Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo

Umqondo wokuhlola nokulinganisela umi njengensika yokubusa komthetho-sisekelo, eklanyelwe ukusakaza amandla emagatsheni ahlukene kahulumeni. Lesimiso sivimbela noma imuphi umuntu ukuba athole igunya elingavinjelwa, kanjalo silondoloze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi silondoloze ukuqina kwentando yeningi. Ngokuhlukanisa imibuso phakathi kwe-propatiogration, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, ukuhlolwa nokulinganiswa kwezakhiwo lapho igatsha ngalinye lingabona khona, lilinganisela, futhi ligcine abanye benombuzo. Lesimiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwenza isinqumo kudinga ukubambisana nokuvumelana, ukunciphisa ingozi yokulawula i-athority.

Ekujuleni kwayo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kubonisa ukuqonda ukuthi amandla kumelwe ahlukaniswe ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. basebenzisa kakhulu imiqondo yezazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe njengoMontesquieu, owaphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi kahulumeni ibe iminyango ehlukene kwakubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubushiqela. Namuhla, lesimiso sisalokhu sisemqoka ekubusweni kwentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, sinikeza ipulani lokubusa ngokulinganisela.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni: Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ukuqonda izinhlolo - vo nokulinganisela kuqala ngokuqaphela amagatsha amathathu ayinhloko kahulumeni.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho linikwe igunya lokwakha imithetho. E-United States, leligatsha liyi-badamal, eliyi-Sigele neNdlu yabameleli. Igumbi ngalinye linemisebenzi ehlukile: Indlu iqala izikweleti zemali futhi ikhiphe izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuyilapho iSigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sigunyaza izivumelwano. Zibonke, zimelela intando yabantu futhi zibumba uhlelo olungokomthetho lwesizwe.

Isihluthulelo segatsha lomthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuphoqa nokumisa umthetho kahulumeni
  • Ukubheka imali kahulumeni nokukhuluma
  • Ukumemezela impi nokugunyaza impi
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu nokwahlulela (iSanta)
  • Ukuqinisekisa izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe (Inkonzo)

Igatsha lemithetho lingahlola umongameli ngokufaka umongameli i-vetoes engxenyeni ephindwe ka-3 emagumbini womabili. Lingabuye lisuse umongameli, isekela likamongameli, noma ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso, ukufumbathisa, noma ubugebengu obukhulu kanye namaphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla eSigele sokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ama-mineine anikeza ithonya elikhulu phezu kokwakhiwa kwamagatsha esikhulu nokwahlulela.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe liphoqelela futhi lisebenzise imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolosi. Le gatsha liphethe umongameli, lihlanganisa iphini likamongameli, iKhabhinethi, nezinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni nezinhlangano eziningi. Umongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi wamabutho ahlomile, ephethe igunya eliqinile phezu kwesimiso sasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

Isihluthulelo samandla egatsha eliphethe sihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha nokumisa imithetho kahulumeni
  • Ukuqhuba isimiso nezingxoxo zakwamanye amazwe
  • Ukumisa amajaji, amanxusa, namalungu eKhaya
  • Umthetho wokukhipha isigwebo wamiswa uMkhandlu
  • Ukukhipha iziyalezo nezimemezelo zezikhulu

Igatsha eliphethe lingahlola igatsha lemithetho ngokukhipha izikweletu, nakuba iSishaya - mthetho singase sithathe lesinyathelo. Umongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela amacala kahulumeni, angalinganisela imiphumela yokwahlulela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igatsha eliphethe lithonya ukumiswa kwenkantolo, njengoba umongameli elawula amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, enikezwa isiqinisekiso.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho futhi libukeze umthetho walo. Leligatsha lihlanganisa isimiso sezinkantolo eziphethe izinkantolo, neNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomkhandi wokugcina wezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Amajaji ahlangene amiswa ukuze aphile, avikele ukucindezela kwezombangazwe futhi aqinisekise ukuzimela kokwahlulela.

Isihluthulelo samandla egatsha lokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhumusha izimiso NoMthetho - sisekelo
  • Ukubukeza izinqumo zenkantolo ephansi zokudluliswa kwecala
  • Ukunquma ukufaneleka komthetho - sisekelo wemithetho ngokuhlaziya kokwahlulela
  • Ukuqeda izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe noma phakathi kukahulumeni nemibuso

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenzisa ukuhlola okunamandla kokubili emagatsheni omthetho nawabaphathi ngemfundiso yokuhlola kokwahlulela. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme imemezela isenzo somthetho noma sokubusa ngaphandle komthetho, siba yize. Leligunya, elimiswe ecaleni lengqopha - mlando Marbury v. Madison [1803], liqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana noMthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijaji lingachaza imithetho ngezindlela ezicindezela isikhulu esiphethe.

Indlela Okusetshenziswa Ngayo Ukuhlola Nokulinganisela Ekwenzeni

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela asiyona nje into ecatshangelwayo; sisebenza nsuku zonke ngezimiso eziqinile ezidinga amagatsha ukuba azwane futhi ahlehlise.

Umthetho Uhlola Isikhulu

UKhongolo-khampani luphethe amathuluzi amaningana okulinganisela amandla okuphatha. Ngaphandle kokulawula nokumisa, iSishaya-mthetho singahlola futhi sifake amacala emisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ihhovisi. Amandla esikhwama semali avumela uMkhandlu ukuba uxhase noma unciphise izinhlelo ezithile, ukumiswa kwezimiso zokulungisa. Ezimweni ezingathi sína, uMkhandlu ungamsusa umongameli ngenxa yezenzo ezingafanele.

Ukuqondisa Isimiso Sezomthetho Kuhlola Imithetho

I-veto yegunya likamongameli yi-exile eqondene kakhulu neSishaya-mthetho, eyenza umphathi wenqabe umthetho obhekwa njengongahlakaniphile noma ongavumelani nomthetho. Umongameli angabiza futhi i-Congress ukuba ibe yisimiso esikhethekile futhi anikeze iziyalo eziqondisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba zenze ngokuvumelana nomthetho okhona. Izivumelwano zokuqondisa izigebengu namazwe angaphandle, nakuba zingafuni ukudunyiswa kweSishaya-gele, zivumela umongameli ukuba aqhube umthetho wangaphandle ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yimithetho.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Amandla ejaji lokuhlola okwahlulela asebenza kokubili ezenzweni zomthetho nezobuphathi. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho futhi isayinwe ngumongameli uma iphula izimiso zomthetho-mthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlola iziyalezo zezikhulu, iziqondiso zezinhlangano, nezenzo zomongameli ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zihlala zingaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho. Lokhu kuvikela ekusetshenzisweni kabi kokuhlakanipha.

Amasheke Phakathi Kwegatsha Lokwahlulela

Ngisho nobuso bejaji. UKhongolo lunquma isimo nobukhulu bezinkantolo eziphansi futhi lungaguqula ubukhulu beNkantolo ePhakeme, nakuba kungaqashelwa ukuba kusetshenziswe lobu mbuso. Umongameli uveza amajaji, futhi uqinisekisa, uqinisekisa ukuhlukahluka kwemibono. UMkhandlu ungaveza futhi ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho ukuze kuqedwe izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba lokhu kudinga ukuba kube khona ukuqina okukhulu.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zamasheke Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Umlando unikeza imifanekiso eminingi yokuhlola nokulinganisela okulawulayo nokuvimbela ukuphaphanyiswa. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ithonya elisebenzayo lesi simiso ekubuseni.

Umongameli We - Vetoes Ne - Congress

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, abaholi baye baveza izinkulungwane zemali. UKhongolo-mthetho uye wafaka cishe isikhala esisodwa phakathi kwama-vetoes angamashumi amabili, ngokuvamile ethathe umthetho ophakeme. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-202020, iKhomishane ye-averde Preside Trump's in the National Defense Legivice Act, ebonisa ikhono lomthetho wokumisa inqubo naphezu kokuphikisa kwesikhulu. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphikisa kukamongameli kumelwe kube yinto enkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula izishayamthetho.

Izimpi Zesigele Eziqinisekisayo

Iseluleko seSigele namandla okuvuma kubangela izimpi ezinkulu zezombangazwe ngenxa yama-mine. Ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme ehlangeneyo, njengoMahluleli uBrett Kavahaugh noma uMahluleli u-Amy Coney Barrett, kwavusa impikiswano eshubile futhi kwaqokomisa indima yeSigele ekulolongeni igebe likahulumeni izizukulwane eziningi. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ivivinya inhloko - dolobha yezombangazwe kamongameli futhi iqinisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Kophawu Olungokomthetho

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yenza ukuhlola kokwahlulela ukuze ihlule imithetho ezicabeni eziyinhloko. United States v. Nixton [19974], iNkantolo yakhipha uMongameli Nixon ngezwi elihlangeneyo ukuba akhiphe amakhasethi eWatergate, iqinisekisa ukuthi akekho, kuhlanganise nomongameli, ongaphezulu komthetho. Ngokufanayo, Docuty of Boerne v. Flores [1997]) igunya elilinganiselwe lenhlangano ngaphansi kweNguqulo ye-Geneth Rendexmetic, ilondoloza ubukhosi bezwe. Lezi sinqumo zibonisa indima ye-judiary njengomgcini womthetho.

Okwenza Ukulinganisela Nokulinganisela Kube Nendaba Yokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvikela ukubusa kwentando yeningi ngokukhipha amandla nokukhuthaza ukulandisa. Ngaphandle kwalesimiso, igunya eligxile ekusebenziseni imali lingenza abantu baxhashazwe futhi liqede ukwethembana. Uhlelo lukhuthaza ukuhlobana, ludinga ukuvumelana okukhulu ezinqumweni ezinkulu, futhi luvikela amalungelo amancane kunoma ubani ophambana.

Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Injongo eyinhloko yamasheke nokulinganisa ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekulawuleni elinye. Ngokusakaza amandla ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene, lesi simiso sidala amaphuzu amaningi okumelana nezifiso zobuphostoli. Lokhu kuhlukana kwenza kube nzima ngeqembu elilodwa noma umholi ukuba athathe ukulawula, alondoloze izinqubo nezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuyekethisa Nokubambisana

Ngoba alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo sodwa, ukuhlola nokulinganisela okuphoqelela ukuxoxisana nokuhlehliswa. Umthetho kumelwe udlule kuzo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu, uqhubeke uphumelela, futhi umelane nokuhlolwa kokwahlulela. Lemfuneko ikhuthaza abenzi bomthetho ukuba bakhe imifelandawonye, bacabangele imibono ehlukene, nezimiso zokucwenga ukuze baxazulule izithakazelo eziningi. Umphumela ngokuvamile uba ukubusa okunengqondo nokuhlala njalo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Nenkokhelo Kanye

Amasesha namaza avikela amalungelo abantu ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zibhekene nokuhlolwa ngezindlela eziningi. Amandla omphathi wejaji okumemezela imithetho engavumelani nemithetho avikela ekuphathweni kwemithetho, kuyilapho iziphathi zingavimbela imithetho eklanywe kabi ukuba ibe umthetho. Lokhu kuhlola okucubungulayo kunciphisa amathuba okuthi uhulumeni uyophazamisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Nezimo Ezishintshayo

Nakuba ukuhlola nokulinganisela kusabalulekile, ukubusa kwanamuhla kubhekene nezingcindezi ezintsha ezivivinya ukuqina kwesimiso. Ukuphakama kwemishini yezikhulu, ukuhlukanisa, kanye nezinhlangano zokuphatha ezibanzi kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi ukwakheka kokuqala kuvumelana kahle kangakanani namaqiniso akhona.

Ukukhula Kwamandla Alawulayo

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, amongameli baye bathembela kakhulu eziqondisweni zobuphathi, izimemezelo, neziqondiso zezinhlangano ukuze bafinyelele imigomo yesimiso ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Lokhu kubangele ukuphikisana ngokuthi igatsha eliphetheyo liye layiqamba indima yalo engokomthetho-mthetho. UKhongolo luye lwasabela ngokulalela, ukuvimbela kwezimali, nokulawula iziphathimandla, kodwa ukulinganisela kusaphikiswa. Ukuze uhlaziywe ngokunyenya, bheka i-Brokings Institutions ukuhlolwa kwemiyalo yezeluleko yezempathi yezempathiwe [.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Izinkantolo zibhekene futhi nokugxekwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa igunya elikhulu kakhulu noma elincane kakhulu. Abagxeki bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi abahluleli badlula indima yabo yokuchaza ngokuhlela imithetho, kuyilapho abameleli bezokunqanda ukwahlulela bephikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zithathe izishaya-mthetho ezikhethiwe. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ibonisa ukungezwani phakathi kokunikeza icala lentando yeningi nokuthembeka komthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Ukwehlukana okukhulu kungasebenzisa izihlolo kanye nezilinganiso, kuholele ekufuneni i-progray nomthetho wempi. Uma igatsha ngalinye lilawulwa iqembu elihlukile, isimiso singaveza ukuphikisana kunokubambisana. Nokho, lokhu kukhuhlana futhi kuvimbela ukushintsha kwenqubo kanye nokuhlela kwamandla, okungalinganisela izikhundla ezingathi sína ngesikhathi. Conreff.gov i-projectal database yezomthetho[[ inikeza ukufinyelela kwangempela kwesikhathi ezikweletini nasevoti, kubonisa indlela abavoti abakwazi ngayo ukuphuma.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Amagophe Nokulinganisela Emhlabeni Wonke

Ngokwesibonelo, nakuba inqubo ye - United States inethonya, ezinye izimiso zentando yeningi ezisebenzisa ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela ngokwehlukile.Izimiso zePhalamende zihlanganisa iziphathimandla eziphethe nezishaya umthetho, zithembele ekubukelweni kwezokwahlulela nasezinkantolo zomthetho - sisekelo ukuze zengamele. Amazwe anjengeJalimane neNdiya anezakhiwo eziqinile zikahulumeni kanye nezindawo zokwahlulela ezizimele ezenza imisebenzi efanayo esimisweni sase - U.S.

Ukuqonda lezi zinguquko kusiza ekucaciseni amandla nobuthakathaka bezithombe ezibusayo ezihlukene. INhlangano yezizwe zonke yeDemocracy ne-Electoral Appce ikhipha ulwazi olunemininingwane yezinhlangano zezombangazwe [ eziqhathanisa iziklamo zomthetho-sisekelo ezizweni zonke, inikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ngokuthi izinhlolo nezilinganiso zisebenza kanjani emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela Kwekusasa

Ukuze zilondoloze ukulandisa kwentando yeningi, izakhamuzi nezinhlangano kumelwe zilwele futhi zilungise isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lokhu kusho ukwenqaba ukungenela ekuzimeleni kokwahlulela, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ufeza imithwalo yawo yemfanelo yobubonisi, nokugcina izinqubo ezibonisa ukuphakama kwesimiso sokuphatha. Imfundo ye-CPIC futhi ifeza indima ebalulekile; izakhamuzi eziqonda izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zingasekela kangcono ukubusa okulinganiselwe.

Kubafundisi, C-SPA CD-Klady inikeza imithombo yamahhala yokufundisa ngokwehlukana kwemibuso, kuhlanganise nezilinganiso zevidiyo namasu ezifundo. Ukuhlanganyela abafundi abanezibonelo zangempela zamasheke nezilinganiso kukhuthaza ukwazisa ngezinhlangano zedemokhrasi futhi kulungiselela isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuzisekela.

Isiphetho: Ukuqhathaniswa Okuhlala Njalo Kwamasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasethi nama-ace nama-ascence ahlala ebaluleke kakhulu namuhla njengalapho uMthetho-sisekelo ubhaliwe. Lesimiso samagatsha ahlangene sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekubuseni, ekukhuthazeni ukubambisana, nasekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokusakaza igunya emagatsheni omthetho, abaphathi, nakwahluleli, uhlelo lwesakhiwo luqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ukhonza abantu kunokuba afune abambalwa.

Ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi uhlola kanjani nokulinganisela akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kubalulekile ukuze izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuba isakhamuzi esikhuthele. uma ziqaphela izindima nokulinganiselwa kwegatsha ngalinye, zingaba nesibopho esingcono sokubeka abaholi bazo icala futhi zisekele izimiso ezibonisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi. Enkathini yoshintsho olusheshayo nokungaqiniseki kwezombangazwe, ukuhlakanipha kokuhlola nokulinganisela kunikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokulondoloza inkululeko nobulungisa.