Ukuhlanganiswa kwenhlalayenza phakathi kokulondeka kwesizwe namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kumelela enye yezinselele ezingapheli neziphikisanayo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwe-United States kuya enkathini yezibalo, ohulumeni baye babhekana ngokuphindaphindiwe nenkinga yokuvikela izakhamuzi ezinsongweni zangaphandle nezengaphakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo belondoloza inkululeko eyisisekelo ebekwe emithethoni yabo. Lokhu kucindezeleka akuyona nje impikiswano yezemfundo yezemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yenkolo; kubonakala enkantolo, ukubusa kwenkantolo, nokuphila kwansuku zonke, ukubumbanisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezwe nomuntu ngamunye. Impikiswano eyisisekelo ihlala kanjani: isizwe singaqinisekisa ukuphepha ngaphandle kokudela yona kanye inkululeko esifuna ukuvikela? Lesi sihloko sihlola isihluthulelo esingoko yomlando lapho lesenzo sokulinganisela sihlolwa khona, sihlola izibopho ezingokomthetho nezindaba, sihlola ukuhlobana kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, sihlola imibandela ehlwini yenkululeko yomphakathi nemibandela yomphakathi, sihlola incike imingcele nemibandela ephakathi samanje esiqhubekayo sezindawo esikhona.

Umlando

Ukuqonda ukulingana phakathi kwenhlalayenza kanye namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kudinga ukubheka emuva ezigijimeni ezingokomlando eziye zaguqula kakhulu isimo somthetho nezenhlalo. Lezikhathi zembula indlela izinhlekelele ngokuvamile ezibangela ngayo izenzo ezisheshayo zikahulumeni ezingase zithathe isinyathelo sokuzivikela kwesizwe, futhi zithathele phambili inkululeko yomphakathi. Izikhathi ezintathu ezibalulekile zivelele: IMpi Yezwe I, iMpi Yezwe II, kanye nenkathi yangemva kwe-9/11.

IMpi Yezwe I Nomthetho We - Espigage ka - 1917

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, uhulumeni wase-U.S. wamisa uMthetho we-Espitoage ka-1917, okuwukuphazamisa okungekho emthethweni ngemisebenzi yezempi nokusakaza ukwaziswa okuthiwa kuyingozi kukhuseleko lwezwe. Lomthetho wasetshenziselwa ukumangalela abagxeki bempi nokuvimbela ukungavumelani. Isenzo saphakamisa imibuzo enzulu ngemingcele yenkululeko ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sokuqala, ikakhulukazi lapho ukulondeka kwesizwe kubhebhekwe. INkantolo Ephakeme kamuva yaxoxa ngalemibuzo enjengo [[FLT:] Scheck v. [[FLT] [FLD:3].[FLT] [19] [19], lapho uMest Holmsme ebekwe khona phakathi kwe-'irvectory'iaservelk [F] futhi i-FFF] ebekwe khona ngokuvikelwa kwesizwe phakathi kwesilinganiso esingokomthetho.[iqeqeqeqeqeshiwe yi-mthetho.[irlegggggle.]

Ukungenela KwaseJapane YaseMelika Phakathi NeMpi Yezwe II

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esidume kakhulu samalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awesizwe anamandla kakhulu yisimo samaJapane ubudlelwane nokwesaba amaJapane ngemva kokuhlasela iPearl Harbor. Ngo-1942, uMthetho ophethe 9066 wagunyaza ukuthuthwa nokufakwa kwemithetho esemthethweni engokomthetho kubantu baseJapan abangaphezu kuka - 120 000, abaningi ababeyizakhamuzi zase-U.S. uhulumeni waveza isidingo sobusosha nokwesaba i-speacara, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bokungathembeki obandile obake bavela. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo [FLT:] ku-[FOLT] v. [FLT][FLT] [4], isinqumo esiye salahlwa kakhulu kusukela ekungabini. Lokhu kuhlala kusekuxwayiswa kakhulu ngokwesaba kwesizwe futhi kuvela isivikelo somphakathi wesizwe.

Umthetho We - USA PTRIOT Ngemva Kuka - 9 / 11

Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo-September 11, 2001, kwabangela ukwanda okukhulu kakhulu kwamandla kahulumeni okuhlola kusukela eMpini Yomshoshaphansi. PRITIOT Act [, yadlula nje amasonto ambalwa ngemva kokuhlasela, yandisa igunya lokugcinwa komthetho nezinhlangano zobuhlakani ukuze ikwazi ukuqondisa ukuxhumana, ukufinyelela amarekhodi abantu, nokuvimbela okungahlangene. Izinhlelo ezinjenge-Catectic 215 zivumele ukuqoqwa kwemimetam, kuyilapho ukuzula kwemimetape nezincwadi zokhuseleko zesizwe kunika izinhlangano amandla okusebenza ngokulawula okuncane kokwahlulela. Lezi zinyathelo zazifanele zivimbele ukuhlasela kwesikhathi esizayo, kodwa izimemezelo zomphakathi ziphikisa zokungacabangeli okungalindelekile. Izenzo zokuvimbela imingcele yesine nokuqubuka impova ziye zabuyiselwa futhi zabuyiselwa futhi zabekwa ngokungenamthetho.

Imithetho Eyinhloko Namacala Enkantolo

Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, uchungechunge lwemithetho nemithetho ephawulekayo kuye kwachaza imingcele phakathi kokulondeka kwesizwe namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Izenzo Zobu - Alien Nezokubusa Zango - 1798

Enye yezindlela zokuqala neziphikisana kakhulu zokuvikela izwe kwakuyi- Alisents neSikhundla sempi, eyasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli John Adams phakathi kokwesaba impi neFrance. Lezizenzo zakwenza kwaba yicala ukumemezela “inkohliso, ihlazo, nokubhala okulimazayo” kuhulumeni, futhi banika umongameli igunya lokususa abantu abangamele abanobungozi. Izenzo zahlangane nokuphikiswa okunonya kweDemocratic - Republics okunjengoThomas Jefferson noJames Magens, abaphikisa ngokuthi baphula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nakuba izenzo ezaze zaphela noma zabekwa kabusha ngo-1802, zamisa isimiso sokucunganisa uhulumeni phakathi kwezikhathi ezicatshangelwayo nezingahlonze izimo zombuso zombuso wombuso wombuso.

Schenck v. waseUnited States (1919)

Njengoba kushiwo emongweni ongokomlando, Scheck v. United States iyindaba eyisisekelo eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala seSichibiyelo iJurisprance. UCharles Schenc, umsoshanisi, wayesakaze amapheshana akhuthaza ukumelana kwempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. LeNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuqiniseka kwayo ngaphansi kwe-Espionage Act, ngokubhala kweJaji ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asiyivikeli inkulumo ebangela “ingozi enkulu nekhona” yokuletha umthetho onelungelo lokuvimbela. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwalungiswa futhi kuthathelwe indawo isilinganiso se-“empelesi - mthetho yecala. [FLT:] Branburgburg.[9][9] kodwa i-SC.[9] Isinqumo senkulumo yenculo yesizwe sincikelelwa ekuvisekeni kweze.

Korematsu v. waseUnited States (1944)

Korematsu v. United States, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuba ngokomthetho kwesivumelwano samaJapane. Umbono abaningi, owabhalwa nguMahluleli uHugo Black, waveza ukuthi isidingo sokuvikela i-ssociation kanye nokuchitha izinhlanga ezihlukene singaphezu kwamalungelo eqembu elilodwa. Kulokhu ukuphikisana okudumile, uMahluleli uRobert H. Jackson waxwayisa ukuthi “isinqumo sinjengesikhali sesandla esivunyiweyo sanoma yiliphi igunya elingaletha ukugomela okufanelekile kwesidingo esiphuthumayo. Icala alizange licushwe ngokusemthethweni, nakuba ukucabanga kwalo kuye kwalahlwa kabanzi. Ngonyaka ka-20186, iNkakhulu [FLT].[2][3] I-FTYM.[5] [FT]

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)

Ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, i-Romsfeld v. iboshwe yizitha ezisolwayo, kuhlanganise isakhamuzi sase-U.S. uYaser Hamdi, ezikhungweni zezempi ngaphandle kokuzifaka indiva noma ukubanika ithuba lokuthola iseluleko esingokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme Hamdi v. IRumsteld[[FLLT:1] yanquma ukuthi abavikeli abango-U.S. kumelwe babe nethuba lokubekela isigwebo sabo phambi komphathi wesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi. IJaji uSandra Day O’Connor ligcizelela ukuthi “isimo sempi asisona isimo esingasho lutho uma umongameli efika emalungelweni ezakhamuzini esizwe." Icala liqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo emalini ngaphansi kwe-thfleinstrune ngeke ancikelwe, ngisho nokulwisana nempi.

Jones (202)

Enkathini yezibalo, impikiswano yokuhlola kukahulumeni ngaphandle kogunyazo yaqala ukuvela [ku- eUnited States v. Jones. Icala lalihilela umshini wokulandelela i-GPS obekwe emotweni esolekayo ngaphandle kwemvume esemthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukunamathela kukahulumeni ngokomzimba emotweni kanye nokuhlola kwayo okulandelayo kwakuhlanganisa “ukuhlola” ngaphansi kweSiphendulo sesine. Nokho, izahlulelo ezihlukene nge-grafe, ngoMahluleli Alito's avuma ukuthi ukugawunga ukuhlolwa isikhathi eside kumelene nokulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlolo. Lokhu kwavula umnyango ukuze kuhlolwe ngokwengeziwe inqubo yokuhlola, kuhlanganise nokuqoqwa kwe-makhalekhu.

Umphumela Wokukhululeka Kwezakhamuzi

Izinyathelo ezithathwa egameni lokulondeka kwesizwe ngokuvamile zibangela umonakalo omkhulu nohlala njalo enkululekoni yomphakathi.

Izinhlelo Zokudlala Nezinkathazo Zomuntu Siqu

Izinhlelo zokuhlola inqwaba, njengalezo ezambulwa ngabafuyi bekhwelo, ziye zandisa kakhulu ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlola ukuxhumana kwabantu ngasese. Iqoqo elikhulu lemitapo yezingcingo ngaphansi komthetho we-PATRIOT, uhlelo lwe-PRISM lubheke i-internet metary Spect, nokusetshenziswa kwe-National Security Letters ngaphandle kobungameli bokwahlulela konke kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka okungathi sína. Abameleli bezentengiselwano zezinhlelo zenkululeko nenhlangano, njengoba abantu ngabanye bengazi ukuthi bangabukelwa. Ukukhukhuleka kwemfihlo nakho kuthinta izintatheli zezindaba, izintethelo, nemiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwezindawo ezizimele. [FLT]]

Ukuhlambalaza Nobandlululo Lobuhlanga

Izimiso zezokuphepha zesizwe ziye zahlolwa ngokomlando amaqembu esizwe, enkolo, nangokohlanga, okuholela ekukhetheni okusakazeke kakhulu. Ukuhlelwa kwama-Japane kuyisibonelo esidlule kakhulu, kodwa ngemva kwe-9/11 izimiso zangemva kwe-Asiya nazo zakhethwa kumaSulumane, ama-Arabhu, naseNingizimu Asia. Izinhlelo ezifana ne-[FL:0] i-National Security Subvention-Extibation System (Isimiso sokubhalisa i-Ndlela)[[FOLT] ] idinga abangezona izimali emazweni athile ukuba zibhaliswe futhi zibekwe izicabhace, zidale isimo sokwesaba. Nakuba ezinye zalezi zinhlelo ziye zadilishwa, izinhlelo zezenteko, nokuhlola okumelene nomthetho owe-Clausniast kodwa futhi zinciphisanayo, ukubambisana kwezimiso zezenteko yeqiniso.

Imingcele Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma Nomhlangano

Ezikhathini zenhlekelele, ohulumeni bavame ukuthulisa ukuphikisana. Umthetho we-Espionage noMthetho we-Sedition ka-1918 wasetshenziselwa ukumangalela abashisekeli bempi. Phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, uhulumeni wazama ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwePentagon Papers, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yabusa iNew York Times Co. v. United States [10] [10] [10] [10] [10])] izikhali zangaphambili zazingalawulwa yiziphathiswa izikhali. Muva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yezinto ezibonakalayo ukuze kuqulwe abantu ngabanye ngenkulumo noma i-galelo-mfa ehlobene namaqembu amaphekula. [FLT:] USH, [FFFF:] US UST] US, [5] Umthetho wokuvikela ukuvikela kwesizwe, kodwa ukucindezela ukuvikelwa kwesizwe, futhi ukulondoloza ukuvinye isilinganiso sezentembethi yezindaba seze yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi esihlangene esihlobene nesethiwe.

Izinkinga Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimpikiswano ezingokwesayensi ezintsha eziqalayo, ezishintshashintshayo, zigxile ekungalondekini i - Internet, ekutholeni ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo, ekulweni nobuphekula, nasengxenyeni yemithombo yezindaba.

Ukungavikeleki Nemininingwane Yakho

Ukungalondeki kuye kwaba insika yokulondeka kwesizwe, njengoba ukuhlasela kwezwe okungalawuleki, intethelelo, nokuphulwa kokwaziswa kusongela isisekelo esibucayi nempumelelo yezomnotho. Ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke baye bamisa imithetho efuna ukuba izinkampani zihlanganyele ulwazi oluwusongo, ukuveza umbiko, futhi ngisho nokunikeza “izitebhishi zokuxhumana okuyimfihlo. Lezi zilinganiso eziphikisana nelungelo lokwazi ukuzifihla nokulondeka kolwazi lomuntu siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] I-Cybersecurity Information Information Pavision Act (CISA)[F:[FL:1] [FLT]] eUNIT] eUNIS. zikhuthaza ukuba zihlanganyele usongo lwezentengongongozo nemininingwane yomphakathi, kodwa abagxeki bexwayise ukuthi ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinjongo yayo. I-Techromes Union ye-Esternology (GFFFFoct) eyaziwayohlukene yezwe yi-data yembulunga yomhlaba yembulunga yomhlaba wonke, isilinganiso sembulunga yekhulu leminyaka, i -1, izama ukumelana i -

Izinyathelo Zokumelana Nezezenhlala - kahle Namalungelo Omphakathi

I- Post9/11 Izinyathelo zokulwa nobuphekula ziyaqhubeka ziguquka. Ukusetshenziswa kokungabhali uhlu oluphelele, ukuboshwa okunganqunyiwe eGuantanamo Bay, nokubulawa nge-drones kuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu yomthetho-sisekelo. Ukusetshenziswa kokusebenzisa iMikhosi Yasemkhosini (AMF)[FLF] kudlulile ngo- 2001 kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ukulwa neqembu elikhulu lamaqembu ahileleke ngokuqondile ku-9/11. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuhlanganisa impi engapheli, kuphenyelwa amandla embusweni yezokuphatha. Okwamanje, izinhlelo ezinobudlova (CVE) ezihlukene zigxekwe ngokuhlasela imiphakathi namahlelo ekhumu ekhuselwe ukuvikela inguquko esabekayo. I-Imerican Libration Union (FFFF:[3][5] futhi izinhlelo ezika ezinye izinhlelo zomthetho zomthetho zomthetho zomthetho zivame ukusola ukulimaza izingozi futhi zilimaza izingozi, zomphakathi futhi zifaka izingozi futhi ziveza ukulimaza izingozi kakhulu. Izivumelwano eziningi.

Indima Yemithombo Yezomphakathi Ekulondekeni Kwesizwe

Ama-computer ezokuxhumana aseyinkemba evikeleke kabili ezweni. Asetshenziswa ekubuyiseleni nasekuhlolweni ngezindlela ezihlukene yizinhlangano zamaphekula, kodwa futhi asetshenziselwa ukuqapha nokususa imikhankaso kahulumeni. Impikiswano ePhakathi 230 ye-Communications Decapency Act, evikela amaqonga ekubekeni izikhala zomsebenzisi, ukuhlangana kwezinhlobe zokhuseleko zesizwe. Izinhlangano zomthetho zifuna ukwaziswa okuvela emapulatifomu ukuze zihlole izinsongo, kodwa abameleli bezindaba zobuso bezindaba baphikisa ukuthi lezi zicelo ngokuvamile azinakwenga ukwengamela okufanele. I-Ectron Foundation Foundation (EFFFF:1]] [FLT]]]] ngokungavamile izinselele zobukhaphelo lwezembubhidi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuvimbela ukukhomba okukhulu phakathi kwemidiyamu ehlangene nezokuxhumana. I-ithelela ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezelelwa kwezelelwa kwezentebethi.

Umqondo Womphakathi Nokukhohlisa

Umbono womphakathi unendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni izimiso ezibusa ukulondeka kwesizwe namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Amaqembu okukhulela abanye, ukunyakazisa utshani, nezakhamuzi ngayinye konke kunengxenye ekuxoxiseni okuqhubekayo kwalokhu kulinganisela.

Izimpande Eziwumthombo Wenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izinhlangano zotshani ziye zahlehla ngokuphambana nohulumeni. Phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, amaqembu amelene nempi nesosha zenhlalo ahlelwe ngokumelene noMthetho we-Espionage. Phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, abashisekeli bempi babekela imithetho yempi inselele nesolingo. Muva nje, # yekani i-OnlineSching [ umkhankaso [[FLT]] nomthetho ] iqhudela i-D [[FLT] i-octivessssss [[[Foct:3] ihlonze ihloselwe ukusabela ekwambulweni yeNSA. Lezi zinhlangano ngokuvamile zenza imifelandawo ehloselwe izinhlangano zenkululeko, ezesayensi, nezakhamuzi ezivame ukusongela, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezeleleka, lapho zisongela kakhulu.

Ukwethembela Komphakathi Kuhulumeni Nakuwokulondeka

Ukuthembela komphakathi kuhulumeni kuyi-spective discope ewumehluko omkhulu empikiswaneni yesizwe yokuphepha. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ngemva kuka-9/11, iningi lamaMelika lalizimisele ukudela inkululeko ethile yomphakathi ukuze lithole ukulondeka okukhushuliwe. Kodwa njengoba ukwambulwa kokuxhashazwa kwezingane kuncipha. I-Snowden Devernin orediption ngo-2013 kwaholela ekuncipheni kokuqiniseka okukhulu kokubili i-NSA ne-Congress. Ukuvolution futhi kufeza indima: i-Democrates neRepublican evame ukucring ngenxa yokuthi inyathelo okuphepha kuyadlula yini. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwe-Pew Research Center kwathola ukuthi u-722% waseMelika uhulumeni ukholelwa ukuthi kufanele akwazi ukuqapha ukuxhumana namaphekula amaphekulala. Lokhu kugcizelela igele okuncintisana okumelwe kuhambe kweze futhi kuqhubeke, ukuphatha, ukuphatha komphakathi.

Indima Yemfundo Ekuthuthukiseni Ukuqapha

Imfundo iyithuluzi elibucayi lokuthuthukisa i-Instruction olwaziyo ekwaziyo ukukala izindinganiso ezincintisanayo. Izifundo zomthetho-mthetho, izakhamuzi, kanye nomlando ezihlanganisa izingxoxo zezinkinga zokhuseleko lwesizwe zisiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuhweba okuhilelekile. Izinhlangano ezinjenge izigodi ze-Orticism Institute [ ne [FLT] uMthetho-Constitution Center [[[FLT:]] unikeza imithombo yezohwebo yothisha kanye nomphakathi. Izinhlelo zezokufundela ukufunda nokubhala zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole iziphakamiso zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene ngokusongela komphakathi. Umphakathi uhlonyiswe kangcono ukuba utala onjalo uqaphele, umbono womphakathi ungathotyelwe kalula, uhozele ekuhlolweni okuhlala njalo kwelungelo lokhuseleko lomphakathi.

Isiphetho

Isenzo sokulinganisela phakathi kwenhlalayenza yokhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo sihlala singenye yezimpikiswano ezibucayi kakhulu emiphakathini yanamuhla yentando yeningi. Njengoba umlando ubonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe, izikhathi zenhlekelele zilinga ohulumeni ukuba bandise amandla abo ngezindleko zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nokho yona kanye injongo yomthetho-sisekelo iwukubeka imingcele kulelogunya. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho kubhekene nengozi enkulu, izimiso eziyisisekelo zenkululeko, inqubo efanelekile, neyokulingana akuyekwa. Umthetho oyinhloko kanye nezindaba zenkantolo okuxoxwa ngazo kulesi sihloko (*) kusuka ku-Aliensctsss of [Foct:0] United States. v.[FLT]] [FLT]]] [ig.] [impela, kuvinje, kuvinje, ukuvikelwa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezivikela kokubili nokuvimbela uhulumeni. Izinselele, kuhlanganise nemininingwane yezimiso zezokuxhumana, izikhulu ezisemthethweni, iyakubonisa ukuthi zisekela ngokushesha kangakanani ngisho nezingakuvuma ngokushesha, njengoba kungena ngisho nezingakhombaniso ezikhathini eziphambili.