Isiqalo somthetho-sisekelo we-United States singaphezu kakhulu kokuvulwa kwento engokwesiko. Sisho amazwi afushanisiwe anamandla, afushanisiwe ezindinganiso zesisekelo zesizwe kanye nefilosofi eqondisayo elawula iMelika. Ngamagama angamashumi amahlanu nambili nje, abahleli bacacisa izinjongo eziyinhloko abamisa ngazo uMthetho-sisekelo: ukwakha isibopho esiphelele, ukumisa ubulungisa, ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwasekhaya, ukulungiselela isivikelo esivamile, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle, nokuvikela izibusiso zenkululeko. Phakathi kwalemigomo, amazwi athi “aveza i-Welfarelland" kanye nomqondo ongaphansi kombono okhulayo womuntu osuqonde kakhulu ngomqondo wokuphishekela injabulo — umgomo, nakuba ungabizwangabizwa ngokuqondile kuyi-Pregation, uhlangene nefilosofi eyaziwa yile filosofi.

Umbhalo Wesethulo: Isimiso Esiluhlaza Sokubusa

Isandulela sithi:

“ Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele kakhulu, simise ubulungisa, isiqinisekiso sokuvikela kwasekhaya, sinikeza i-Welfare, futhi siqinise izibusiso zeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu nePostry, simisa futhi simise lomthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America.”[FLT]

Lomusho owodwa ufeza imisebenzi eminingi enzima. Imisa umthombo wegunya likahulumeni — “ Thina bantu” — sithathela indawo i-British Cover njengenkosi. Ihlela izinjongo eziyisithupha ezingokomthetho ezigunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kahulumeni. Futhi isho ukuthi umbhalo ubizwa ngokuthi “Constitution” — umthetho obophayo ohlela isimo nemingcele kahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezihloko ze-Confederation, ezaqala ngohlu lwamazwe, iPregator iqinisekisa uphawu oluhlangene lwesizwe kusukela ekuqaleni. Ulimi luye lwenziwe ngokucophelela yiKomiti yeNdlela, eholwa nguGouverneur Morris, owenzile ukuba kokubili i-pringiza. [FL:] [FFFOLD]

Ukubaluleka Kuka - “Thina Abantu”: Ubukhosi Obuthandwayo Njengetshe

Amazwi okuvula, “ Thina bantu,” ngokuqinisekile singumthetho ohlukile wamagama amathathu emlandweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Simemezela ukuthi uhulumeni akawenzi ngokusemthethweni elungelweni laphezulu, hhayi kuhulumeni wenkosi, kodwa ngokuvuma kwezakhamuzi ezivamile. Lesimiso sokubusa okuthandwayo sasiwukwehla okukhulu kwezithombe zemibuso yaseYurophu yekhulu le-18. Abahleli bazibonela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla obukhosi obungalawulwangalawulwa futhi babezimisele ukwakha isimiso lapho igunya elithathwa khona ngokubusa.

Lenkulumo futhi yabonisa ukunqamuka kweZihloko ze-Confederation, ezazenzile ukuhlangana okungalawuleki kwemibuso ebusayo. Ekuqaleni kwayo isithi “Thina bantu,” uMthetho-sisekelo wamisa ubuhlobo obuqondile phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nomphakathi ngamunye, udlulisa izifundazwe njenge-internamedia. Lokhu kushintshwa kwabalulekile ekusunguleni uhulumeni wezwe okwazi ukwenza ngokuphumelelayo. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, “Thina bantu” siye sanxuswa ezimpikiswaneni eziningi ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi, ukuvota, ukufinyelela, nokulandisa kombuso. Kukhumbuza isizukulwane ngasinye ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyisivumelwano esiphindiwe abantu esiqhubekayo. Inkulumo ibilokhu iyinhloko yenze izinqumo ezivelele zeNkanto esaba izakhamuzi, [[FLT:] Scottp [FF1] [185] [5] [7] [R.[3]

Ukuphishekela Injabulo Njengomgomo Womthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba inkulumo “ iwukuzuza iNkcubeko” ingekho eMthethweni ngokwawo — idume kakhulu eSivumelwaneni senkululeko — umoya wayo ugcwele isibopho sikaPregange sokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle kawonke kanye nenkululeko. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babencishiswe kuyifilosofi yokukhanyiselwa, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi kaJohn Locke, owayethi abantu banamalungelo angokwemvelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, nempahla. UThomas Jefferson, efaka “ukuphishekela injabulo eLocke, ” esikhundleni“ sokufuna injabulo elungile” kuSimemezelo, iphakamisa ukuzanelisa komuntu siqu ngeqiniso elisobala.

Isiqalo soMthetho-sisekelo simisa lo mqondo ngokuhlela izimo zokwakha ezidingekayo kubantu ukuba baphishekele injabulo: isibopho esiqinile sokuvikela ukusongela kwamanye amazwe nokungavumelani, isimiso sobulungisa esivikela amalungelo, uhlelo lwekhaya oluvumela ukuphila okunokuthula kwansuku zonke, kanye nesivikelo sesizwe esivikela isizwe esivikela isizwe. “i-gallery" i-gallery" ibibaluleke kakhulu, ichazwa kabanzi ukuze ivumele uhulumeni wezwe ukuba usungule izimiso eziveza amathuba ezomnotho, iziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi, ukufinyelela kwezemfundo, kanye nemanetha yokulondoloza inhlalakahle — konke okunezela ekhonweni lezakhamuzi lokuphishekela ukuphila okunenjongo. Umgomo womthetho wenjabulo awukho ukuqinisekisa injabulo kodwa ukususa izithiyo ezingenisweni zokuzisebenzela abantu ngabanye futhi ukulungiselela ukuzanelisa futhi nokuzikha ukufeza kwabo.

Izimbangela Zokukhanya: ILocke, IJefferson, Namalungelo Emvelo

John Locke’s ITreases ezimbili zikaHulumeni zaphikisa ngokuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze avikele amalungelo emvelo, futhi uma uhluleka ukwenza kanjalo, abantu banelungelo lokuguqula noma lokuqeda. Abasunguli baseMelika bamukela le nkolelo yesivumelwano somphakathi ebanzi. Jefferson, ekuhleleni iSimemezelo, esinwetshwe “ukuphishekela iNkhlazelo,” ekuboniseni umbono obanzi wokuchuma komuntu okuhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha, ukuziphatha, nokugcwaliseka okungokomoya. Lo shintsho lwalungamabomu: abakholelwa ukuthi amalungelo empahla ayesho isiphetho, hhayi ukuphela. Isiphetho seqiniso sikahulumeni senza izakhamuzi ukuba ziphile ngokukhululekile, zichume. [FLY] [FOctredPromean] [3]

Umlando: Ukulungisa Isethulo Esimweni Esibucayi

IConstitution of Constitution ka 1787 yahlangana ePhiladelphia ngaphansi kwefu leZihlokwana zeConfederation ezingaphumeleli. Shays’s Regivergion eMassachusetts (1786-1787) yadalula ukuhluleka kukahulumeni wezwe ukugcina ukuhleleka noma ukusabela ezingxabanweni zezomnotho. Amazwe ayemisa imigoqo yezentengiselwano, anyathelisa imali engenanzuzo, futhi azi ukuthi ukubukeza nje izivumelwano kwakunganele. Ayedinga uhlelo olusha olwaluzokwakha uhulumeni oyinhloko onamandla kakhulu kuyilapho elondoloza inkululeko.

James Madison, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi uBaba woMthetho-sisekelo, wafika emhlanganweni nge-Virginia Plan, eyayifuna ukuba kube nohulumeni wesizwe onesivumelwano somthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela. Impikiswano yaqhubeka izinyanga eziningi ngenxa yokumelelwa, ubuningi bamandla kahulumeni, nokulingana phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane. I-Pregagedi yavela kulo mhlaba ewumthetho wenjongo ehlanganisayo njengencwadi egunyaza isivumelwano esikhulu. UGoverneur Morris, umlobi oyinhloko wolimi lokugcina, wayaziwa ngekhono lakhe nangenkolelo yakhe ebunyeni obuqinile. Umsebenzi wakhe wezandla embusweni weSikhalo siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho womthetho awusoze wamiswa njengencwadi engokomthetho kodwa njengesivumelwano esingokombono phakathi kwabantu.

Izimpikiswano zokuhlobanisa zagcizelela futhi ukubaluleka kwendatshana. I Anti à Federalist yakhathazeka ngokuthi “Thina bantu” sasizogwinya ubukhosi bukahulumeni; amaFederali ayephikisa ngokuthi amazwi amisa uhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalayo. Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi — iBill of Rights — ngokwengxenye zanezela ekususeni lokhu kwesatshwa, zivikela ngokuqondile inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kuhulumeni omusha. Ngakho imigomo yePregeagent yaba yikona yokuchaza incazelo nemingcele yoMthetho-sisekelo.

Izincazelo Zanamuhla: Ukuphishekela Injabulo EMthethweni Nasemithethweni

Namuhla, ukuphishekela injabulo njengenhloso yomthetho-sisekelo kutshela izindawo eziningana ze-juriprian nenkambiso yomphakathi waseMelika. Nakuba izinkantolo ngokuvamile zingayiphathi i-Pregnail njengomthombo ozimele wamalungelo (iNkantolo Ephakeme ibusa ] Jacobson v. iMassachusetts[ [190] [0] [05] ukuthi i-Preaget ayigunyazi amandla), isebenza njengesiqondiso sokuchaza izinhlelo ezingaphansi koMthetho-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, isibopho sokusekela i-“promote Welvelvel" izinhlelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-Social Security, iMedicarease, neAfford Carence, ngaphansi kwe-Act, i-Afford Carence, i-Act, i-Agative, i-Agatice

Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Nelungelo Lokuzisebenzela Komuntu Siqu

Ukuphishekela injabulo kuhlangene nelungelo lokuzinqumela ezindabeni ezinjengomshado, ukuba umzali, nokuphela kwezinqumo zokuphila. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme obergefell v. Hodges[ (2015], eqaphela ilungelo elingokomthetho lomshado ofanayo, elithambekele kakhulu embonweni wokuthi abantu kumelwe bakhululeke ukwenza izinqumo eziseduze ezichaza ukuthi bangubani nenjabulo. IJaji uAnthony Kennedy, libhalela iningi, elikhonjwe ukuphishekela injabulo njengesimiso sesisekelo, lisho ukuthi “ilungelo lomuntu siqu lokuzikhethela ngomshado lisekelwe emqondweni wokuzibusa.” Ngokufanayo, ukunquma kweNkadelela ukuvimbela ([FLT]: Flus] [2]], [12]], futhi lilandela imibono ekwaziyo ukukhipha i-mgomo.[5]) [FFF], futhi lilandela imibono egunyaziwe yemibono yokuzibo.[4]

Ithuba Lezomnotho Nenhlalakahle Evamile

Isiqondiso se-Pregagery sokuya “kuguqula iNtlango ebanzi” siye saba isisekelo somthetho ngokomthetho sesimiso sezezomnotho nezenhlalo sahulumeni. Izinhlelo zeNew Deact zawo-1930, ngokwesibonelo, zathethelelwa njengokudingekile ukunikeza ukuzinza kwezomnotho namathuba okungalandwa ngawo ukuphishekela injabulo. Ukufundwa kweNkantolo ePhakeme yezentengiselwano uClaus neNkqulu yezenteko nezezimali zika-Celas Clausleaste neNkauacleas phakathi nenkathi entsha ye-Diaclement, kwavumela i-Congress Commissss ukuba imise iNhlala - chengeteko, imishuwalensele yeze yeze, imithetho elinganiselwe yezemisebenzi, namalungelo ahlukene aphakathi kwesizwe angawasiza ekuxazululweni kahle yinkinga enkulu. [[FLD [FFFoct1:].] [1937] [193], iNkantolomenti i-osem], i-oseqediose

Muva nje, izimpikiswano ngokuphathwa kwempilo yonke, ukuboleka intethelelo yabafundi, kanye neholo eliyisisekelo lomhlaba wonke konke kuvumelana nesithembiso sikaPregiedgery. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lezizimiso zidingekile ukuze kususwe izithiyo — njengokuqeda isikweleti sempilo noma ukungafundi — ezivimbela abantu ukuba bazuze injabulo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukungenela okungenamthetho okungenamingcele, nokuthi ukuphishekela injabulo kungcono kakhulu kufezwa uhulumeni olinganiselwe nezimakethengiso ezikhululekile. Umbango ophakathi kwalezi zinqunywe yingxoxo eqhubekayo ngendima efanelekile kahulumeni ekuthuthukiseni ukuchuma kwabantu.

Izinga Lenjabulo Ekubuseni

Ngalé kwenkantolo, ukuphishekela injabulo kuye kwathonya indlela ohulumeni abalinganisela ngayo intuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, abenzi bezimiso nezomnotho baye bathatha indawo yangalé komkhiqizo wezwe omkhulu (GDP) njengesibonakaliso sokuphumelela kwezwe. INhlangano yeZizwe Ezihlangene Yolonwabo, iNhlangano yezezomnotho Copération and Development’s Better Bettering Life Index, kanye nezindlela zendawo ezifana nedolobha laseSanta Monican's Index yonke imizamo yokulandela indlela engcono yokulandela impumelelo yezentengo yezentengiselwano yezwe. Nakuba la mathuluzi ewuwo ngokwawo abonisa ukukhathalela kwezentengo yokuphila kwezakhamuzi. [[FLct:] Indaba yenjabulo yezwe lonke [FOLD]

Ukuhlala Kuhle Kwesiqalo Ngokukhuthazela Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Isiqalo silokhu siyingxenye ephilayo yempucuko yezombangazwe zaseMelika, enxuswa abaholi kulo lonke ububanzi bemibono. Abameli babhekisela kaningi ku- “Thina bantu” ngokuvula amakheli kanye nesifundazwe sezinkulumo zokuhlanganisa isizwe ngemigomo efanayo. Abenzi bomthetho bayisebenzisa ukubekela inselele izimiso abakholelwa ukuthi ziphula iziyalezo zoMthetho-sisekelo, njengokuvinjelwa kwamalungelo okuvota noma izinhlelo zokuhlola eziphazamisa inkululeko. Ngo-2020, i-Pregailty yaba iphuzu eliyinhloko lempikiswano ngezinga lemibuso ephuthumayo yombuso phakathi nobhadaba lwe-COVIID.: yahlala i-homea Homeah, izibo, izibophonsi, nezimfuneko zomjongo zokugotela zikhuthaza “igevergrade, noma izinhlelo zokuhlola eziphazamisa igunya likahulumeni lokuzinza?”?

Izifundo zangemva kwesikole kulo lonke izwe zidinga abafundi ukuba babambe ngekhanda futhi bahlaziye iGama, baqinisekise ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye silwa nencazelo yaso. Inkulumo ethi “inhlangano ephelele kakhulu” iyavuma ukuthi umsebenzi wentando yeningi yaseMelika awukapheli; iyinqubo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa, idinga umzamo oqhubekayo wokubhekana nemibono eyisisekelo. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu njengoba izwe libhekana nezindaba zokungalingani kwezimiso, ubulungisa bobuhlanga, nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe. Ukuphishekela injabulo, ngalendlela ekhanyayo, akuyona inqubo elungile kodwa umgomo onamandla odinga ukunaka ngokuqhubekayo ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zivela kungoko — ngempela linethuba lokufuna ukuzuza inzuzo.

Isiphetho: Injabulo Njengesithembiso Somthetho - sisekelo Esinganqunyiwe

IZinhloso eziyisithupha ezibalwe zingaphezulu kwezemisebenzi engokomlando. Zimelela isivumelwano phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni wabo, isithembiso sokuthi uhulumeni ukhona ukuze ukhonze ukuchuma kwabantu bezakhamuzi zawo. Nakuba inkulumo ethi “ukuzuza injabulo” iseSivumelwaneni senkululeko, imibono yaso ihlanganiswe ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho-mthetho ngokuzibopha ebulungisani, ngokuthula, ngokuvikela, ngenhlalakahle, nangenkululeko. Abasunguli babeqonda ukuthi injabulo ayinakuyalwa umthetho, kodwa babekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ongowokuqala ongowodwa ungaba nemithetho ekwakhela izimo abantu ngabanye ngaphansi kwezindlela zabo siqu ukuba bafezeke.

Emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, lesosithembiso sisalokhu siwukuvuselelwa futhi siyinselele. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokubheka izinjongo zawo eziwujuqu, ukuvikela okwandisayo ngenxa yokuzimela komuntu siqu nokulondeka kwezomnotho. Abaphathi bemithetho baphikisana ngokuthi yiziphi izinqubo ezithuthukisa inhlalakahle kawonke. Izakhamuzi zibheka uhulumeni wazo njengozinikeza isibopho sokuphila ngesithunzi, ithuba, nenkululeko. Ukushaya isaziso, ekubuseni kwayo, kususa isisekelo sokuzama kwazo okungokwedlulele phambili: isizwe esingasunguli empahleni yegazi noma ezindaweni ezihlukene, kodwa esibophelele ekubophekeni okukodwayo kokuhlenga bonke abantu baso. Njengoba nje lesizwe siqala, kanjalo nencazelo yamazwi asokuqala. Ukuphishekela injabulo njengomgomo womthetho womthetho akuyona injongo ehleli endaweni ehlala kuyo yonke indawo — isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sithathe uhambo.