Isingeniso: Idwala Lokuhlanganyela Kwentando Yeningi

Amalungelo okuzikhulumela ngokukhululekile nokuhlangana ngokuthula akha isisekelo sanoma yiliphi i-demokrati esebenzayo. Anika izakhamuzi amandla okukhuluma okungavumelani nentando yeningi, ukusekela ushintsho, nokugcina izinhlangano zinecala. Ngaphandle kwalenkululeko, imiphakathi isengozini yokuwela ebushiqela lapho amandla ehlala engalawulwa futhi amazwi amancane enziwa angasebenzi. Ukuqonda imvelaphi engokomlando, isivikelo esingokomthetho, nokusetshenziswa kwangempela kwalamalungelo anikezwayo akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu kubo bonke abafisa ukungenela ukuphila komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuqashelwa kwelungelo elibanzi lokuhlangana nenkululeko, ukulandelela ukuziphendukela kwabo ezibhalweni zakudala zesayensi yanamuhla, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo sokuvikela lenkululeko.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando: Isuselwa EMagna Carta Kuya Ebushicilelweni Bomthetho - sisekelo Banamuhla

Umqondo wanamuhla wokuhlangana nokuveza amalungelo awuzange uvele ngobusuku obubodwa. Wakhula emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngenxa yokulwa nokulwa nesimiso sokubusa kwenkosi kanye nokucindezela kwamakoloni. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko zibonisa lokhu kwanda kancane kancane kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Izakhiwo Zokuqala: AmaCharter AngeNkathi Ephakathi Nokumelana NePhalamende

[I-Magna Carta] ka-1215, kuyilapho ngokuyinhloko kwakuyisivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kweNkosi uJohn ne-barons ezivukelayo, yamisa isimiso sokuthi umbusi wayengawudluli umthetho. Yasungula isivikelo seprocedural njengenqubo efanele nenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, kamuva eyaziswe ngemvume yenkululeko ebanzi. Nokho, ayiqinisekisanga ngokuqondile ukuthi ingqungquthela noma ukuveza. Le mibono yazuza imvume phakathi neMpi Yomphakathi yeNgilandi neNguquko Yesi. ISigqi samalungelo e-Lindstu samalungelo o-169 [[FLT] [[FLT]] yaqinisekisa ngokuqondile ukuthi ilungelo lokunxusa inkosi nokuhlanganisa, isho “lokho okungamaProthestani angenza izikhali zawo zilungele ukuvikelwa futhi zivunelwe yile." Le mvume yokulawula inqubo yokulawula i-America.

Izinzuzo Zokukhanyiselwa Nomzamo WaseMelika

Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Voltaire, noJean ācques Rousseau bachaza ngokucacile izinkolelo-zemvelo nesivumelwano sezenhlalo, bephikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ongokomthetho uthola igunya lakhe ngokuvunyelwa ababuswayo. Inguquko yaseMelika yadweba kakhulu lemibono. UMthetho weSivumelo Senkululeko (1766] walahla ilungelo lokuguqula noma lokuqeda uhulumeni ocindezelayo, isimiso esiqinile esivela enkulule enkululekweni yokuhlangana nokukhuluma ngaphandle. [[FLT] ISiphazamiso Sokuqala [FLT] [ist:3] ku-Umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. (17) wawenqabela ngokuqondile ekuhleleni “inkululeko, noma ukuqeda uhulumeni ocindezelayo; isimiso sokuthula abantu, noma ukuhlanganisa i-Humendeydkstry, ukuhlanganisa izikhalo ze-ortressmentir, kusuka kulelo eziqinile ze-odving.[Fod Revinces], kusuka ku

Iminikelo YaseFrance Neyomhlaba Wonke

Ngezikhathi ezithile, Isimemezelo saseFrench samalungelo abantu nowaseSizweni samemezela ukuthi “ukukhulumisana ngokukhululekile kwemibono nemibono kungenye yamalungelo ayigugu kakhulu kubantu.” Saqinisekisa izakhamuzi zonke ilungelo lokukhuluma, ukubhala, nokunyathelisa ngokukhululekile, okumelwe zikhululeke kuphela ngokusetshenziswa kabi kwaleyonkululeko. Lezi zimemezelo zashukumisa izinhlangano zenguquko emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eLatin America izimpini zokuzimela ukuvukela kwezwelonke e-Asia nase-Afrika. Inkulumo yomlando ibonisa ukuthi ukuqashelwa kwenhlangano namalungelo abantu ngokuvamile kuwumkhiqizo oqhubekayo wokucindezela kwezenhlalo nomthetho.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Engokomthetho: Umbono Wase - United States

E - United States, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sisalokhu siwumvikeli oyinhloko womhlangano nokubonakaliswa kwenkulumo.

Izivikelo Zekhora Nezehlakalo Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Ephakeme

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sifundeka kanje: “Inkantolo ayisoze yenza umthetho unqande inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokusakaza; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.” INkantolo Ephakeme isekela njalo ukuthi lezisivikelo zisebenza kuhulumeni nasehulumenini ngeSiphendulo se-14. Icala elibucayi liye lathonya imingcele:

  • [ACP v. Alabama [1958] – INkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo lokuhlangana licacile elungelweni lokuhlanganisa, ivikela amalungu e-NAACP kuhlu lwezingxenyana zika-State.
  • Brandenburg v.O. [1969] – INkantolo yamisa ukuthi inkulumo esekela isenzo esingekho emthethweni iyavikelwa ngaphandle kokuba ‘ iqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekufezeni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo” futhi kungenzeka ishukumise isenzo esinjalo.
  • .Des Moines Independent School School Community v [1] [1] [1] (1969) – Abafundi “abawachithili umthetho-sisekelo amalungelo abo enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangweni lesikole.] Lelicala laqinisekisa inkulumo engokomfanekiso enjengezintambo.
  • quebizens United v. FEC[FLT] (2010) – Nakuba kuphikisana, lelicala landisa isivikelo sokuKhubazeka kokuqala ekusebenziseni kwezezombangazwe, kubonakalisa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu bokuveza inkululeko.

Imingcele Enengqondo: Isikhathi, Indawo, Nendlela Yokusebenzisa

Umhlangano nenkulumo akuyona into ephelele. Ohulumeni bangaphoqa isikhathi, indawo, kanye nendlela yokubeka imingcele equkethe 76neutral, ehlotshiswe ngokulinganiselwe, futhi bashiye eminye imisele emikhulu yokuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase lidinge imvume yokuhlanganisa imibuthano emikhulu kodwa lingeke liphike imvume esekelwe esigijimini seqembu. Imithetho evimbelayo akumelwe ibekelwe imingcele yomsindo, imizila, nezindawo ezivalezayo ezizungeze izikole noma izakhiwo zikahulumeni. Phakathi neCOVIDPreage, izinkantolo eziningi zisekela imingcele yesikhashana emibuthanweni emikhulu kuyilapho zigcizelela ukuthi imingcele enjalo akumelwe ithethelelwe ngokombono yempilo nemiyalezo yomphakathi engaqondile.

Izingxenye Ezingavikelwa Futhi Ezingaphansi

Ezinye izigaba zenkulumo zithola isivikelo esincane noma cha: ukugqugquzelwa kobudlova, izinsongo zeqiniso, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, “ukumelana namazwi.” Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkulumo yezentengiselwano (ukuzitika) nenkulumo empahla kahulumeni kungalawulwa kakhulu. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukile kusiza abashisekeli nabasekeli ukuba bagweme izihibe ezingokomthetho lapho besasebenzisa amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Semihlangano Nezinkulumo Zezizwe Zonke

Ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwazo kuyahlukahluka, kodwa zimisa izindinganiso ezilindeleke ukuba izizwe zihloniphe emhlabeni wonke.

Umthetho Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

I-UDHR yamukeleka nge-UN General Assembly ngo-1948, i-UDHR ayibophanga ngokomthetho kodwa iye yashukumisela izivumelwano eziningi ezibophayo. ISiphakamiso 19 sithi: “Wonke umuntu unelungelo lenkululeko yombono nenkulumo; lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokubamba imibono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokufuna, ukwamukela nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono nganoma yimuphi umthonga-zindaba futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imingcele.” ISiphakamiso 20 siqinisekisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula nenhlangano. Izimiso ze-UDHR zibuye zename ngomthetho wezizwe olandelayo.

Isivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke Ngamalungelo Omphakathi Nangokwezombangazwe (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR (1966) iyisivumelwano esibophekile esagunyazwa amazwe angu-173. ISiphakamiso 21 sivikela ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokuthula, ngaphansi kwemingcele emiswe umthetho kuphela futhi edingekile ekulondekeni kwesizwe, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma isivikelo samalungelo nenkululeko yabanye. ISiphakamiso 19 sivikela inkululeko yokukhuluma, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokufuna, ukwamukela, nokudlulisela ukwaziswa. IKomiti yamaLungelo e-UN ihlola ukuvumelana futhi ikhiphe iziphetho ezivamile zokuchaza lezi zihloko. Ngokwesibonelo, siye sacacisa ukuthi imingcele yokukhuluma kumelwe ilinganise futhi ingasakazeki.

Izimiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda

  • [ Isivumelwano se-European on Human Rights (ECHR) – ISiphakamiso 10 sivikela inkululeko yokuveza; ISiphakamiso 11 sivikela ingqungquthela nenhlangano. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu iye yanquma kakhulu emacaleni ahilela ukubhikisha, inkululeko yezokuxhumana, nenkulumo yezombangazwe.
  • ISivumelwano saseMelika kuMalungelo Abantu – ISiphakamiso 13 siqinisekisa inkululeko yokucabanga nenkulumo; ISiphakamiso 15 sivikela ilungelo lomhlangano onokuthula. INkantolo yaseMelika neKhomishini isingatha izicelo zabantu ngabanye ezivela emazweni angamalungu.
  • Ishadi le-Afrika eliphathelene namalungelo abantu – ISiphakamiso 9 sivikela ilungelo lokwamukela nokusakaza ukwaziswa; ISiphakamiso 11 sivikela ilungelo lokuhlangana ngokukhululeka. I-Commission on Human and People’s Rights’s Development order.

Lezi zinqubo zezigodi zinikeza abantu amathuba okufuna ubulungisa lapho izimiso zezomthetho zezwe zihluleka.

Izithobo Zesikhathi Esizayo Nezinselele

Ekhulwini lama - 21, ukusetshenziswa kwamalungelo okuhlangana nokuveza imizwa kuye kwashintshwa ubuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi kwasongelwa izindlela ezintsha zokuqapha, ukuhlaziya nokucwasana kwabantu.

Inkathi Yezinombolo: Ukuthunjwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nezixuku

I-Platforms njenge Facebook, Twitter, ne-Telegram iye yehlisa kakhulu intengo yokuhlela. Iprojekthi enjenge-Umbreat Arabib Spring, UBudemmoult Live Matter[, futhi [[FLT] [FLT]] i-ULT] i-UMF: Hang Kong’S [[FMF] isebenzisa i-UMFOLT [[F:5] ukuhlanganisa iziteshici, ukusakaza izenzakalo, nokusekela kwezizwe zonke. Nokho, amathuluzi olwazi awembula indlela yokuzisekela nokunga. I-Dalmolicracism ingasakaza ukunyuswa kwangempela kobudlova emhlabeni. Ukuhluzeka kwemizwa kwemibuzwe ngemibunye i-'inqulution: Imibuzo lapho zisebenza iziteshine ye-'istststststst i-sethioption, kodwa i

Imingcele Kahulumeni: Ukuphepha Komphakathi Kuyaphikisana Nomhlangano Okhululekile

Ukulinganisa ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo okuhlangana kuyinselele engapheli. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVIDÍ19, ohulumeni abaningi bamisa ukuvinjelwa kokubuthana. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zasekela i-fish́term, ubufakazi obusekelwe kodwa zabulala lezo ezabonakala zibhalwe kusengaphambili noma zihloselwe amaqembu athile. Kuhulumeni wobushiqela, njengeChina neRussia, noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenhlangano engahloniphiswanga luhlanganwa ngamandla. Ngisho nomthetho wedemocracy uvation ubuye ulweyise: [ Imithetho yokuvukela ebonakala ingenawo namaqembu athile. [[FLT] Imithetho ephakeme ehlangeneyo ixazululiwe ihlangana njalo [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FFOLT] [3] ihlangabezana nezindlela ezinkulu zamaphoyisa. Isihluthulelo somthetho siyaqhubeka, futhi isilinganiso esingadiyo.[FCritimetic.]

Ukulwisana Nempi Yezombangazwe Nenzondo

Uma amaqembu anemibono ephikisanayo ehlangana, kungaqubuka izingxabano. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivame ukuvikela inkulumo yenzondo ngaphandle kokuba sihlangabezene nencazelo yokukhuthaza noma izinsongo zeqiniso. Ku-2017 Ususa i-Focter umbuthano wezeSivumelwano eCharlottesville, eVirginia, ukulwa okuye kwaholela ebudloveni nokufa. Ukungqubuzana okulandelayo kwaqokomisa ubunzima bokuvimbela ukuxabana okunjalo ngaphandle kokumelana nenkululeko. Amazwe amaningi, njengase-Jalimane naseCanada, anemithetho evimbela inzondo nokubulala iNkavukela, ukukhetha okubonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile emlandweni. Impikiswano elapho ukudonsa umngcele ihlala ingenye yezimpikiswano eziphikisana kakhulu zomthetho eziphikisana kakhulu kubantu.

Ukuhlola Icala Ngomhlangano Nokukhuluma

Ukuhlola izinhlangano ezithile kuyasiza ekukhanyeni ukusebenza okungokoqobo kwalamalungelo.

INhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu YaseMelika (1954-1968)

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esikhulu sesiboniso somhlangano onokuthula emlandweni wase-U.S., i-Civil Rights Movement yasebenzisa ukumasha, ukuhlala phansi, nokungavumelani nokucwaswa kwemithetho. iMarch eWashington yeJobs ne Freedom [1963] yadweba abantu abangaphezu kuka-25 000 eSikhumbuzweni se-Lincoln, imisa indinganiso yokuthula, isilinganiso esikhulu. Inhlangano yaphumelela ekudluliseni ama-Octive amaphoyisa anonya, kodwa izinqumo zenkantolo ezinjengeze- zamajahostol e-v. South Caroline [1963] [1963] iqinisekisa ukuthi ukubhikiselana okunokuthula empahla yomphakathi kuvinjelwe i-Octal Act ka-19664, ne-Octive Act of Trac.

INtwasahlobo Yama - Arabhu (2010 - 2012)

Kusukela eTunisia, ukubhikisha kwasakazeka emazweni amaningi, kusetshenziswa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze kugwenywe ukucushwe kwezwe. Ukuwa komashiqela eTunisia, eGibithe, naseLibya kwabonisa amandla okusebenza kweqembu. Nokho, umphumela waxubana: izimpi zombango, ukugumbuqelwa kwempi, nokubuswa kwemibuso kabusha emazweni amaningi. I-Arab Spring ibonisa ukuthi nakuba ingqungquthela kanye namalungelo okuvezwayo kungawaphula umbuso, bona kuphela abangeqinisekisi ukuguqulwa kwentando yentando yeningi. Ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi obuchwepheshe nakho kwabuya umphumela lapho ohulumeni beqashelwa futhi belwa i-propagandada.

Black Live Matter (203-4)

Iqanjwe ngemva kokulahlwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman ngokubulawa kukaThiyavon Martin, iBLM yakhula yaba umzabalazo wembulunga yonke ngemva kokubulawa kwamaphoyisa uMichael Brown, uGeorge Floyd, kanye nabanye. Ukubhikisha okukhulu ehlobo 2020(20) okuye kwathathwa njengokuwumthetho omkhulu kakhulu emlandweni wase-U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ukuvikela Nokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho angokomthetho kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuphumelela ekukhokheleni izimali.

Yazi Indlela Obukeka Ngayo Ngokomthetho

Imithetho iyahluka ngokwemithetho. E-United States, zijwayeze izimfuneko zemvume yendawo, imithetho yomsindo, kanye nemingcele empahlani yomphakathi. Imvume yomphakathi wase-American Liberties Union (ACLU) inikeza isiqondiso esicacile. I-Abroad, hlola ukuthi izwe liye lagunyaza i-ICPR futhi ukuthi liyayiqinisa yini imithetho elawula amalungelo abantu. Isivumelwano sanoma yiyiphi i-American Libertial: ividiyo ebhaliwe, ibuze ukuthi ukhululekile yini, futhi awusayini amabhukwana angekho emthethweni. Kuzo zonke izingqapheli, Ikomiti yomphakathi yenkululeko yobuntu [[FLT:]] inikeza imininingwane yezezibophonothi ye-webhusayithi ye-webhusayithi ye-'ibhusayithi ye-'ibhukwana.

Izimemezelo Zomhlangano Onokuthula Nophumelelayo

  • Lungisa ngokuhluphayo: ihlela izigijimi, ihlela izidingo zezokwelapha, futhi idlulisele imigomo ecacile nemithetho yokuziphatha kwabahlanganyela kuyo.
  • Sebenzisa imikhondo eminingi yokuxhumana: hhayi kuphela kwizokuxhumana kodwa futhi nakwii-apps ezifihliwe zothulula imiyalezo njengesibonakaliso sokugwema ukuqapha.
  • Ukulawula ekunqamuleni: Kunokuba ufune ukucusumbulwa kwemibono ephikisanayo, ikhona ezinye izindlela ezishukumisayo. Lendlela iqinisa ukubaluleka kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile lapho ulwa nemiqondo elimazayo.
  • Ukwazi izilaleli zakho:[ Imiyalezo ye-irrier ethinta umphakathi omkhulu, hhayi abashisekeli abazinikele nje. Okubonakalayo, ukumasha okunokuthula kuvame ukuzuza uzwela olungaphezulu kunamacebo okuhlasela.

Ukusebenzelana Nezinhlangano Ezikhululekile Emphakathini

Amaqembu anjenge ACLU, Amnesty International [, Ilungelo loMbutho weWatch[[FLT:], kanye [[FLT] ne Isekela i-Foctrontic Foundation [[ inikeza ukusekela okungokomthetho, imithombo yezempatho, kanye nohlelo. Emazweni amaningi, banikeza ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho kwezenqabela ukuphikisa. Ukusekela lezinhlangano ngokwezimali noma njengezisebenzi zokuzithandela kuqinisa i-onke i-octivential Foundation Foundation [[FLT]

Isiphetho: Ukuqapha Njengesidingo Sentando Yeningi

Ilungelo lokuhlangana nokuziveza ngokukhululekile akulona igebe elizibhubhisayo. Kudinga isivikelo senkuthalo sezakhamuzi, izinkantolo, nomphakathi. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ohulumeni bavame ukungenela kulenkululeko phakathi nezinkinga, futhi amalungelo alondeke kuphela lapho abantu abavamile besebenzisa futhi bewafuna. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bubuyisela isikwele somphakathi, izinselele ezintsha, ukucubungula ulwazi lwemithetho, ukukhipha iziphetho ezintsha. Ngokuqonda izisekelo ezingokomthetho, ukufunda ezinhlanganweni zakudala, nokusebenzisa ukuthula, abantu ngabanye banganikela empucukweni empucukweni engokwentando yeningi. Ukulwa kwenkululeko nenhlangano akuqedingeqedwe; isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe siphinde sivuse.