emapulatifomu abo bawethula ngokuqondile komunye nomunye futhi kumphakathi. Imithombo yezenhlalakahle iye yabaluleke kakhulu, inikeza abazofuna ukufinyelela abavoti ngaphandle kohluzo lwemithombo yezindaba engokwesiko.

Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwezikhangiso zezombangazwe kuyahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe anqabela ukukhokhwa kwezombangazwe kuthelevishini nasemsakazweni, esikhundleni sokunikeza abazokuthatha isikhathi esikhululekile. Abanye bavumela ukukhangisa okungenamingcele ukuba kubekwe imithetho yokudalula. Ukungagunyazi nokulahla kuveza izinselele ezinkulu endaweni yezindaba zanamuhla, futhi amakhomishane amaningi okukhetha aye asungula izindlela zokusabela ezisheshayo zokulwisana nezinkulumo ezingamanga zokukhetha noma abazonyulwa. Amasiteji ezokuxhumana ezenhlalo nawo asungula izimiso zokubhala noma ukususa okuthi zikwephula izimfuneko zawo zenkonzo ngokuphathelene nokhetho.

Izimpikiswano Nezinkulumo Zomphakathi

Izinkulumo-mpikiswano zikamongameli ziphakathi kwezenzakalo ezibukwa kakhulu zenkathi yokukhetha. Zinikeza abavoti ithuba lokuqhathanisa ngokuqondile abazothatha izinqubo zabo, isimo, nekhono lokusebenza ngaphansi kokucindezelwa. Izimpikiswano zihlelwa yimishini ezimele noma izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba. Le nqubo iyahlukahluka, kodwa eziningi zihlanganisa izinkulumo zokuvula, imibuzo elinganiselwe, kanye nezinkulumo zokuphetha. Kwamanye amazwe, abazofuna ukuthatha iqhaza ezingxabanweni ezithile njengesimo sokwamukela izimali emphakathini.

Izimpikiswano zifeza imisebenzi eminingi: ziyabazisa abavoti, zivumela abazovota ukuba basabele ekugxekweni, futhi zihlola ikhono labazozokucabanga ngezinyawo zabo. Zibuye zenze izikhathi ezikhumbulekayo ezingasusa umkhankaso. Nokho, izimpikiswano azinazimpikiswano. Abaxhasi bangase bamelane nokuhlanganyela, besaba ukuthi izimpikiswano ziphakamisa inselele yabo. Ukuphikisana, njengokusetshenziswa kwama-podium namahholo edolobha, kungaba amaphuzu empikiswano. Noma kunjalo, izimpikiswano zingahlala ziyitshe lesisekelo sokhetho lwentando yeningi.

Izindlela Zokuhlela Nokulungiselela Kwangaphambi Kokukhetha

Umklamo Webhola Nokunyathelisa

Umklamo nokwenziwa kwamabhola ayinqubo yokucophelela okumelwe iqinisekise ukucaca, ukulondeka, nokunemba. Amabhola kumelwe ahlanganise amagama abo bonke abazobhaliswa, ngokuvamile ahlelwe ngokulandelana okunqunyiwe, ngokuvamile okunqunywa nge-lottery noma uhlelo lwe-apply. Kumelwe anyatheliswe ephepheni elilondekile, ngokuvamile ngezimpawu zamanzi noma ezinye izici ezimelene nokuvota. Emazweni asebenzisa i-electronic, ibhola lomshini libekwe esibukweni, futhi i-software kumelwe ihlolwe ukunemba nokuphepha.

Umklamo webhola ubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba abantu abaningi beqaphela. Amabhola aklanywe ngobuhlwempu angadida abavoti, kuholele kumabhola angcolile noma amavoti angenzakalelayo abafuna ukugadiswa. Impikiswano edumile "okanye ibhola-empetho" kukhetho lukamongameli wase-U.S. iyisibonelo esiqaphile. Amabhola anamuhla avame ukuhlanganisa iziyalezo ezicacile, amabala amakhulu, nemibala ephezulu e-cocococococo ukuze aqinisekise ukungenwa kwabo bonke abavoti, kuhlanganise nalawo anezicimbi zemibono.

Ukumiswa Kwesiteshi Esingcolisayo

Amakhomishane okukhetha kumelwe akhethe futhi alungise izinkulungwane zeziteshi zokuvota ezweni lonke. Iziteshi zokubheja zivame ukuba ezakhiweni zomphakathi njengesikole, izikhungo zomphakathi, namahhovisi kahulumeni. Kumelwe zitholakale kubantu abavoti abakhubazekile, zinikeze amathuba anele okuvota, futhi zibe makhulu ngokwanele ukuba zikwazi ukukhokha i-oversi elindelekile. Isiteshi ngasinye sokuvota sihlonyiswe ngamabhokisi okuvota, amabhokisi okuvota (okumelwe afakwe emshinini, izimemezelo, kanye nezinto zokufundisa.

Ukuma kwesiteshi sokuhlola kuklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa okushelelayo kwabavoti ekuvoteni ukuyomuka. Izisebenzi ezisebenza ngokunye ziqeqeshelwe ukusiza abavoti, ukuqinisekisa i-CVS, ukusingatha izimo ezikhethekile (njengabavoti abangakwazi ukufunda noma abadinga usizo), nokugcina ukuhleleka. Emazweni amaningi, iziteshi zokuhlola zibekwa futhi abameleli beqembu noma izibukeli ezizimele ezihlola lenqubo ngenxa yezimo ezingalungile.

Ukuhlola Nesiqinisekiso Sezinto Zokuphasa

Uma kusetshenziswa imishini yokuvota yamaelektroniki noma imishini yokuhlola izibuko, kumelwe ihlolwe kakhulu ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho. Imishini yokukhetha idinga isiqinisekiso ngokuhlola okuzimele okuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwemishini ngokufanele futhi okungagunyazi ukuguqula. Lokhu kuhlola kuhlanganisa ukuhlola kokuhlakanipha nokunemba, lapho ama-collet esetshenziswa khona ngemishini ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amavoti abhaliwe kahle. Kwezinye izindawo, ikhodi yezimiso zomsuka ye-software yokuvota yenziwa ukuba itholakale ukuze ibukezwe obala noma ihlolwe izazi ezizimele.

Ukulondeka kwemishini yokuvota kuyinto ekhulayo. Abacwaningi baye babonisa ukuvinjelwa kwemishini yokuvota ye-electronic, okuholela ekugcizelelweni kakhulu kwemibhalo esekelwe ephepheni. Amazwe amaningi manje afuna ukuba zonke izinhlelo zemishini ze-electronic zikhiqize umkhondo wephepha okwazi ukuvota, ukuvumela ukuba udwendwe lwezincwadi uma kudingekile. Ikhomishane ye-Ecomfi isebenzisa futhi izinqubo eziqinile zobungqabanisa insimbi ne-software ekuvimbeleni okungagunyaziwengagunyaziwenga, phakathi nangemva kokhetho.

Izinqubo Zosuku Lokukhetha

Ukusebenza Kweziteshi Zokugubuzela

Ngosuku lokhetho, iziteshi zokuhlola zivame ukuvuleka ekuseni futhi zivale kusihlwa, ngokuvamile zinefasitela elisebenzayo eliqinile lamahora ayi-12 kuya kwayi-15. Izisebenzi ezikhohlisi zifika ngaphambi kokuba zivule imishini, ziqinisekise amabhokisi okuvula ayize, futhi ziqede izinqubo zokuvula. Amavoter aqala ukufika, futhi le nqubo ivele ngokwemithetho eqinile. Esitebheni sokuhlola ngaphakathi, umvoti unikeza uphawu, futhi isisebenzi sokuvota siqinisekisa ukuthi igama lomvoti likhona ebhalisweni. Izimpawu zovoti noma izimpawu zombhalisa futhi ikhishwa ibhola. Ezimisweni eziningi, umvoti ube uqhubeka egumbini lokubeka uphawu lwendawo yabo, ibhola, iboloti, futhi ufaka ezindaweni ezivalelwe ebhokisini.

Kulo lonke usuku, izingqapheli zokhetho nabameleli beqembu bahlola lenqubo. Bangase babeke inselele ukungezwani kwabavoti ngabanye noma ukudumela okunganembile. Emazweni amaningi, amashende okuhlola okuphumayo kwemithombo yezindaba, okuhilela ukubuza abavoti njengoba beshiya isiteshi sokuvota ukuthi bavote kanjani, benikeza izimpawu zakuqala zomphumela. Ukuhlola akuyona imiphumela engokomthetho kodwa kunganikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile kokuhlaziya nokuqamba ukukhohlisa.

Amalungiselelo Akhethekile Okuthutha Izivakashi

Akubona bonke abavoti abavotayo abavotayo ngamuntu siqu ngosuku lokhetho. Amazwe amaningi anikeza ezinye izindlela zokuvota, kuhlanganise nokuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota ngeposi, nokuvota okungekho kwezakhamuzi ezihlala kwamanye amazwe. Ukuvota kwakuqala kuvumela abavoti ukuba baphonse amavoti abo ezindaweni ezimisiwe ngaphambi kosuku lokhetho. Ukuvota iposi, futhi okubizwa nangokuthi ukuvota kwamaphepha, kusetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni anjengeSwitzerland, lapho cishe wonke amavoti ephonswa khona ngeposi, futhi eUnited States, lapho amavoti ethandwa kakhulu khona.

Ukuthembeka kokuvota iposi kuxhomeke ekukhiqizweni kwezincwadi ezilondekile, ukuthunyelwa kweposi okuthembekile, kanye nokuqinisekiswa okuqinile kwesaziso sovoti kanye nesignesha. Ikhomishane yokhetho kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi amabhola athunyelwe kubavoti ababhaliwe kuphela, ukuthi amabhola abuyiwe abalwa kuphela uma etholakaliswa ngenkathi emisiwe, nokuthi ibhola ngalinye liqinisekiswa njengeliyiqiniso. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izimiso zokuvota ezilingana izignomephu ezisayinwe nezisayinwa kumafayili. Abanye badinga ofakazi noma ama-otatation ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi i-inbolot.

Ukutholakala Nokusondelana

Izikhulu zezokukhetha kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi bonke abavoti abafanelekayo bangahlanganyela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunikeza abavoti abakhubazekile izindawo zokuhlala, njengeziteshi zokuvota zabakhubazekile, iziteshi zokunyathelisa ngezihlalo zabakhubazekile, iziteshi ezinkulu noma ze-ralleolot, nemishini yokuvota engasetshenziswa ngabavoti ngemishini yemoto. Usizo lolimi lubalulekile futhi emiphakathini yezilimi eziningi. Amanye amazwe anikeza abavoti abanezilimi eziningi, kuyilapho abanye bevumela izisebenzi zokuvota ezifunda izilimi ezimbili ukuba zisize abavoti abakhuluma izilimi ezimbalwa.

Imikhankaso yemfundo esemthethweni ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abavoti bayakwazi ukubhalisa, ukuthi bangavota kuphi, nokuthi bangabhalisa kanjani ngokunembile. Imishini yokhetho ivame ukwenza imikhankaso yokuqapha umphakathi ngethelevishini, umsakazo, kanye nokusakaza izinto ezinyathelisiwe. Lemizamo ibaluleke kakhulu emazweni anamanani aphezulu abantu abangafundile noma lapho okhetho beqala khona. Umgomo ukunciphisa amabhola aphangwayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi wonke amavoti abalulekile.

Bala Umthamo Nokujikeleza Kwezwe

Ukuhamba Ngemishini Ebhalwe Ngomlenze

Inqubo yokubala amavoti iqala ngokushesha nje lapho iziteshi zokuhlola zivalwa. Emazweni amaningi, amavoloti abalwa ngezandla izisebenzi zokuvota eqenjini ngalinye. Lenqubo iphawulwa abameleli beqembu nabebukele abazimele. Ukubala ngezandla kusobala kodwa kungaba nejubane, ikakhulukazi emagcekeni amakhulu. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iziteshi ezibala amabhola ngokuzenzakalelayo, zinikeza imiphumela, nakuba zidinga ukuba kube yiqiniso futhi zisekele ngemibhalo yephepha.

Ukukhetha phakathi kokusebenzisa incwadi kanye nokubala ngemishini kuhilela ukuhlanganisa isivinini, ukunemba, nokubona. Ukubala ngezandla kunciphisa ingozi yamaphutha e-software noma ukugawula kodwa kubangelwa iphutha lomuntu futhi kungaba yimpondo. I-electronic ithatha ijubane futhi iphumelele kodwa iqala ukukhathazeka nge-software. Izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa indlela exubile, lapho ama-collet ahlolwa nge-electron kodwa isampula noma i-odabolori egcwele ingenziwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela. Emazweni anjenge-United States, izilinganiso ezinkulu ze-electronictures zisebenzisa izinhlelo ze-software kodwa ezincane zingasetshenziswa ngesandla.

Ubuhlongandlebe Bokuwinwa Nokulondeka

Ukulondoloza ukulondeka kwamabhola phakathi nenqubo yokubala kubucayi. Amabhola agcina igumbi liboshelwe ngaphansi kwesitshixo nenkinobho, ngokudluliswa ngakunye kwelungelo lokuhlala elibhalwe kucingo lomboniso we-consoct. Ama-Seal ebhokisi ebhola kumelwe aqiniswe njengangapha nakancane ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukubala. Ezimisweni zomshini, amarekhodi ezibalo kumelwe avikelwe ekuphazamiseni, futhi ukufinyelela kumacomputer okulawula kumelwe kulinganiselwe kubaphathi abagunyaziwe.

Ikhomishane yokukhetha isebenzisa imithetho eqinile ukuze ivimbele ukuphazanyiswa. Lezi zihlanganisa izinyathelo zokuzivikela ezingokoqobo, njengamagumbi okugcina nokuqondisa, kanye nezindlela zokukhipha i-procedtural, njengokufuna izignesha zezikhulu eziningi esigabeni ngasinye senqubo. Izingqapheli ezizimele zihlola inqubo yokubala ukuze zibone noma yikuphi ukungalingani. Noma yikuphi ukungafani phakathi kwenani labavoti nenani, noma yibuphi ubufakazi bokuphaza, kubangela ukuphenyiswa.

Ukubuyisana Nokuqinisekiswa

Ngaphambi kokuba kumenyezelwe imiphumela, izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zivumelanise inani lamavoti abhaliwe nenani labavoti. Lokhu kubuyisana kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho voti elingeziwe elifakiweyo noma elisusiwe. Izikhulu zifanisa imiphumela evela engxenyeni ngayinye yesiteji nezindlela zomlando kanye namanye amagceke esifundeni esifanayo ukuveza ama-omalia angase abonise ukukhohlisa noma iphutha. Uma kutholakala ukungavumelani, ikhomishane ingayala ukuba ibhaliwe noma iphenywe.

Ukuqinisekiswa kungahlanganisa nokuhlola izibalo zemiphumela yokhetho. Amazwe amaningi aphethe uhlelo lokuhlola lwangemva kokhetho, lapho kukhethwa khona isampula elivamile lezindawo ukuze kuhlolwe ukunemba kwe-electronic. La makha anikeza i-examical yemiphumela engokomthetho nosizo lokwakha ukwethemba umphakathi. Uma ukubhalisa izibalo zephutha elingavumelekile, ingabalwa ngokugcwele.

Ukugunyazwa Nemiphumela Engokoqobo

Isaziso Esingokomthetho Nokusakazwa

Uma ukubala kwevoti sekuphelele futhi kuxazululiwe konke ukuphikisana, ikhomishane yokhetho yenza imiphumela ibe nemvume. Imiphumela iyakhishwa, ngokwesiko engosini yekhomishane nangeziteshi zezokuxhumana ezisemthethweni. Emazweni amaningi, imiphumela isuswa ngesiteshi sokuhlola, ivumela abavoti nababukeli ukuba bayiqinisekise ngokwabo. Imiphumela engokomthetho ihlanganisa ingqikithi yenani lamavoti omfundi ngamunye, inani lamavoti angasebenzi, kanye novoti abagodli.

Isaziso semiphumela siyinqubo ehleliwe evame ukuhlanganisa umkhosi wasobala. Kwamanye amazwe, imiphumela ifakwa nasenkantolo yemithetho yokushaya umthetho noma yomthetho ukuze ihlanzwe. Lesi sinyathelo esingokomthetho sibalulekile ekugunyazweni komphumela, njengoba kubonisa ukuthi ukhetho luye lwaqhutshwa ngokuvumelana nomthetho nokuthi imiphumela igcina.

Izenzakalo Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Okhethweni oluseduze, abahluliwe bangacela ukuba babhale, noma uma kushiwo ukuthi abahlulwayo, bangafaka izinselele zomthetho. Imithetho yokhetho ichaza isisekelo sokucela izibalo, njengomngcele omncane wokunqoba noma ubufakazi bamaphutha ekubaleni. Ama-electal angaba yincwadi yesandla noma i-electronic, kuye ngokuthi i-intelligence iqinisekisa umphumela wokuqala, uma umphumela ukhona. Uma iveza amaphutha, umphumela ungalungiswa.

Izinselele ezingokomthetho zemiphumela yokhetho zivamile okhethweni oluphikiswayo. Abamangalelwa bangafaka icala lokukhomba icala ngokukhomba icala, ukunqandwa kwamavota, noma amaphutha okuphatha. Lamacala aqulwa izinkantolo zokhetho noma izinkantolo ezivamile, ezinamandla okuyala ukhetho olusha, zilungise imiphumela, noma zisekele imiphumela yokuqala. Kwamanye amazwe, inkantolo engokomthetho isho okokugcina ngokuphikisana nokhetho. Isinqumo sezinselele zomthetho singathatha amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga, sibambezele ukumiswa komongameli. Isibonelo, u 2000. U. U. ukhetho lomongameli lokhetho lwakwahlulelwa lwanqulwa lwanqulwane lwanqumo lwanqunywa ngokuphumelelayo ngecala lokuqala [[FLT:] v [FLT] . [FLT] [FLT] [FLD]]

Ukugubha Nokufaneleka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Amazwe amaningi amema izingqapheli zokhetho lwezizwe zonke ukuba ziqaphele inqubo yokukhetha futhi zinikeze ukucubungula okuzimele kokulunga kwayo. Izinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano Yezokuphepha nezokubambisana e-Europe (OSCE), i-European Union, i-African Union, ne-Carter Center yamisa izingqapheli ukuze zihlole uhlelo olungokomthetho, indawo yomkhankaso, ukuziphatha kokuvota, nenqubo yokubala. Imibiko yazo isiza ekuqinisekiseni imiphumela yokhetho futhi inikeze ukutusa kwentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo.

Ukuphawula kwezizwe zonke kubaluleke kakhulu emazweni anomlando wobudlova bevoti, izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, noma ukushintsha kwamuva kwentando yeningi. Izingqapheli zinikeza umbono ongathathi hlangothi ongavimbela ukukhwabanisa futhi wakhe ukwethemba umphakathi. Nokho, ukuhlola kwazo kungcono kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuthola kwazo nobuchwepheshe. Kwezinye izimo, ohulumeni baye bavimbela ukutholakala noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwababukeli, benciphisa ukwethenjelwa kwenqubo yokuhlola.

I - Electoral College e - United States

I-United States isebenzisa isimiso esingaqondile sokukhetha umongameli owaziwa ngokuthi i-Electoral College. Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso, abavoti baphonsa amavoti abavoti abathembise ukusekela umuntu othile ozobhapathizwa. Umbuso ngamunye wabelwa inani labavoti abalingana nengqikithi yawo eKhongress (izikhulu ezimbili kanye nenani lazo labameleli). I-Dalishi yaseColumbia ithola abavoti abathathu. Kukhona abavoti abangu-58 bengqikithi, futhi ocela ukuvoti engu-270 ukuze banqobe.

I-Electoral College ihlangana ngo-December ngemva kokhetho, futhi imiphumela ifakazelwa yiKhomishane ngo-1924. Indlu yabameleli ingacelwa ukuba inqume ukhetho uma kungekho okhethayo othola iningi. Lesi senzakalo, esaziwa ngokuthi ukhetho lwe-aces, sivele kabili kuphela emlandweni wase-U.S., muva nje ngo-1824. Isimiso se-Electoral College siye sagxekwa ngokuvumela umbhalisa ukuba awine ekuvoti ethandwayo kuyilapho elahlekelwa yivoti yokhetho, njengoba kwenzeka ngo- 2000 no-2016. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi sivikela izithakazelo zezifunda-mashane futhi sikhuthaza ukuba kulwe umkhankaso engxenye enkulu yendawo.

Indima Yobuchwepheshe Ekukhetheni Kwanamuhla

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha cishe zonke izici zokhetho lukamongameli, kusukela ekubhalisweni kwevoti nasemkhankasweni wezimali wokubhalisa nokulawula. Izimiso zokuvota ngogesi, ukuvota nge-webhusayithi, ukubhalisa nge-webhusayithi ye-intanethi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana kwezokuxhumana sekusakazeke kakhulu. Nokho, ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kudala izingozi, kuhlanganise nokuhlasela ngeze-ibhuloho, ukuhlasela nokusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile. Ikhomisha yabaphathi-Ecom kumelwe balinganisele izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe kanye nesidingo sokuphepha nokubonakala.

Ukuzimela sekuye kwaba yindawo yokuqala kubaphathi bokhetho. I-United States i-Cybersecurity and Infrapublicre Security Agency (CISA) isebenza nombuso nezikhulu zokhetho zendawo ukuze zivikele izinsongo ze-inthanethi. Amanye amazwe asungule izindikimba ezilinganayo ukuze ziqondise ukuhlola okuyingozi, zinikeza ukuqeqesha ukuvikela, futhi zixhumanisa isenzakalo. Ukusetshenziswa okukhula kweblockchain kanye nezinye itechno zobuchwepheshe eziholayo eziphambili ekulondolozeni amarekhodi zihlolwa futhi zihlolwa ekuhlolweni kokhetho, nakuba ukutholwa komntwana kusalokhu kukude.

Izindinganiso Neziqhathaniswa Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Izinqubo zokukhetha zikamongameli zihluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, iUnited Kingdom neNdiya, zisebenzisa izimiso zephalamende lapho undunankulu kahulumeni ewumongameli, hhayi umongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile. Nokho, ezimisweni eziningi zomongameli, njengalezo zaseBrazil, eMexico, naseNigeria, inqubo yokukhetha ilandela isimo esifana naleso esichazwe ngenhla. Umehluko oyinhloko uhlanganisa ukuba khona kokhetho olusukayo, lapho umbhalisa kumelwe afinyelele khona abaningi ukuze agweme inxanxathela yesibili, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zokuvota ezingaqondile.

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi iye yathatha imikhuba engcono kakhulu yokuqondisa ukhetho, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zokukhetha ezizimele, ukubala okungaboniyo, kanye nezinqubo zempikiswano eziqinile. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, njenge- ye-Eupanon Union Democracy Observatory on Evolutions neZizwe Ezihlangene, zinikeza iziqondiso kanye nosizo lobuchwepheshe emazweni afuna ukuthuthukisa izinqubo zawo zokukhetha. Lezi zindinganiso zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokungakhethi, ukubulala, ukulandisa, nokulandisa.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo yinqubo yokhetho oluneziteji eziningi eBrazil, ehlanganisa ukuvota ngemishini, ukuveza i-biometric , nesilinganiso esiphakeme sokuzihlela. Isimiso sokhetho saseBrazil siye satuswa ngesivinini nangokunemba kwaso, nemiphumela etholakalayo phakathi namahora okuhlola. Igunya lezwe elilawulayo, iNkantolo ye-Electoral, yengamele zonke izici zenqubo, kusukela ekubhalisweni kwemithetho yemiphumela. Ngokufanayo, i-Ecostation Commission of India ilawula ukusebenza kwedemocricratic okukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, ngokubhalisa, ngokuhlanganisa isiteshi sokuvota, nangokuvota, ngokuhlela okukhethekile okuqhutshwa ngokuhlela okubanzi nokushintshashintshashintshashintshashintsha. Ukuze ubone imininingwane, [FF:]

Izinselele Nokucatshangelwa Kwezinguquko

Naphezu kokuqina kwezinqubo zokukhetha ezimisiwe, izinselele eziningi ziyaqhubeka. Ukucindezelwa kwevoter, ukudilizwa kwezincwadi, nokuphazamisa kwezizwe kuyaqhubeka kusongela ubuqotho bokhetho emazweni amaningi. Ukuguqulwa kwezezimali zekampala, ukuthuthukisa ukutholakala kwe-compated, kanye nezinyathelo eziqinile zokungahlangani kuyizindawo zempikiswano eqhubekayo yenqubo. Ochwepheshe abaningi baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhaliswa okuzenzekelayo, izikhomishane zokuvota, kanye nemikhondo yemithetho yemishini yokuvota kuyizinguquko ezidingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhetho luhlala lulungile futhi luthembekile.

Ukuziphatha kokhetho lukamongameli kuyinqubo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa, nomjikelezo ngamunye oveza izinqubo ezintsha ezizimele namathuba okusungula. Ukuthembela komphakathi enqubweni yokukhetha kubalulekile ukuze kube nesimiso sentando yeningi, futhi ukuqiniseka kuxhomeke ekubonakaleni, ukuqapha, ukungakhethi kwabaphathi bokhetho kuzo zonke izigaba. Njengoba ukhetho luba oluyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ukuzimisela ezinqubeni eziqinile, ukuqondisa okuzimele, nokubusa komthetho kuhlala kuyisisekelo sokubusa kwedemokrati. Ukuze kube nombono onegunya emhlabeni wonke ngokwethembeka kokhetho, iHHOvisi ye-DEmocratic Institutions nelungelo lomuntu (ODIHR)[FOLD:1] inikeza ukukhomba nokutusa okubanzi.