IRaje Sabra, noma uMkhandlu wase-United States, inesikhundla esihlukile nesinamandla angokomthetho ekuklameni kwentando yeningi yaseNdiya, indima eyaziwa kakhulu phakathi nenqubo yokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile, lapho imibuso yawo ivame ukulwa noma i-spensive, inikeza iRajeya Sabhaha indima elinganayo newumthetho wentando yeningi wezwe. Lena akuyona ingozi yokuhlela kodwa ukuzikhethela komthetho wezomthetho wezwe ngamabomu okuklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa i-mone, ukuqina, nokuvumelana kanye neDNA yomthetho-mthetho-siseko. Indlu yase-Upper House iqinisekisa ukuthi iningi lezombangazwe eLokha Shabsha ngeke liphinde liwushintshe wonke umthetho wezwe eliyinhloko.

Icebo eliphethe leRaje Sabha's

Ukuze iqonde ngokugcwele indima kaRajiya Sabba ekulungiseni, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde indlela akhiwe ngayo ngendlela eyingqayizivele, ehluke kakhulu kwe-Lok Sabba. I-Lok Sabra imelela abantu baseNdiya njengeqembu eliphelele, ekhethwe ngokuqondile abantu abadala bendawo yonke. Umehluko wokwakha uyitshe legunya lawo eMbusweni wamaNdiya. Amalungu awo akhethwa ngokungaqondile amalungu eSizwe esinguRhulumente esikhethekile esebenzisa isimiso esisodwa sokumelela i-onke amaqoqo adluliselwe ngokwesilinganiso.

Ukumelelwa Kwamazwe Nezindawo Zobumbano

Ukwabiwa kwezihlalo eRaje Sabha kuwukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwesakhiwo sikahulumeni waseNdiya. Isifundazwe ngasinye sinikwa inani elikhethekile lezihlalo ezisekelwe emphakathini waso. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amakhulu anezwi elikhulu ngokwesilinganiso, kodwa lendlela ivimbela uhlobo lwezihlalo eziphambili ezikhona endlini ekhethwe ngokuqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Union Projects imelelwe ku-Rajiya Sabba, iqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo zawo zithathwa ezingxabanweni zomthetho-sisekelo wesizwe. UMongameli futhi ucabangela amalungu angu-12 aye azibonakalisa ngokwawo ngokwezincwadi, isayensi, ubuciko, nenkonzo yezenhlalo, eletha izinga lobuchwepheshe obukhethekile enqunyweni enqubweni yomthetho ebaluleke kakhulu lapho kuxoxwa izimiso zomthetho womthetho wezwe.

Inkumbulo Engokwenzuzo Nezezinhlangano

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu senqubo yeRaje Sabba sihlala njalo. Ayikho ukudilizwa. Ingxenye eyodwa-ntathu yamalungu ayo ithatha umhlalaphansi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili, iqinisekisa ukuthi isiphithiphithi esingapheli iqhubeka ikhona. Lo mkhondo ohlala njalo unikeza iRajiya Sabba inkumbulo eyingqayizivele. Inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaba mide, idlulise izikhawu eziningi ngisho nohulumeni abahlukene. IRajiya Sabha inikeza isibambiso lapho izimpikiswano zemithetho-sisekelo zingagcinwa khona ngaphandle kokucindezela okukhona okuvamile kokhetho olubusa ukuziphatha kwe-Lok Sabba. Lokhu okuhlala njalo kuthuthukisa isimo esikhubazekayo esiqhubekayo, okungenani lapho kuhlelwa ngesimiso esingokomthetho, lapho kuhlelwa ngesisekelo sezincwadi ezingokomthetho.

Amalungiselelo Omthetho - sisekelo Ezokuhlaziywa: ISiphakamiso 368

Inqubo yokuhlela uMthetho-sisekelo ibekwe ngokucophelela engxenyeni XX, ehlanganisa iSiphakamiso esisodwa `Article 368. Lesi sihloko asiniki iPhalamende amandla okulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo; ukuthi amandla asuka kuMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. ISiphakamiso 368 simane nje sibeka phansi lenqubo. Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza isilinganiso esiphindwe kathathu sokulungisa, nendima yeRajiya Sabbaha ngokwehluka kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zigaba.

ISichibiyelo Samaningi

Amalungiselelo athile oMthetho-sisekelo akhishwe ngokomthetho eqenjini leSiphakamiso 368 futhi angalungiswa yiziningi zezindlu ezikhona kanye nokuvota. Lezi zinguquko ziphathwa njengebhizinisi elivamile lezemithetho. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa noma ukushintshwa kwemingcele yezifunda (Article 3), iholo nokuvunyelwa kwamajaji namalungu ePhalamende, imithetho yenqubo ePhalamende, kanye nokudalwa kwazo zonke izinkonzo zaseNdiya. Kulezi zimo, iRajiya Sabhaha ifeza indima efanayo nokuthi emthethweni ovamile (inani elikhulu elivamile) lanele, futhi amandla ayo alingana neLok Sabha, ngaphandle kwezindaba zemali.

ISichibiyelo Sama - core Akhethekile (Isigaba Sekhora)

Ingxenye enkulu yezinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo idinga "iningi elikhethekile" njengoba kuchazwe eSiphakamisweni 368(2). Lena iwumsuka wenqubo yokulungisa futhi imelela amandla abaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwezindlu ezimbili. Ukuze kudluliswe umthetho, kumelwe ulondeke endluni ngayinye yePhalamende:

  • Iningi lamalungu aleyoNdlu (iningi labantu abafuna ukulisebenzisa).
  • Iningi lamalungu aleyo Ndlu lingaphansi kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu futhi livota.

Lemfuneko isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuthi iRaje Sabha ayinakuphucwa izinguquko ezingaphansi. Iqembu lezombangazwe eliphethe iningi elikhulu eLok Sabhaha lingavalwa noma liphoqelelwe ukuba lixoxe ngezingxoxo ezinkulu uma lingenamanani adingekayo eRajiya Sabba. Imfuneko yengqikithi yamalungu (hhayi nje lawo akhona) ivimbela ukuba umthetho udluliselwe endlini encane, iqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye ephawulekayo yendikimba yonke yemithetho yeSishayamthetho ivume lolu shintsho.

ISichibiyelo Se - statity Ekhethekile E - Retification (Iziphendulo Zokuhlaziywa Kwezwe)

Kuzo ukulungisa okuthinta isakhiwo sikahulumeni soMthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile, kudingeka ulwelwesi oluthe xaxa lwemvume. Lokhu kulungisa akumelwe kudluli nje kuphela iziNdlu zePhalamende ngeningi kodwa futhi kumelwe kugunyazwe izishaya-mthetho zezwe ezingengaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa ye-Estates ngeningi elivamile. Izindaba ezibangela ukudukiswa kwemithetho zihlelwe eSiphakamini 368(2) futhi zihlanganiswe:

  • Ukukhethwa kukaMongameli (Izinkondlo 54 no - 55).
  • Izinga lamandla aphakeme e - Union ne - United States.
  • Izinkantolo Eziphakeme Zezindawo Zobumbano.
  • I - Union Judicary neziNkantolo Eziphakeme.
  • Ukusakazwa kwemibuso yemithetho phakathi kwe - Union ne - United States (iSimiso Sesikhombisa).
  • Ummeleli kaHulumeni ePhalamende.
  • ISiphakamiso 368 ngokwaso.

Kulesigaba, i-Raje Sabha isebenza njengendlela eyinhloko kahulumeni. Njengoba amalungu ayo ekhethwa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, alandisa ngokuqondile ezifundazweni. Ukuvota ekulungisweni kukahulumeni kuyiRajiya Sabhaha ngokuvamile kuyivoti yesimiso sikahulumeni sokuzibusa ngokwaso.

Indima Engokwesiko YeRaje Sabha Enqubweni Yesichibiyelo

Uhambo lwesivumelwano sokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo nge-Raje Sabha luyinqubo yokuhlola okunzima. Lomthetho ungaqala kunoma iyiphi indlu yePhalamende, ngaphandle kwezincwadi ezingaphansi kweSiphakamiso 3 esidinga ukutuswa kukaMongameli ngaphambili. Ngesinye isikhathi saqala kuyiRajiya Sabha, ithatha izigaba eziningana.

Isingeniso Nokufunda Kokuqala

Umthetho uqanjwa uNgqongqoshe noma ilungu elizimele. Ilungu kumelwe licele ikhefu lendlu ukuze kwethulwe izindleko. Lokhu akuvamile ukunqatshelwa kodwa kungaba ithuba lokubonisa ukungajabuli kwalo. Isihloko semali siyafundwa, futhi sikhishwe kuyi Gazette yaseNdiya. Akukho mpikiswano eyenzeka kuleli qophelo.

Ukumiswa Kwekomiti: Ukusetshenziswa Kwekhono Lokufunda

Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu uyenzeka ekomitini. I-Rajiya Sabha inamandla okubhekisela ekulungiseni umthetho-sisekelo wesivumelwano eKomitini Yokukhetha yeNdlu Ephezulu noma ejoyinanayo yama House. Leli ithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlola imininingwane eminingi. Ikomiti ihlola izimemo zomthetho ngokuzihlela, imema i-tatrandada kumphakathi, inxusa izikhulu zikahulumeni nochwepheshe bezomthetho, futhi izwa ofakazi. Imibiko yala makomiti inethonya elimangalisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti Ehlangene yeMandla neThomu (GST) yenza ukutusa okubalulekile, kuhlanganise nokususwa kwentela ehlongozelelweyo emhlabeni wezwe, okuthiwe i-10%, okuthi ngokuyisisekelo i-smeast Reformation. I-Syabulah'inqubo ye-Shabsting ivame ukuphatha i-Lokingles ne-Mosementscialstionsss (GST) ezindaweni ezikhona ezikhona ngokuqhubekayo, izikhonzi zendlu eziqinile, ezikhona eziqinile, ezivumayo ezikhona ezinzisiwe.

Ukucabangela Nokudla

Ngemva kokuba ikomiti inikeze umbiko wayo, isambathiso sithathwa ukucatshangelwa kwe-train-clause. Yilapho iRajiya Sabba iwenza khona ngempela uphawu lwayo. Amalungu ahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kwesivumelwano sokulungisa. Isivumelwano ngasinye sifakwa ekuvotelweni. I-Chairman (uMongameli waseNdiya) yenza indima ebucayi lapha, ibusa ekulungiseni inguquko futhi igcine ihleleke. Uma ivoti yokugcina idinga inani elikhethekile. Uma i-Rajiya Sabbahaha, idluliselwa kuLoka. Uma i-Sabbaha yenza izinguquko, izimende kumelwe zibuyele eRapyayayaha ngenxa ye-vsevse. Uma kungekho ilungiselelo elifile, i-Putective i-Prinet, i-Price Autective, noma i-Syceptic Synegay.

IRaje Sabra Njengenhlolo - vo EkaMajoliyani

Injongo eyinhloko yezombangazwe yeRaje Sabba enqubweni yokulungisa ukusebenza njengokuhlolwa kwe-anglicationalsst ye-Lok Sabba. I-Lok Sabhaha imelela intando esheshayo yabavoti. Igagasi lesikhashana lezombangazwe noma ukubusa okukodwa kunganika iqembu i-smajourty eWace House. I-Rajiya Sabhaha, nokhetho lwayo olushayo olungenakugwenywa, kuklanyelwe ukuba limelane nala magagasi ahamba phambili. Ivame ukubonisa isilinganiso esihlukile sezombangazwe kune-Lok Sabha.

Ukuhlola Indaba Engokomlando Yethonya LikaRaje Sabha

Umlando wezinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo eNdiya ugcwele izibonelo zeRajiya Sabba ethonya lawo.

  • ISichibiyelo samashumi amane nanye (1976): Sadlula phakathi noMphetho ophuthumayo, lokhu kwakuwukugqina okubanzi komthetho-mthetho. Nakuba kwadlula iRajiya Sabba ngenxa yamandla omphakathi wakhona ngalesosikhathi, ukuntuleka kwengxoxo eqinile yasebenza njengesixwayiso. ISiphendulo se-[FLT:] se-43] [[FLT] , sadluliswa nguhulumeni weJanta ukuze abuyisele uMthetho-sisekelo wangaphambi-Emergate, wabonisa indlela ukusetshenziswa kwenkulumo yempikiswano eqinile njengesixwayiso. [[FLT:]
  • ISichibiyelo se-101 se-GST - 2016] lesi sibonelo esivelele sobuzwe obubambisanayo. Uhulumeni wawungenayo ingxenye enkulu eRajiya Sabha. Isivumelwano sabhekiselwa eKomitini Yokukhetha Ehlangene, eyahlola ngokucophelela incazelo eyinkimbinkimbi kahulumeni. IRajiya Sabba yagcizelela izinguquko, ngokuphawulekayo yalahla intela ka-1% kazwe, futhi yanezela inqubo yezindawo ezingenisa imali elahlekile. I-GST Bill ime njengesivumelwano sendlela i-Rapya Sabha engathuthukisa ngayo umthetho wangempela.
  • ISichibiyelo sekhulu le- 103 (EWS - 2019): Ukunikeza indawo yezindawo ezibuthakathaka ngokwezomnotho kudinga ukuguqulwa komthetho-sisekelo ukuze kudlule uphahla olungu-50% olubekwe yiNkantolo Ephakeme. Impikiswano kuyiRajiya Sabba yagxila kakhulu ekulungeni komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo lokuphula loluphahla nencazelo "yobuthakathaka kwezomnotho""
  • ISichibiyelo se-105 seNkathi Yezimali (2021): Lokhu kulungisa kwabuyisela amandla ezindawo namasimu okuhlanganisa ukuhlukanisa nokwazisa ama-Cediation angokweNhlalo ne-Educational preadly Translation (SEBC). Kwakuyimpendulo eqondile ekwahlulelweni kweNkantolo Ephakeme. I-Rajya Sabra yadlala indima ebucayi ekudluliseni lomthetho ngokushesha ngesivumelwano esibuyiselwe i-imvume yezwe engokomthetho esendaweni ebucayi.

Ukubusa Okungenalutho

Lokhu kuyisikhali esinamandla kakhulu enqolobaneni yeRajiya Sabha' ngokuphathelene nokulungisa komthetho-mfantu. ISiphakamiso 108, esinikeza isibopho sokuhlala kwezindlu ezimbili ukuxazulula itsheni elifile elisemthethweni ovamile, sikhipha ngokucacile imibandela yokulungisa izindleko zomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma iRajiya Sabbaha ilahla intengo yomthetho-mgaqo, noma isikisela ukuthi ukulungisa i-Lok Sabhaha akwamukeleki, iLok Sabhaha ayikwazi ukuyiphoqa ukuba idlule. Umthetho-mfunda, noma uhulumeni kumelwe uzame ukwakha imvume esimisweni sesikhathi esizayo. Lolu hlelo luphakamisa i-Rajiyayahab ukusuka ku "evais host" kusetshenziswa igumbi elilinganayo ukuba ikwazi ukuguqula i-govern.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezindlu Eziphakeme Eziteshini Zokuchithwa

I - lens eqhathanisayo iqokomisa amandla ayingqayizivele e - Indian Rajiya Sabra. Ezimisweni eziningi zikahulumeni, indlu ephakeme inegunya elikhethekile ekushintsheni komthetho - sisekelo.

ISigele Sase - United States

UMthetho-sisekelo we-US udinga inani eliyisithathu sombili kuleyoNdlu yabameleli neSigele ukuba kuhlongozwe ukuvota. ISigele, lapho umbuso ngamunye unophawu olulinganayo (ama-senator amabili), iyindlu yamazwe anamandla. Umehluko oyinhloko yi-monicbuster eSigeqeni, icebo leproceddial elingabambezela noma livimbe ukuvota ngaphandle kokuba i-voti ye-divingmentation. I-Indiya Racya Sabbaha ayinawo isiko le-Renaster, kodwa ukuntula kwenqubo yokuhlala ndawonye kunikeza amandla afanayo, uma kungenamandla,. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni we-US u-2001/4) kumelwe umende isigrand, isigqeqeqeshane kakhulu kunemfuneko ye-19ne ye-19ne.

Indlu Yobukhosi Ehlangene

I-UK inemithetho-mthetho engagunyaziwe. Imithetho-mthetho enjenge-Human Rights Act ingaguqulwa yiningi elivamile eNdlu yamaKhoma. Indlu yamaLords imane ibambezela ngaphansi kwePhalamende leMisebenzi, elingasebenzi "kwezikweleti zemali" futhi ilinganiselwe onyakeni owodwa wezikweletu zomphakathi. Indlu yamaLords ayinakuvimbela ushintsho olungokomthetho uma amaCommons enqunyiwe. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ngamandla afanayo nawaseRavya Sabbaha' alinganayo nawasemthethweni phezu kwe-andendments. Isibonelo se-UK sibonisa lokho okwenzeka ngaphandle kwezindleko eziqinile zikahulumeni noma izikwele eziqinile: umphathi, isikhulu, esiyalezayo esivamile, singaqhuba ngoshintsho oluyisisekelo oluyisisekelo ngomthetho-mthetho - ngokomthetho.

ISigele Sase - Australia

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-Australia kunzima kakhulu ukunquma ngendlela efanayo. Kudingeka "abaningi" e-palement yesizwe: iningi labavoti bonke, kanye neningi labavoti ezifundazweni eziningi (4 ku 6). ISigele sase-Australia asinayo indima eqondile ekubekeni ukumiswa kwemithetho ngendlela efanayo; icebo livela ePhalamende likahulumeni, kodwa ukuvunyelwa kokugcina kuse kubantu. Lolu uhlobo oluqondile lwemvume yentando yeningi kunesibonelo esingaqondile se-Rajiya Sabha. I-Rajanya Sabbaha imelela ukuhlehlela phakathi kobukhosi obumsulwa bephalamende nobukhosi obuthandwayo obuthandwayo, obulalela ngesimiso sikahulumeni.

Izinselele Nokugxekwa Kwesibonelo SeRaje Sabha

Naphezu kwendima yayo ebalulekile, iRaje Sabha ikhona lapho igxekwa khona ngokuyinhloko ukuntuleka kwayo ngokomthetho wentando yeningi. Ohulumeni abangenayo iningi eMfuleni Ophezulu bavame ukuyisola ngokuthi iyisiphazamiso, indlu engakhethwe ebhuntshisa intando yabantu njengoba iboniswe ngeLok Sabha.

  • Party Disciption vs. Federal i-metation: Inhloso yeRajiya Sabra njengendlu emelelwa isithakazelo sikahulumeni ivame ukululazwa iziswebhu eziqinile zeqembu. Amalungu ePhalamende ngokuvamile avota emigqeni yemida yemiyalo esekelwe kumthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kunokuba athathele phambili ezithakazelweni ezithile zikahulumeni wawo. Lokhu kulimaza ukwakheka kwendlu.
  • Ukungasebenzi nokungalawuleki: Emashumini eminyaka amuva, iRajiya Sabha iye yabhekana nokuphazamiseka okukhulu, okuye kwaholela ekulahlekelweni isikhathi somthetho kanye nokugcinwa njalo kwebhizinisi. Lokhu kungcolise idumela layo njenge "emuva, igumbi lesibili" izisusa ezibalulekile zomthetho-mthethweni ziye zadluliselwa ngaphandle kohlobo lokuhlola okuningiliziwe okuthathwe ngabahleli bemithetho-mthetho.
  • Inguquko kanye nePropals: Iziphakamiso eziningana ziye zenziwa ukuze kulungiswe iRajiya Sabhaha, kuhlanganise nokusikisela kokukhetha amalungu ayo ngokuqondile ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa kwentando yeningi, noma isikhathi esimisiwe. Nokho, noma isiphi inguquko kuRajibya Sabha ngokwayo idinga ukubuyiselwa komthetho-mthethweni ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 368, okusho ukuthi iRapya Sabhaha kuzokuvuma ukuhlelwa kwayo siqu kokuhlelwa kabusha kwesimiso sezombangazwe.

Isiphetho: Ukudingeka Okukhuthazelayo KweRaje Sabha

IRaje Sabba iyinsika ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yokulungisa inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. Indima yayo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 368 iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awuwona umdlalo wesikhathi esinqunyiweyo weLok Sabhaha. Imfuneko yokuba abantu abaningi abakhethekile kuzo zombili izakhiwo, futhi ngokunokwenzeka ukuhlaziywa ngengxenye yezindlu zomthetho, kudala isimiso sombuso we-transclate sobumestry, uveza amaphuzu amaningi aphoqeqelela ukuvumelana okubanzi. Nakuba ingesheshiwe, i- - stomsble fection, i-slectrives, futhi i-sleactriveroit, i-gnote ment nomthetho oqinile, ayikwazi ukuyiletha ushintsho olungokomthetho ukuze kulondolo lwezinziwo, ukuthembeka, nobukhondla obusemthethweni bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. I-A idluliswe yi-padrome, ikakhulukazi yi-mingculogobo ekomitini enziswe kakhulu futhi i-o yokuhlolwa e-onke. Indiyensi.