Table of Contents

IBill of Rights ingenye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika, isebenza njengesisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesivikelo ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Iqiniswe ngoDecember 15, 1791, lezizinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi kuMthetho-sisekelo waseUnited States zimisa isivikelo esiyisisekelo esiqhubeka sibumba isimiso sombuso wentando yeningi nezimiso ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda iBill of Rights, ikakhulukazi inkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nezinye inkululeko ezidingekile okuyiqinisekisayo, kubaluleke kakhulu kuzakhamuzi zonke ezifisa ukuqonda amalungelo nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo emphakathini wentando yeningi.

Umlando Nokudala Kwamalungelo Abantu

IBhili of Rights yaphuma empikiswaneni enkulu yezombangazwe phakathi nokunqandwa koMthetho-sisekelo. Phakathi nezimpikiswano eziphathelene nokwamukela uMthetho-sisekelo, abaphikisi bayo bamangalela ngokuphindaphindiwe ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba ubekwe phansi wawuzovula indlela yokucindezela uhulumeni oyinhloko, besakhumbula kabusha ezingqondweni zabo ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi kwaseBrithani ngaphambi naphakathi nenkathi yeNguquko. Lendaba engokomlando yakha isivikelo esiyisisekelo esasiyohlanganiswa ekugcineni ezimpilweni zokuqala eziyishumi zokubuyiselwa.

Abalweli bempi babefuna amandla okuhlala nohulumeni bendawo futhi bavumela imvume yamalungelo okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kuyilapho abaqondisi benkolo bekholelwa ukuthi isivikelo esicacile sasingadingekile. Ukuyekethisa okuveleyo kwakuyochaza ukubusa kwaseMelika emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ayezayo.

James Madison wabhala izinguquko njengekhambi lokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Ngo-September 25, 1789, iSishaya-mthetho sokuqala sase-United States sahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kwe-12 kuMthetho-sisekelo. Ishumi lalezi zinguquko ezihlongozwayo ezingu-12 zagunyazwa izishaya-mthetho ezintathu kwezine zikahulumeni ngoDecember 15, 1791, zakha lokho manje esikwaziyo ngokuthi iSishaya - mthetho samalungelo.

I - Bill of Rights yathonywa i - Virginia Declaration of Rights eyabhalwa ngo - 1776 uGeorge Mason, ibonisa indlela isivikelo sikahulumeni esazisa ngayo isimiso sesizwe senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Isichibiyelo Sokuqala Sesivikelo Esigujwa Kakhulu

Phakathi kwawo wonke amalungelo avikelwe yi - Bill of Rights, inkululeko yokukhuluma ibaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwabantu baseMelika.ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo eminingi, kodwa inkulumo isengelinye lamalungelo ayo okuxoxwa ngawo kakhulu futhi okuphikiswana ngawo.

Lokho ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Esikuvikelayo

Awuyikwenza mthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukuyisebenzisa kwayo ngenkululeko; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yezindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uhulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.

Abasunguli babheka ikhono lokukhuluma nokukhulekela ngokukhululekile njengelungelo elingokwemvelo elivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ayigcini nje ngokukhuluma nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokukhuluma njengenkulumo evikelwe, kuhlanganise nezenzo ezingokomfanekiso.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhuluma Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkulumo yezombangazwe iwumnyombo weSichibiyelo Sokuqala, njengoba abaQhingi babefuna uhulumeni ozolandisa kubantu, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba banike izakhamuzi ilungelo lokubhikisha ngezimiso, ukusekela noma ukuphikisa, futhi baveze imibono yabo ngokukhululekile.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ngisho nalapho imiqondo evezwayo icatshangelwa njengengaqondakali, ecasulayo, ewukuziphatha okubi noma enenzondo. Lesivikelo esikhulu sibonisa isimiso esiyisisekelo: uhulumeni akumelwe abe ummemezeli wemibono eyamukelekayo noma imibono. E-United States, inkulumo yenzondo ithola isivikelo esiqinile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esisekelwe embonweni wokuthi akuyona indima efanele kahulumeni ukuvikela abantu emibonweni nasemibonweni abayifuni, eyisifakelayo, noma ngisho nenenkani ejulile, ngendima kahulumeni yokuvikela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye enkulu yokukhuluma ukuze bavumele umbono ongathandeki nowokuphikisa.

Akukho okunye okuhlukile ngenxa yalokho okuthiwa inkulumo yenzondo, ukusongela kobuhlanga kuvinjelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala kanye nezinye izinsongo, futhi ukukhulumela komuntu siqu ukuchapha kobuhlanga kungase kujeziswe kanye namanye amazwi okulwa, kodwa inkulumo enjalo ingase ingajeziswa ngokukhethekile ngoba iwubandlululo, inzondo, noma imelene nenkolo ethile.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izigaba ezithile zenkulumo ezithola isivikelo esilinganiselwe noma ezingavikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izinhlobo zenkulumo ezinikezwa isivikelo esincane noma esingavikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala zihlanganisa ukuhlazisa, ukukhwabanisa, izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane, inkulumo ebangela ukuziphatha okungemthetho, inkulumo ebangela ukungemthetho okusondelayo, inkulumo ephula umthetho wempahla, ukusongela kweqiniso, nenkulumo yezentengiselwano njengokukhangisa.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

Okunye kokulinganiselwa okubaluleke kakhulu ekukhulumeni kuhilela ukugqugquzelwa kobudlova noma umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. E-Brandenburg v (1969), lokhu kwalinganiselwe esindinganisweni esiqinile "sesenzo sokungabi namthetho", neNkantolo Ephakeme ihlehlisa ukuqashelwa kweqembu leKu Klux Klan "ukubheja ... ubudlova... njengendlela yokufeza inguquko yezombangazwe" ngoba amazwi abo emhlanganweni awabonisanga ukuthi ubudlova bungasheshi, noma ahloselwe ukuthatha isinyathelo.

EBrandenburg v. Ohio, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela ukusetshenziswa kwegunya noma ukwephulwa komthetho "ngaphandle kwalapho ukubuswa okunjalo kuqondiswe ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka kushukumise noma kuveze isinyathelo esinjalo," okusho ukuthi uhulumeni angase ajezise izinkulumo eziqondiswe ekukhiqizeni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi mhlawumbe enze kanjalo, kodwa ngokuvamile zingase zingakwenqabeli noma zijezise ukusetshenziswa kwegunya noma ubudlova.

Ukuvukela Namazwi Amanga

Ngokuvamile, amanga avikelwa, ngaphandle kokunyundela, ukukhwabanisa, ukukhangisa okungamanga, ukuqamba amanga, nokuqamba amanga ngaphansi komthetho oqhubeka, ngisho namanga obuqaba ngohulumeni uvikelwe ngokugcwele. Lokhu kuvikelwa kwenkulumo engamanga kubonisa ukuqaphela kweNkantolo ukuthi izinkulumo ezithile ezingamanga azinakugwenywa empikiswaneni yasobala eqinile.

Ukulahla kuyisisho samanga seqiniso esikhulunyelwa umuntu wesithathu, senziwa ngesimo esidingekile somthwalo wecala, futhi kulimaza idumela lomuntu, ngenkulumo edinga ukugomela iqiniso kunokuba kube umbono noma ihaba elingenampendulo futhi elikwaziyo ukuqinisekiswa.

Ezimweni lapho inkulumo ithinta isikhulu somphakathi noma isibalo, umkhakha okhuluma ngokunyundela kumelwe ubonise ukuthi isikhulumi sasebenzisa "unya olungokoqobo," okungukuthi, ulwazi lokuthi leyonkulumo yayinganakwa yiqiniso noma inkohliso yayo. Lendinganiso ephakeme kubantu iqinisekisa ukuphikisana okuqinile ngezindaba zomphakathi.

Amazwi Alwayo Nosongo Lwangempela

Amazwi alwayo yilawo, ngawo kanye isenzo sokukhuluma, avame ukushukumisa umuntu okubhekiswe kuye ukuba aphendule ngobudlova futhi enze kanjalo ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokucabanga, njengoba isigaba esilwayo siwuhlelo olulinganiselwe kakhulu lwenkulumo, oluhlanganisa kuphela ukuxhumana okubheke phezulu okungavusa ukusabela okusheshayo nokunobudlova komlaleli ovamile.

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukuphawula ukuthi i - “amazwi okulwa ” abizwa kanjalo ahlukile esiHlelweni sokuQonda ngo - 1942, futhi iNkantolo yalinganisela imfundiso yokulwa phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela.

Ububi Nezithombe Ezingcolile Zezingane

INkantolo isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuqondile ukuze ithole ukuthi izinto ziyafaneleka yini njengezechilo futhi ngenxa yalokho azivikelwe iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zezingane azitholi sivikelo esivela esiIndlelweni Sokuqala ngenxa yesithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo sokuvikela izingane ekuxhashazweni nasekuxhashazweni.

Inkulumo Yezentengiselwano

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano inendima eyingqayizivele njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, njengoba kungekho abasekeli abahlukene ngokuphelele kodwa abangokomthetho abayibona njengeyisivikelo esilahlekile. Uhulumeni futhi angase anqande inkulumo yezentengiselwano engamanga noma ekhohlisayo ngokwemvelo, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokubangela ukuba indinganiso yokuhlola okuphakathi esebenza emithethweni eminingi yezohwebo.

Ukuhloniphisa Ukuziphatha Kwesigebengu

KuGiboney v. Empire Study & Ice Co (1949), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathatha iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ayinikezi sivikelo ku "inkulumo noma ukubhala okusetshenziswa njengengxenye eyisisekelo yokuziphatha ngokwephula umthetho wobugebengu osemthethweni," ngokuphanga, uzungu lobugebengu, noma ukucela ukwenza icala elithile futhi lingavikelwa.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Uhulumeni uvame ukulinganisela isikhathi, indawo, noma indlela yokukhuluma, uma imingcele ingahlobene nalokho inkulumo ekushoyo futhi ushiye abantu benezindlela ezanele zokuveza imibono yabo. Lemithetho equkethwe ivumela uhulumeni ukuba alondoloze ukuhleleka kuyilapho elondoloza inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Iyunivesithi ingase ilawule isikhathi, indawo nendlela yokukhuluma ukuze iqiniseke ukuthi ayiphazamiseki emisebenzini evamile yaseyunivesithi.

Inkulumo Engafani

Izinga leSichibiyelo Sokuqala liyahluka kuye ngomongo lapho kukhulunywa khona. Uhulumeni unamandla amakhulu, angaphelele, okulawula inkulumo esebenzisa impahla kahulumeni, kanti izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingaxoshwa ngenxa yokusho izinto eziphazamisa ukusebenza kahle komqashi, futhi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, eziphezulu, nabafundi basesikoleni esiphakeme bangajeziswa ngokusho izinto eziphazamisa kakhulu inqubo yemfundo noma ukusebenzisa inkohlakalo esikoleni.

Ngokuqondene nezempi waseUnited States, uhulumeni kahulumeni unamandla amakhulu kakhulu okuvimbela inkulumo yezikhulu zezempi, ngisho noma imingcele enjalo ingangasebenzi kumuntu ongabuthiwe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqinisekisa lesi simiso kuParker v. Levy (1974), lapho iNkantolo yayigcina ibutho lezempi ngokuyisisekelo ‘ yayiwumphakathi okhethekile ovela emphakathini ongahlangene nezakhamuzi ’!

Lapho uhulumeni esebenza njengomqondisi wamajele, unamandla amakhulu okulinganisela inkulumo ekhululekile yeziboshwa, ngokuyisisekelo nanoma imuphi umngcele ohlobene “ngokunengqondo nezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zokubhala ” osebenza.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili siye sadala impikiswano enkulu nempikiswano kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. ISichibiyelo Sesibili siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokuba nezikhali futhi bavikele. Lelilungelo liye lachazwa futhi lachazwa kabusha izinkantolo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, okusho imiphumela emikhulu yokuba nezibhamu nomthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngemingcele yeSichibiyelo Sesibili emacaleni amaningana aphawulekayo, ihlola ukuthi ilungelo lisebenza kubantu noma ezinhlangano ezihleliwe yini, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zemithetho evunyelwe ngokomthetho. Lezi zinqumo ziyaqhubeka zithuthukisa izimpikiswano zezibhamu ezweni lonke.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Isivikelo Ekuhlaseleni Amasosha

Izakhamuzi azinakuphoqelelwa ukuba zithathe ingxenye yesine yamasosha phakathi nezikhathi zokuthula. Nakuba lokhu kulungisa kungathathi hlangothi ezikhathini zanamuhla, kubonisa ukukhathazeka koMsunguli ngokuphamba kwempi nobungcwele bezindlu zabantu. ISichibiyelo sesithathu savela ezikhalweni zamakoloni mayelana nokuhlala kwamasosha aseBrithani ezindlini zangasese ngaphandle kwemvume.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ilungelo lokukhululwa ekungeneni okungenangqondo kukahulumeni emakhaya abantu ngemfuneko yemvume. Lokhu kuvikela kumisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuzifihla nokulinganisela kwekhono lokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho lokuhlola nokuquleka.

Izakhamuzi azinakuphoqeleka ukuba ziphathwe futhi zifune ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokufuna nesizathu okungenzeka sikhona.

ISichibiyelo Sesine siye savela ngokuphawulekayo ngencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme, sikhuluma ngezindaba zesimanje ezinjengokuhlola imishini, ukulandelela i - GPS, ukuhlola ucingo, nokuthungatha ukwaziswa okuyimfihlo.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nesivikelo Ekuziphindiseleleni

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza isivikelo esinezindlela eziningi ezigxekayo kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu nangabanikazi bempahla. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinqabela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya likahulumeni ezimisweni ezingokomthetho, simisa imithetho yokumangalela iziphathimandla ezidumile nabasizi bejaji abakhulu, siqinisekisa amalungelo afanele enqubo, futhi sivikela izakhamuzi ekuzibekeleni imingcele eqinile kanye nasengozini ephindwe kabili.

Isivikelo ekuzichayeni ngokuzenzekelayo − ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ngenkulumo ethi "ekuncenga owesihlanu"(-ascensis) ukuthi abantu abanakuphoqelelwa ukuba bafakazele ngokwabo ekwahlulelweni kobugebengu. Leli lungelo libonisa isimiso sokuthi umthwalo wobufakazi uxhomeke kubamangaleli, hhayi kubamangalelwa.

Inkulumo esho ukulahlekelwa okumbaxambili ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba aqulise umuntu ngezikhathi eziningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo, evikela ekuhlukunyezweni uhulumeni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uyoba ophelele ekumangalelweni kobugebengu.

I-System Claus idinga ukuba uhulumeni alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuba anciphe othile ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. lesisivikelo siye sachazwa kabanzi sihlanganisa amalungelo ahlukahlukene angokwesiko nawangaphansi.

Ukuthatha amakheli ku-Claus kuvelele, okufuna ukuba lapho uhulumeni ethatha indawo yangasese ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi, kumelwe nje inikeze imbuyiselo kumniniyo.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu, njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokuqulwa komphakathi, icala liqulwa abahluleli abangakhethi emacaleni obugebengu, nokutshelwa amacala obugebengu, ofakazi becala okumelwe babhekane nabamangalelwa, nabamangalelwa bevunyelwa ofakazi bakhe noma abakhe siqu futhi bamelelwe ummeli.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala labahluleli okulungile nokusheshayo kanye namalungelo okwazi ummangaleli, nokuthola iseluleko nofakazi.

Ilungelo leseluleko liye lachazwa ukuze kudinge ukuba abamangalelwa abaqanjiwe banikezwe abameli ngezindleko zikahulumeni, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubumpofu abunqandeli ukutholakala kommeleli ongokomthetho. Ilungelo lokukhuluma nofakazi livumela abamangalelwa ukuba banqamule i-examine labo abafakaza ngokumelene nabo, bahlole ukuthembeka kobufakazi.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Amalungelo Omphakathi Okuqulwa Kwamacala

Lesi sivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingazizwa izimpikiswano zazo zomphakathi zizwa ijaji lontanga, hhayi nje umahluleli kuphela. Isinqumo silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli emacaleni ahilela izilinganiso ezinkulu zemali, zigcine ishekethiso ekwahluleleni.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Isivikelo Ekubeni Nonya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

Lesi sijeziso sikhuluma ngezinkathazo ezintathu ezihlukene: ibheyili, amafa, kanye nesijeziso esibekwa amacala.

Ukwenqatshelwa kwesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile kuye kwabangela ukuphikisa okukhulu nempikiswano, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesijeziso sokufa, izimo zasejele, nemikhuba yokugweba. Izinkantolo ziye zachaza lelilungiselelo ukuba liphendukele ngezindinganiso zomphakathi zokuhlonipheka, ziqaphela ukuthi lokho okuwunya nokungavamile kungase kushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

I-pager egaywe kakhulu iqinisekisa ukuthi ibheyili ayibekwanga phezulu kakhulu kangangokuba ingafinyelelwa ngokuphumelelayo, okungalulaza ukucatshangelwa kokungalungi. Imali eshisiwe eshibhile ilinganisela ngokufanayo ikhono likahulumeni lokuphoqa isijeziso sezimali.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Amalungelo Angenacala

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth sithi ukuhlelwa kwamalungelo athile eMthethweni akusho ukuthi abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo angachazwanga.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth siyaqaphela ukuthi abantu banamalungelo angaphezu kwalawo ashiwo ngokucacile eMthethweni - sisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agciniwe

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sithi uHulumeni uhulumeni kuphela ogunyaza lawo mandla eMthethweni. Lokhu kuqinisa isimiso sobuzwe, kucacisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe unemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalayo, nayo yonke eminye imibuso ebekelwe imibuso noma abantu.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi sisebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo wakha uhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, nemibuso elondoloza ubukhosi ezindabeni ezingaphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kombuso phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni kuseyisici esiyinhloko somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu NaseMelika Yanamuhla

I - Bill of Rights iyaqhubeka ihlela umthetho nomphakathi waseMelika emakhulwini amabili eminyaka ngemva kokunqandwa kwawo. Izinkantolo zivame ukuchaza lezi zinguquko ukuze zixazulule izindaba zanamuhla abaQhingi ababengeke bazilindele, kusukela ekuzifuneleni izinto zobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana kuya kwezobuchwepheshe bezikhali banamuhla.

Izimiso ezihlanganiswe kuhulumeni we-Bill of Rights, i-degit, inkululeko yomuntu, inqubo efanelekile, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane, zisasebenza namuhla njengalapho zithathwa okokuqala. Lezi zinguquko zisebenza njengesivikelo kuphambano lukahulumeni futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo ilondolozwe izizukulwane ezizayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kohulumeni BoMbuso

Ekuqaleni, iBhili of Rights yasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, hhayi kohulumeni bezwe. Nokho, ngemva kokwamukela iSichibiyelo seshumi nane ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iNkantolo Ephakeme kancane kancane yahlanganisa iMiba ePhakeme Yomthetho yamaLungelo eminingi ukuba isebenzise isivikelo kohulumeni bombuso futhi. Lenqubo yokuhlanganisa iqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo avikelwe kuzo zonke izigaba zikahulumeni.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Emkhakheni Ohlukile

Enye yezinselele eziqhubekayo ekusebenziseni iBhili of Rights ihlanganisa ukulinganisela amalungelo ancintisanayo nezithakazelo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma ingase ingqubuzane namalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu; inkululeko engokwenkolo ingase ingqubuzane nezimiso ezimelene nokucwasana; ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali lingase lingqubane nezinkathazo zokuphepha komphakathi. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilawule le nkinga, zifune ukuvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo kuyilapho zikhuluma ngezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo

Nakuba iBhili of Rights inikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho, ekugcineni ukulondolozwa kwalamalungelo kuxhomeke ekwakhenini izakhamuzi ezinolwazi futhi ezithembisene. Izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde amalungelo azo okuwasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ziqaphele lapho lawomalungelo esongelwa.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehambisana Namalungelo

Amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo efanayo. Inkululeko yokukhuluma inomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi nokuhlonipha amalungelo abanye okuveza imibono ehlukene. Ilungelo lokuvota lithwala umthwalo wemfanelo wokwaziswa ngabazoqulwa nangezindaba. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lixhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwezakhamuzi ukukhonza njengejaji. Lemithwalo yemfanelo iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo angasetshenziswa ngendlela enenjongo nokuthi izinhlangano zentando yeningi zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukusabela Ekukhulumeni Anivumelani Nakho

Ukuqonda indlela yokusabela enkulumweni oyithola iwukusabela okungathandeki kuyisici esibalulekile sokuphila emphakathini okhululekile. Kuye kwaphawulwa kaningi ukuthi ikhambi elingcono kakhulu lenkulumo esingayithandi, kuhlanganise nenkulumo enenzondo noma elimazayo, "kukhulumisa," abantu abanelungelo lokuveza ukuthi kungani leyonkulumo ingalungile, ingacaci, ingathandeki, noma icasuli, futhi iphikisa ngokuqondile inkulumo yenzondo kanye nezinkulumo eziphikisanayo ezikwazi ukwakha ukuqaphela, ilulaza ukufaneleka kwenkulumo ephambene, futhi iphumele emphakathini ohlonipheke kakhulu, ohlonipheke ngokwengeziwe.

Kunokuba ifune ukuthulisa inkulumo ngesenzo sikahulumeni noma ngokuphazamiseka, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekumelaneni nemibono ehlukile nemibono eyinselele eziyithola ingenkinga. Lendlela ihlonipha izimiso zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala kuyilapho ivumela ukuphikiswana okukhulu kanye nezentengiselwano zemibono ukuba zisebenze.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Emfundo

Izinhlangano zemfundo, ikakhulukazi amayunivesithi omphakathi, zisebenza njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Amayunivesithi omphakathi anjenge-Iowa State angaphansi kwemithetho ebekwe eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala somthetho-mthetho, kokubili emthetho kahulumeni noma womphakathi, futhi angase angaphuli inkululeko yomuntu yokukhuluma.

Nokho, izikhungo zemfundo zinesithakazelo esingokomthetho ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nasekufezeni imisebenzi yazo yemfundo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nobuchwepheshe

Izesayensi zanamuhla ziye zadala izinselele ezintsha zokusebenzisa i-Bill of Rights. IziNkambiso zesine zokuvikela ekufuneni izinto ezingenangqondo kumelwe zichazwe emongweni womakhalekhukhwini, ukugcinwa kwamafu, nokuxhumana ngezinombolo. ISichibiyelo sokuqala kumelwe sikhulume ngamapulatifomu ezokuxhumana, izinkulumo ze - Internet, nezinkulumo zemishini ye - Internet. Izinkulumo zeSichibiyelo sesibili kumelwe zicabangele ubuchwepheshe bezibhamu zanamuhla.

Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezasungulwa ekhulwini le-18 kuya kubuchwepheshe obuphakathi kwama-21 kanye nezimo. Lezincazelo zizolawula izinga lesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sezizukulwane ezizayo.

Ithonya Lezizwe Zonke Lamalungelo

IBhili of Rights iye yathonya intuthuko yomthetho-sisekelo emhlabeni wonke, isebenza njengesibonelo sesivikelo samalungelo kwamanye amazwe amaningi. Izimiso eliziqukethe `inkululeko yomuntu, uhulumeni olinganiselwe, inqubo efanele, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane] kuye kwafakwa emithetho-sisekelo nasezincwadini zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke.

Amathuluzi alwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge - Universal Declaration of Human Rights, abonisa izindinganiso eziningi nezivikelo ezifanayo ezitholakala kuyi - Bill of Rights.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

IBhili of Rights iyaqhubeka ibangela impikiswano nempikiswano njengoba umphakathi ushintsha futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha. Imibuzo ngesilinganiso sokukhuluma ngenkululeko ku - Internet, ukusetshenziswa kwezivikelo zomuntu siqu ekwazisweni kwemishini, izinga lamalungelo nezibhamu, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko phakathi kobuphekula kulenkathi konke kudinga ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zamalungelo esikhathi eside.

Lezi zingxoxo zibonisa indlela ephilayo yomthetho - sisekelo — isidingo sokusebenzisa izimiso ezihlala njalo ezimweni ezishintshayo kuyilapho zihlala zithembekile ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo iBhili of Rights iyavikela.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe Ngamalungelo Akho

Imithombo eminingi ikhona ngezakhamuzi ezifisa ukufunda okwengeziwe ngamalungelo azo omthetho-sisekelo. IZinqolobane zeNational Archives zilondoloza ukwaziswa okuningi ngeBill of Rights nomlando wayo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union, iBill of Rights Institute, kanye nezinyathelo zemfundo engokomthetho ezihlukahlukene zinikeza izinto zokufundisa nemithombo yemali.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni iBill of Rights ngokuqhubekayo, izinqolobane zeNational zinikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngomlando nombhalo webhukwana. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe [ sinikeza imithombo ehambisanayo yokuqonda amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Izisekelo zomthetho ezinjenge-] Cornell School’s Legin Information yolwazi yomthetho yeSikole somthetho [[ inikeza ukufinyelela embhalweni wemithetho yezomthetho, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nokuhlaziya okungokomthetho.

Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi saseMelika. Lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zimisa isisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nohulumeni olinganiselwe ochaza idemokrasi yaseMelika. Ngokuqonda lamalungelo ($_isikhundla saso, ukulinganiselwa, nokulinganiselwa kwaso okuqhubekayo, kungasebenzisa inkululeko yaso kangcono, kufeze imithwalo yaso yemfanelo yesizwe, futhi sihlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Ifa Elihlala Njalo Lencwadi Yamalungelo Abantu

Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu - 230 ngemva kokunqandwa kwayo, iBill of Rights iyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. Lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo, imingcele kahulumeni, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo abantu alondolozwa ekucindezeleni okukhulu. Ukusuka enkululekweni kuya elungelweni lokukhuluma kuze kube secaleni elilungile, ekuvikelweni okungacabangeliyo kuya ekwabiweni kwemibuso ekhona, iSivumelo Samalungelo Amalungelo simisa uhlelo lwenkululeko olusaqhubeka lubumba umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika.

Ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinguquko kubonakalisa ukuvumelana kwazo nokubaluleka okuhlala njalo. Njengoba kuvela ushintsho nobunzima obusha emphakathini, izimiso ezihlanganiswe kuyi-Bill of Rights zinikeza isiqondiso sokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuyilapho zikhuluma ngezindaba ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni. Ukuqonda lamalungelo (nemithwalo yemfanelo) kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ehambisana nawo (ibalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi okhululekile abasunguli abacatshangelwayo kanye nezizukulwane zamaMelika ziye zasebenzela ukulondoloza.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukusebenzisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukusebenzisa inkolo, ukuphatha izikhali, noma ukujabulela isivikelo senqubo efanele, amaMelika azuza nsuku zonke emalungelweni iSiphakamiso samaLungelo esiqinisekisayo. Ngokuqonda lezisivikelo, ukuhlanganyela enkulumweni yomphakathi enolwazi, nokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa ukuthi lenkululeko eyisisekelo ihlala ikhona ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. IBhill of Rights ayiyona nje incwadi engokomlando kuphela yenkululeko eqhubeka ivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye futhi ilinganisela amandla kahulumeni ekhulwini lama - 21 nangalé.