Isiqondiso Esiwusizo Sokuchaza Umthetho Nesivumelwano Sezomthetho

Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ochazwa ngayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo ngokuzikhandla ekuphileni komphakathi kuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zesimiso sokusebenzela sombuso wentando yeningi. Ukuchazwa kwezinhlelo zomthetho - sisekelo kuthinta isimo somthetho wezwe, kuyilapho ukubopha umphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zentando yeningi zihlala zinamandla futhi zisabela ezidingweni zabantu. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, ukuthuthuka kwazo ngokomlando, ukusebenza okusebenzayo, nezindlela eziningi izakhamuzi ezingahileleka ngazo ekuphileni komphakathi ukuze ziqinise izinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Sencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ihilela ukuhlaziya incazelo nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo okuxazulula izimpikiswano zomthetho nokuqondisa izenzo zikahulumeni. Izindlela ezisetshenziswa abahluleli nezazi zomthetho ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo zinemiphumela ejulile emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye, amandla kahulumeni, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho waseMelika. Lezi zimo ezichazayo zibonisa amafilosofi ahlukene ngokuphathelene nesimo somthetho, indima yamajaji, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwasendulo namanje.

Impikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje imfundo kuphela − ithinta imiphumela yangempela emacala ahilela inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, amalungelo omphakathi, nezinye izici ezingenakubalwa zomthetho. Ukuqonda lezizindlela zokuchaza kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zisebenza kanjani ezindabeni zanamuhla nokuthi kungani abantu abanengqondo bengase bangavumelani ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Ngokusho Kwawo Kwasekuqaleni

Inkolelo - sisekelo iwumbono ongokomthetho e - United States osekela ukuchazwa kombhalo ngokomthetho - sisekelo, kwezokwahlulela, nokuvumelana nomthetho ngesikhathi uqala ukuwamukela. Le ndlela iye yaba enye yezindlela ezinethonya kakhulu neziphikisanayo zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo kwemithetho yaseMelika yanamuhla.

Intuthuko Yemfundiso Yokukholelwa KukaProfethi Wemvelo

Umbhali uRobert Bork ubizwa ngokuveza imfundiso yokuqala yanamuhla yobuNkulunkullu esihlokweni sakhe somthetho sango-1971, iNeuthal Principles neZiphithiphithi ze-First Reconst Remence, esakhishwa kuyi-The Yale Law Journal. Bork's yavela phakathi nenkathi yesenzo sokwahlulela esiphawulekayo, futhi wafuna ukusungula indlela esekelwe ewumthetho yokuchaza eyayingavimbela ukuhluzeka kokwahlulela.

Inhlangano yakudala yaqala ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namashumi eminyaka alandela. Abasunguli bokuqala bagxila "enhloso" yamaFramers, bezama ukuqonda ukuthi iziphi izinqubo zomthetho-sisekelo ezazihloselwe ukufezekisa. Nokho, le ndlela yagxekwa ngenxa yobunzima bokunquma izinhloso zobuphikisi kanye nokuveza imibono yeqembu elincane labadwebi abaphezulu ngenxa yokuqonda okukhulu emphakathini.

Ukuqalwa Kokuqala Komphakathi Okusho Ukuthini

Isabela kulokhu kugxeka, imfundiso yemvelaphi yakuqala yashintshelwa "ekuqondeni komphakathi kwasekuqaleni". Abakholelwa ekudalweni bakholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yokuqala yomphakathi ukuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi uyoba umthetho. Lendlela ayibhekiseli kulokho amaFramers ayekuhlosile ngasese, kodwa ukuthi umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuthola ulwazi wayewuqonda kanjani umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo.

Phakathi nenkathi kaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia eneminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amathathu eNkantolo Ephakeme, yena nezazi eziningana ezivelele bachaza ukuthi, njengabafundi bokuqala, babezimisele ukuzama ukuqonda incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela ibheka incazelo ecacile yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo njengoba yayiyoqondwa umphakathi, noma umuntu onengqondo, owayephila ngesikhathi uMthetho-sisekelo uvunyelwe.

Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zolimi, nakweminye imibhalo engokomthetho okungaboleka kuyo lo mbhalo. Ingathathwa futhi ezingxabanweni zomthetho eziyisisekelo nempikiswano yomphakathi eyabangela ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela inikeza izazi zokuqala imithombo eqinisekile engokomlando ukuba zihlole lapho zithola incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Izimpikiswano Ezihambisana Nokuqamba Kwakuqala

Abasekeli bobuProtestism bathuthukisa izimpikiswano eziningana ekusekeleni indlela yabo yokuchaza. Abasekeli bobukhomanisi bokuqala baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukumiswa kwemingcele yezahlulelo zokwahlulela, kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo siqu yezombangazwe. Ngokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo ngencazelo engokomlando, abasekeli bokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi abahluleli bacindezelwa izindinganiso zangaphandle, ezinenjongo kunokuba bathande bona siqu.

Abasekeli bezobufundisi bagcizelela futhi ukuba ngokomthetho kwentando yeningi. Abasekeli baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukusekela imibhalo kuthuthukisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngoba kunamathela emazwini oMthetho-sisekelo owamukelwa abantu ngokuphambene nalokho amaJaji acabanga noma akukholelwayo. Kulombono, uMthetho-sisekelo umelela isahlulelo esicatshangelwayo sabantu baseMelika, esivezwa ngenqubo yokuqeda inqubo elula. Abahluleli abasuka encazelweni yokuqala banamathela ngokuphumelelayo eMthethweni-sisekelo ngaphandle kokulandela izinqubo ezifanelekile zokulungisa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zokuqala zithi indlela eziyisebenzisa ngayo inikeza ukuqina nokubikezelwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Ukugxekwa Kokuqamba Iziqu

Abagxeki bobuProfethi baphakamisa izimpikiswano eziningana eziphawulekayo kulendlela yokuchaza. Baphikisa ngokuthi u-ronalism uyindlela eqinile, eyiphutha yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, iphikisa ngokuthi abantu besikhathi soMthetho-sisekelo babengazisho ezinye zezimo ezazingavela ezikhathini zanamuhla. Abase-Framers babengeke balindele ubuchwepheshe obulindelekile njenge-inthanethi, izikhali zenuzi, noma ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, nokho uMthetho-sisekelo kumelwe usetshenziswe ezimweni ezihilela la maqiniso anamuhla.

Baqhubeka bephikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yokuqala kungase kuhluleke ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngoba abesifazane namaqembu ambalwa babengenawo amalungelo afanayo ngesikhathi sokusungulwa (noma ukuhlaziywa kweziNguquko Zempi Yangaphakathi) njengoba kunjalo namuhla.

Izazi ezithile ziyazibuza ukuthi ingabe inqubo yokuzihlela iyasebenza yini ngempela. ubufakazi obungokomlando obuphathelene nencazelo yokuqala ngokuvamile abuphelele, buphikisana noma budida.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Ukugxila Encazelweni Eyingcaca Yombhalo Womthetho - sisekelo

I-textalism iyindlela yokuchaza egxila encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi yomthetho. Nakuba ihlobene kakhulu nokubhalwa kombhalo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kunezici ezihlukile nezinhlelo eziyenza ibe indlela ebalulekile yokuchaza ngokwayo.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokufunda Nokuqala

I-textalism iyisici esingaphansi kobuTshazi bokuqala futhi yasungulwa ukuze igweme ezinye zezici eziphazamisayo zobuProstoli bokuqala njengoba kwakuchazwe okokuqala. Ukusungulwa kombhalo kuveza ukuthuthukiswa kwenkolelo-lwazi yesiqalo, isuka ekuphenyeni imfuno eqonde encazelweni eqondile.

Umehluko phakathi kwazo ungowokusebenza, hhayi ifilosofi: Imfundiso yokuqala ibhekisela ngokuqondile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yamazwi aphathwa ngesikhathi sokubhala, kuyilapho ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kubhekisela ekuchazeni yonke imibhalo engokomthetho ngencazelo evamile yombhalo, ibekela eceleni izici hhayi embhalweni ngokwawo. Lomehluko uqokomisa ukuthi nakuba ubuSyristism buphathelene ngokuqondile nokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kungasetshenziswa ezimisweni, ezimisweni, nakweminye imibhalo engokomthetho.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokuchaza Izincwadi

Izincwadi zivame ukugcizelela indlela amagama asemthethweni ayeyoqondwa ngayo abantu ngesikhathi egunyazwa, kanye nomongo lawomagama avela ngawo. Ngokuvamile ababhula ngemibhalo bakholelwa ukuthi kunencazelo enenjongo yombhalo, futhi ngokuvamile ababuzi imibuzo ngokuphathelene nenhloso yababuthi, abatholi, noma abaqeqeshi boMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo lapho kuvela incazelo embhalweni.

I-textalism iyinkolelo-mbono engokomthetho lapho ukuchazwa kombhalo kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko encazelweni evamile yombhalo womthetho ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwawo, lapho kucatshangelwa khona kancane emithonjeni engeyona imibhalo, njengenjongo yomthetho lapho udluliswa, inkinga eyayihloselwe ukuxazulula, noma imibuzo ngokuphathelene nobulungisa noma ukungalingani komthetho. Lokhu kugxila emyalezweni kunokuba kuhloselwe injongo noma inhloso ihlukanise ukubhalwa kombhalo kwezinye izindlela zokuchaza.

UMahluleli u-Antonin Scalia, omunye wabasekeli abavelele kakhulu bemfundo yemibhalo yesandla, wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokufunda umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ngokunengqondo kunokuba abhale ngokuqinile. Wabhala ukuthi umbhalo akufanele uthathwe ngokungenangqondo, futhi akufanele uthathwe kalula; kufanele kucaciswe ngokunengqondo, ukuze kuqongelelwe konke okushiwoyo. Le ndlela ifuna ukugwema kokubili ukuthatha izinto ngokoqobo okuncane kakhulu nokuchazwa kabanzi.

Ukubhala Ngemibhalo Kuyasetshenziswa

AmaJaji avame ukuthembela embhalweni kanye nezinye izindlela zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Eqinisweni, iNkantolo ivame ukubheka embhalweni kuqala ngaphambi kokuba ihlole eminye imithombo engase ibe nencazelo ukuze ixazulule ukungezwani kombhalo noma iphendule imibuzo eyisisekelo yomthetho-sisekelo ongabhekiswa kuwo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ngisho nabahluleli abangabheki njengobaqondisi bemibhalo abaqinile baqaphela ukuphakama kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo ekutolikeni.

Izazi ze-Text ziphikisa ngokuthi indlela yabo yokubhala ithuthukisa izindinganiso eziningana ezibalulekile. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuvimbela amajaji ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo yezimiso, kuholele ekubikezeleni kakhulu ekwahlulelweni. Ngokugxila encazelweni eqondile yamagama esikhundleni sezinjongo noma izinjongo ezifunwa yizimiso, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuhloselwe ukunqanda ukucupha nokuthuthukisa umthetho.

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukuvumela Incazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo Ivumelane Nezimo Zesikhathi Esizayo

UMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ungowokuziguqula, ushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uzivumelanise nezimo ezintsha, ngaphandle kokulungiswa okungokomthetho. Lendlela yokuchaza iphambene neyokuqala futhi imelela umbono ohlukile ngokuyisisekelo womthetho - sisekelo.

Isisekelo Esingokwefilosofi SobuProthestani Obuphilayo Bomthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Nakuba "Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo" ngokwawo uyimpatho, kunokuba ube indlela ekhethekile yokuchaza, lamazwi ahlobene nemibono ehlukahlukene engekhona eyasungulwayo yokuchaza, ngokuvamile engokomthetho-mthetho. Ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo akuyona inkolelo-lwazi eyodwa, ehlangene kodwa kuhlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa ukuzinikela okufanayo ekuthatheleni umthetho ngokomthetho.

Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba isimo sezenhlalo sishintsha, ngisho noma kungavunyelwanga ukuguqulwa komthetho - sisekelo okungokomthetho kuyiSiphakamiso V soMthetho - sisekelo. Lombono ubonisa inkolelo yokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo kumelwe uhlale usebenza futhi usabela ezimweni zezenhlalo ezishintshayo, ezesayensi, kanye nokuqondwa okuthinta ukuziphatha.

UMahluleli u-Over Wendell Holmes waveza umbono onethonya wokuziphendukela kwemvelo okunethonya eMissouri v. Holland. Icala wasikisela ukuthi, "kumelwe kubhekwe ngokucabangela lonke ulwazi lwethu futhi hhayi nje kuphela ngalokho okwashiwo eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule." Lombono ugcizelela ukuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kufanele iqokonyiswe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuqongelelweyo nokuqonda kwamanje kunokuba ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile nencazelo yomlando.

Izimpikiswano Ezisekela Ubumthetho - sisekelo Obuphilayo

Abasekeli bomthetho-mthetho ophilayo baqhubekisela phambili izimpikiswano eziningana ngokuvumelana nendlela ababheka ngayo. Kwesinye isandla, impendulo kumelwe ibe yebo: akukho okunye okungokoqobo okungakhethwa kumthetho-sisekelo ophilayo. Umthetho - sisekelo wethu olotshiwe, ibhukwana elingaphansi kwengilazi eMgqonyelwe izinqolobane zeNational, lathathwa eminyakeni engu 220 edlule. Lingalungiswa, kodwa inqubo yokulungisa kunzima kakhulu. Ukulungisa okusebenzayo kusho ukuthi ngaphandle kokuzivumelanisa, uMthetho-sisekelo uzoba isidala.

Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo bagcizelela futhi ukungakholeki kwabaqondisi bezimo zesikhathi esizayo. Izwe liye lashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngo 1787 ngezindlela abaqali bengenakuzicabanga. Ubuchwepheshe, izakhiwo zezenhlalo, ubudlelwane bomhlaba wonke, nezinye izici ezingenakubalwa zokuphila kwanamuhla ngokuyisisekelo zihlukile kumongo weshumi nesishiyagalombili lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa khona. Ukunamathela ngokuqinile encazelweni yokuqala, abacusumbuli baphikisa ukuthi, kungenza uMthetho-sisekelo ungakwazi ukusingatha izinselele zanamuhla.

Abanye abasekeli bomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi amanye amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo abhalwa ngamabomu, ngokwezinombolo ezibanzi ukuze avumele ukuvumelana ekusetshenzisweni. Imibono efana "inqubo esele," "isivikelo esilinganayo" ne"isijeziso esingavamile" abhalwe ngesihle, aheha ukuchazwa okucabangela izindinganiso zamanje nezimo.

Ukugxekwa Kobumthetho Obuphilayo

Abaphikisi boMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo ngokuvamile bawubheka njengohlobo oluthile lokwahlulela.abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lapho abahluleli behlaziya incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo yokubonisa izindinganiso zanamuhla, bawulwela ngokuphumelelayo uMthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kokulandela inqubo emisiwe yokulungisa, ngaleyondlela bephuca indima yabantu nabameleli babo abakhethiwe.

Abagxeki boMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo bagomela ngokuthi kuvulekele kakhulu ekuhlaseleni inkantolo, kodwa abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuvumelana nombono ocatshangelwayo kunikeza abalandeli inkululeko enkulu ekutheni yisiphi isinqumo abayosifinyelela esimweni esithile.

Abaqambi bezindaba zoqobo baphakamisa futhi ukukhathazeka ngokufaneleka kwentando yeningi. Uma abahluleli abangahleliwe bengashintsha incazelo yomthetho sisekelo ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni kwabo izindinganiso zezenhlalo ezihlanganisa izenhlalo, lokhu ngokusobala kululaza isimo sobudemokhrasi somthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo uthola igunya lawo ekutholeni inzuzo ethandwayo; uvumela abahluleli ukuba bashintshe incazelo yawo ngaphandle kokufakwa okuthandwayo kungasephula lesi simiso esiyisisekelo.

Ukuhlelwa Kwezakhiwo Neminye Indlela Yokuchaza

Ngaphandle kobuqalo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, nokusebenza komthetho - sisekelo, izazi zomthetho - sisekelo namajaji basebenzisa ezinye izindlela eziningana zokuchaza ezidinga ukunakwa.

Incazelo Yezakhiwo

Incazelo yesakhiwo ibheka isakhiwo esibanzi nezimiso ezingaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo kunokuba igxile kuphela emalungiselelweni athile ombhalo. Lokhu kuhlola indlela amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ahlukene ahlobana ngayo nendlela ukwakhiwa koMthetho-sisekelo okuhlanganisa ngayo izimiso eziyisisekelo ezinjengobuzwe, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Izimpikiswano zokwakha zivame ukwenza indima ebalulekile emacaleni ahilela ukwabiwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni noma phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso. Ngokuhlola umklamo woMthetho-sisekelo wonke, abahluleli bangahlanganisa izimiso ezingase zingashiwonga ngokucacile nganoma iliphi ilungiselelo kodwa ezicacile ekwakhekeni kwencwadi.

Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis

Imfundiso yokubheka nge-decisis() isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele isibonelo esilandelayo, zenza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. Ngisho nabahluleli abathi abakholelwa ekutheni ikhona ekuqaleni bayazihlonipha kakhulu izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ngisho nalapho lezo zinqumo zingahambisani kahle nencazelo yokuqala.

Ukuncika esibonelweni kuthuthukisa ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokungaguquguquki komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Kubonisa futhi inhlonipho ngokuhlakanipha okuqoqiwe kwezizukulwane zangaphambi kwamajaji nokubaluleka kwamathemba alungisiwe. Nokho, isiqalo singaqhubekisela amaphutha, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zingawephula yini amaphutha angaphambili angenzeki noma asuke engasebenzi.

Ukucatshangelwa Okubalulekile Nokuyizikhulu

Abanye abahluleli nezazi basekela izindlela zokuchaza eziwucabangela ngokucacile umphumela wezinqumo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi ukuchaza umthetho-sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kodwa kunemiphumela yangempela yezwe ezigidini zabantu. Ukucabangela okungokobufundisi kungahlanganisa ukusebenza kwencazelo ethile, imiphumela yayo ebuhlotsheni obungokweziqu, nokuvumelana kwayo nezindinganiso ezibanzi zomthetho-sisekelo.

Umphumela Ongokoqobo Wezindlela Zokuchaza

Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho kungaholela emiphumeleni ehlukahlukene ezimweni ezihilela amalungelo ayisisekelo, imibuso kahulumeni, nobuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nohulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: ISichibiyelo Sesibili

Umbono weningi woMahluleli Scalia ku-Ditut of Columbia v. Heller ubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwencazelo yakuqala yomphakathi ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo. EHeller, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphetha ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokuba nezikhali ezingaxhunyaniswanga nenkonzo yamabutho. Umbono woMahluleli uScalia wawuhlola kakhulu imithombo engokomlando, kuhlanganise nezichazamazwi, iziphakamiso zomthetho, kanye namalungiselelo omthetho womthetho osusukela enkathi eFunyaziwe, ukuze kuthole ukuthi iSiphendulo sesibili sasingaqondwa kanjani ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwe-ratiation.

Abagxeki besinqumo bathi iNkantolo kwakufanele isekele ukukhathazeka kwanamuhla ngobudlova bezibhamu nokushintsha kwezibhamu kusukela ngekhulu le - 18.Le mpikiswano ibonisa indlela izindlela zokuchaza ezingafani ezingaholela ngayo eziphethweni ezihlukene ngokuyisisekelo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nobandlululo Lwezinhlanga

Abahleli bomthetho-mthetho - sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kwakungokomthetho-sisekelo kusukela ngo-1877 kuya ku-1954, ngenxa yokuthi umbono womphakathi wawukuvumela, futhi kwaba yisinqumo esingekho ngokomthetho kuphela ngenxa yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme eBrown v. i-Board of Education (1954) – icala lapho becabanga ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme yashintsha futhi yathuthukisa uMthetho-sisekelo. Ngokungafani, izazi zokuqala zicabanga ukuthi iSichibiyelo se - 1450 sasilokhu sivimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga (ukutholwa kwayo ngo-1868), esinquma kweNkantolo Ephakeme isekela i-Constantion ePlesty v. Ferguene696), esinqumweni saseBrow ngo-195596, kuze kube manje.

Lesi sibonelo siqokomisa indlela ehluke ngayo izindlela zokuchaza ukuhlobana phakathi kwencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo noshintsho lwezenhlalo. Kubantu bokuqala, iBrown v. Board of Education yayisebenzisa kahle incazelo yokuqala yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, kuyilapho uPellesy enqunywe ngokungeyikho. Kubantu abaphila ngomthetho ngokomthetho, uBrown angase amelele ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuqonda komthetho sisekelo okwakubonisa ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi ngokuphathelene nokulingana kwezinhlanga.

Ukuqonda Ukuhlanganyela Kweqembu Lentando Yeningi

Nakuba ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kulawula isimiso somthetho okusebenza kuso intando yeningi, ukubophana kwezakhamuzi kunikeza amandla abalulekile okwenza ukubusa ngentando yeningi kusebenze.

Isivumelwano somphakathi sihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi abantu abahlanganyela kuyo ekuphileni komphakathi nokwezombangazwe kwemiphakathi yabo. Lemisebenzi isukela ekuvoteni nasekuthintaneni nezikhulu ezikhethiwe kuya ekuzinikeleni ngokuzithandela, ekuhleleni izinhlelo zomphakathi, nasekukhuthazeni izinguquko zesimiso. Uhlobo ngalunye lokuthembisana lusiza empilweni nasebutheni bezinhlangano zentando yeningi.

Ukubaluleka Okuyisisekelo Kokwabelana Ngezimali

Ngokuvota, izakhamuzi zisebenzisa ubukhosi bazo, zikhethe abameleli abayokwenza izinqumo futhi ziphendule labo bameleli ngezenzo zazo.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zokhetho

Izakhamuzi zinamathuba okuvota okhethweni oluningi okhethweni kumazinga ahlukahlukene kahulumeni:

Inkokhelo ze-Federal: ukhetho lwamaMongameli lwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, kuyilapho ukhetho oluhlangene lwendlu yabameleli neSigeqe lwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Lokhetho lunquma ukuthi obani abazomelela izakhamuzi ngokwesilinganiso sesizwe nangesimiso sikahulumeni ngezindaba ezisukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya kweminye inqubo yakwamanye amazwe.
Isiteshi se-Echotions: Ohulumeni, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhethwa ukuba zilawule ukubusa kwesifundazwe. Ohulumeni boMbuso basebenzisa igunya elibalulekile ngemfundo, ubulungisa bobugebengu, ezokuthutha, nezinye izindawo eziningi ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke.
Inkokhelo yendawo: ukhetho lukaMasipala wamameya, amalungu omkhandlu wedolobha, amalungu ebhodi yesikole, nezinye izikhulu zendawo ngokuvamile zinethonya elisheshayo ekuphileni kwezakhamuzi. Ohulumeni bendawo benza izinqumo mayelana nezikole, ukuphepha komphakathi, ukukhokha izintela zendawo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi.
Izinketho ezihlukene ne-Referenda: Izifunda-zwe eziningi ziphethe ukhetho olukhethekile ukuze zigcwalise izithuba noma zivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile emibuzweni ethile yesimiso, izilungiso zomthetho-mthetho-siseko, noma inyathelo lokuthatha i-operator.

Ukuba Umlenze Ongafundile

Ukuvota okuphumelelayo kudinga ukwaziswa nokulungiselela. Izikhundla zabavoti abahlolwa abafundelwe, ukuhlola amarekhodi abo, futhi ucabangele indlela iziphakamiso ezingafani ezingathinta ngayo imiphakathi yabo. Imithombo yemfundo yabavoti ihlanganisa:

Abaqondisi abangavoti abanikeza ukwaziswa ngezinyathelo zabazohlolwa nokuvota
Amawebhusayithi akha izintambo, ukulandisa okuphathelene nezokuxhumana, nezinto zomkhankaso
Ukusakazwa kwezindaba nezimpikiswano zabahlolozwe
Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni anikeza ukwaziswa ngezinqubo zokuvota, izindawo zokuhlola, nezimfuneko zokubhalisa
Izinhlangano ze - “bic ” ezihlaziya izihlongozo zezimiso nezikhundla zokufuna ukumiswa

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwazi izikhathi zokubhalisa, ukuhlukanisa izindawo zokuvota, ukuqonda ukuthi yini edingekayo, nokuqaphela ukukhetha okunjengokuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ukuphuma kwevoti okungenza ukuhlanganyela kube lula ngokwengeziwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Nabameleli Abaqanjiwe

Izakhamuzi zingaxhumana futhi kufanele zikhulume nabameleli bazo abakhethiwe phakathi nokhetho ukuze ziveze imibono yazo, zihlanganyele izinkathazo, futhi zisekele izinqubo noma izenzo ezithile.

Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nabameleli

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla bunikeza izindlela eziningi zokuxhumana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe:

[ Izincwadi ezisemthethweni: Izincwadi nama-imeyili kumahhovisi abameleli kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zichaze ukuma kwazo ngokuningiliziwe futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa okusekelayo. Ukuxhumana okubhalwe kahle, okungakodwa kuthambekele kakhulu ekutholeni ukunakwa kunokukha izinhlamvu noma ama-imeyili amakhulu.
Ukushaya izingcingo:[ Amahhovisi okubiza abameleli anikeza ukuxhumana okusheshayo futhi avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhulume ngokuqondile namalungu ezisebenzi alandelela izinkathazo zeqembu futhi zizidlulisele kumphathi okhethiwe.
Sacial Media:[ Izikhulu eziningi ezikhethiwe zilondoloza ubukhona bezokuxhumana obungokwenhlalo obugcwele, zinikeza omunye umzila wokuxhumana okuhlangeneyo nengxoxo yomphakathi.
Imihlangano yamaHholo-zingoso:[ Ezindaweni zomphakathi zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibuze imibuzo ngokuqondile, zizwe abameleli bechaza izikhundla zazo, futhi zihileleke ekuxoxeni ngokubhekene nezindaba ezibalulekile.
Izihambeli ze-Office: Ukumisa imihlangano emahhovisi esigodi abameleli banikeza amathuba ezingxoxo ezinwetshiwe, ezingathi zingene ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nezimiso.

Izinhloso Zobungcweti Eziphumelelayo

Lapho ukhuluma nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, amasu athile athuthukisa ukuphumelela:

Khuluma ngokucacile nangokuqondile ngalokho ofuna ummeleli akwenze
Chaza indlela le ndaba ekuthinta ngayo wena noma indlela umphakathi wakini othinteka ngayo
Nikeza ukwaziswa okuyiqiniso nemithombo ethembekile ukuze usekele ukuma kwakho
Yiba nenhlonipho futhi ube nekhono, ngisho nalapho ungavumelani ngokuqinile
Phishekela ukuxhumana kwangaphambili ukuze ubonise isithakazelo esiqinile
Yamukela lapho abameleli bethatha izikhundla ozisekelayo

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinhlanganweni Zomphakathi Nasemaqenjini Ezisebenzi Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza amathuba okubambisana nokuzibandakanya ezindabeni ezikhathazayo.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlangano Ezinhle

Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlangano zisiza ekuthembiseni izakhamuzi:

Izinhlangano zezempatho:[ amaqembu agxila ezindabeni ezithile zesimiso, njengesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, amalungelo omphakathi, inguquko yemfundo, noma ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuhlelwa kwemikhankaso, ukuvotelwa kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, kanye nokubuthwa kwabasekeli.
[ Izinhlangano zenkonzo zomphakathi:[[FT:1] Amaqembu anjenge Rotary Clubs, iLions Clubs, kanye nokuhlangana komakhelwane kuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ukuze zibhekane nezidingo zendawo futhi kuthuthukise ukuphila komphakathi.

[ Izinhlangano zomsebenzi ne-Trade Associations:[ Izinhlangano ezimelela imisebenzi ethile noma izimboni zivame ukuhileleka ekusebenziseni izinqumo ezithinta amalungu azo kanye nomphakathi obanzi.

[ Izinhlangano zemfundo ze-pivic:[ Amaqembu anjengeNhlangano yabesifazane inikeza ukwaziswa okungaphakamisi mayelana nabazothatha isikole, izimpikiswano, nenqubo yezombangazwe.

Izinhlangano zeGrasroots:[ amaqembu ahlelwe ngokwendawo akhuluma ngezindaba ezithile zomphakathi, kusukela ekuthuthukiseni amapaki nezikole kuya ekusingatheni izindaba zezindlu noma ukuphepha komphakathi.

Izinzuzo Zokuhlanganyela Ekwehlelweni

Ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi kunezinzuzo eziningana:

Ukusebenza ndawonye kwenza amazwi abantu abe namandla futhi kwandise ithonya

Izinhlangano zinikeza amakhono, imithombo yengcebo nesisekelo sokuthembisana ngokuqhubekayo

Ukuba amalungu kuhlanganisa abantu nezakhamuzi ezinezingqondo ezifana nezakhe inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo

Izinhlangano zivame ukusungula ubuhlobo nabakhi besinqumo, zithuthukisa ukutholakala

Ukuhlanganyela kuthuthukisa amakhono okuhola nokuncintisana komphakathi

Izinhlangano zinikeza amathuba okufunda ngezindaba ngokujulile

Ukuba Khona Emihlanganweni Yeningi Nasemacaleni

Izindikimba zikahulumeni kuwo wonke amazinga ziqhuba imihlangano yomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingaqaphela khona izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo, zinikeze ukufakwa, futhi zibeke izikhulu icala. Ukuba khona kulemihlangano kumelela uhlobo olubalulekile lwesivumelwano somphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zemihlangano Yeningi

iDoroba Council neMithetho yeSigodlo sesifunda:[ izindikimba zemithetho zendawo zihlangana njalo ukuze zicabangele imithetho, zivumele uhlelo lokuhlela, futhi zenze izinqumo zezimiso. Imihlangano eminingi ihlanganisa iziphetho zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi zingakhuluma khona ngomzimba.

Imihlangano yeSikole:[ Amabhodi esikole aqashelwe enza izinqumo mayelana nenqubo yemfundo, uhlelo lwezifundo, uhlelo lokuhlela, nemisebenzi yesikole. Abazali namalungu omphakathi bangaya futhi bahlanganyele kulemihlangano.

Ukuzwa nokulalela:[ Lemihlangano ibhekisa amakheli ezwe, izihlongozo zokuthuthukisa, kanye nezinguquko ezithinta izinga lomphakathi nempahla.

Ukuzwa kwePublic:[ izinhlangano zikaHulumeni zivame ukuphatha izindaba zomphakathi ukuze ziqoqe ukuqondiswa ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo, imisebenzi emikhulu, noma izinguquko zenkambiso ngaphambi kokwenza izinqumo zokugcina.

Imihlangano yamaHholo ehlotshisiwe:[ Izikhulu zathatha amahholo edolobha ukuze zizwe kuvela abahleli, zichaze ukuma kwazo, futhi zingene engxoxweni ngezindaba zamanje.

Ukuthuthukisa Ithonya Emihlanganweni Yeningi

Ukuze uhlanganyele ngokugcwele emihlanganweni yeningi:

Bukezani izihloko zemihlangano kusengaphambili ukuze niqonde ukuthi kuzoxoxwa ngani

Lungisa amazwi afingqiwe, agxiliswe akhuluma ngezihloko ezithile

Yiza nezinto zokusekela noma ubufakazi ukuze uqinise izimpikiswano zakho

Hlonipha isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokukhuluma nomphakathi

Abenzi besinqumo sekheli ngenhlonipho nangobuchwepheshe

Landelana nemiyalezo ebhaliwe ukuze ugcizelele amaphuzu akho

Yiba khona njalo emihlanganweni ukuze ubonise isithakazelo esiqinile futhi wakhe ubuhlobo

Ukuvolontiya Imikhankaso Nezinhlangano Zezombangazwe

Ukuvolontiya ngemikhankaso yezombangazwe noma izinhlangano zamahlelo kunikeza ukuhileleka kwezandla enqubweni yokuvota futhi kusiza ekulolongeni imiphumela yezombangazwe. Izisebenzi zokuzithandela zenkampane zenza imisebenzi ebalulekile eyenza abavoti bakwazi ukufinyelela futhi badlulisele imiyalezo yabo.

Umkhankaso Wamathuba Okuzithandela

Ukuhambisa: Ukuya emnyango ukuya endlini ukuze uxoxe nabavoti, usakaze izincwadi, futhi ukhombe abasekeli

Ibhange locingo: ukushayela abavoti ucingo ukuze baxoxe ngezikhundla zabazohlolwa, imibuzo, futhi bakhuthaze ukuphuma

[ Inhlangano ye-edult:[ Ukusiza nokufeza imicimbi, imibuthano, kanye nezikhokhelo

Ukuhlela: ukuphathwa kwezokuxhumana, ukudala okuqukethwe, kanye nokufaka abasekeli kuyi-inthanethi

Ukungena noMnyango: kusekela imisebenzi yomkhankaso ngemisebenzi yokuphatha nangabaphathi be-data

Ukubuka:[ Ukuqapha ezindaweni zokuhlola ukuqinisekisa izinqubo zokukhetha ezilungile nezifanele

Izinzuzo Zokuhileleka Emkhankasweni

Volunteering for campaigns offers unique civic engagement benefits:

Ukuhileleka ngokuqondile enqubweni yentando yeningi nemiphumela ekhethwayo

Amathuba okuhlangana nokusebenza nezakhamuzi ezicabanga ngendlela efanayo

Ukuthuthuka kwamakhono okuhlela nokukhulumisana

Ukuqonda ngokujulile izinqubo zezombangazwe namasu emikhankaso

Izindlela okungenzeka ziholela emisebenzini yezombangazwe noma ezikhundleni ezimisiwe

Ukwaneliseka komuntu siqu okuvela kubantu abazokusekela futhi kukwenze ukholelwe

Ukuhileleka Empikiswaneni Yokungalawuleki Nentuthuko Yemithetho

Izakhamuzi zingathonya isimiso ngokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile emizamweni yokuzisebenzela nokuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zokuthuthukisa izimiso.

Izinhlobo Zempikiswano Eziwubala

[ Umkhankaso wokwenza: uhlela noma usayina izicelo ukuze kuboniswe ukusekela komphakathi ngezinguquko ezithile zenqubo

IMikhankaso yoMkhandlu we-Letter-Writing: iqinisa imizamo yokukhukhula izikhulu ezikhethiwe ezinezixoxiso ezindabeni ezithile

IMiboniso ye-Public:[ Ukuhlanganyela emafolidini, emibuthanweni, noma ekuvuseleleni ukuqaphela nokubonisa umuzwa womphakathi

Isivumelwano se-media: Ukubhala izinhlamvu kubahleli, ama-op-ed, noma izinsika ze-log ukuze kuklanywe izinkulumo zeningi

Antimony: Ukunikeza uchwepheshe noma ubufakazi bomuntu siqu ezindlebeni zomthetho noma ezinqubweni zokubusa

Ukwakha i-Coalition Building: usebenza ngamaqembu ahlukene ukwakha ukusekela okukhulu kwezindlela zokuhlela

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuthuthukeni Kwesimiso

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni nezishaya - mthetho zenza amathuba okuhlanganyela emphakathini ekwakheni imithetho:

Ukukhonza emakomitini noma emsebenzini

Ukusabela ezicelweni zokukhulumela umphakathi ngezimiso ezihlongozwayo

Ukuhlanganyela ezinqubweni zokuhlelwa komphakathi

Ukunikela ngobuchwepheshe ekucwaningeni nasekuhlaziyweni kwezimiso

Ukuhlanganyela ekusebenziseni imali ngokungeyikho

Ukusebenzisa Amathuluzi Asebenza Ngezinombolo Ekuhlanganyeleni Ne - cobic

Ubuchwepheshe buye bavula amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela emphakathini futhi bashintsha indlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nohulumeni futhi zisebenzisana.

Izingcezu Zokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Nge - Internet

ISACULA : Izakhiwo ezinjenge-Twitter, Facebook, ne-Instagram zenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ulwazi, ukuhlela izenzakalo, futhi zihileleke enkulumweni yezombangazwe

Izimpawu ze-Platform: I-website njengoGuqulo.org kanye namapulatifomu afanayo asiza imikhankaso yesicelo futhi abonise ukusekela komphakathi izimbangela

Ukuhlobisa: Izimo zenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukusekela ngokwezimali, ukuthatha izingcezu, noma imisebenzi yomphakathi

I-website yomthetho: Izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi zinikeza amatheku kuyi-inthanethi ukuze zinikeze ukukhulumela, zinikeze ukwaziswa, futhi zihlangane nezikhulu

Izinhlelo ze-covic Technology Apps: izithobo zokusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibike izinkinga, umthetho wendlela, abameleli boxhumana, futhi zihlanganyele ekubuseni kwendawo

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuhlanganyela Emishinini

Qinisekisa ukwaziswa ngaphambi kokwabelana ukulwa nokungaqondi
Yiba nezingxoxo ze - Internet ngenhlonipho, ngisho nalabo abangavumelani
Sebenzisa izimiso zangasese ngokufanele ukuze uvikele ukwaziswa kwakho siqu
Qaphela ukuthi ukuthembisana nge - Internet kufanele kuphelelise, hhayi ukuthatha indawo, ukuhlanganyela ngaphandle kolayini
Qaphela amagumbi okunanela futhi ufune imibono ehlukahlukene
Isekela imithombo ethembekile yokwaziswa nemithombo yezindaba eneziqu

Ukukhonza Ezindaweni Zokugcina Imali Nakwamanye Amaqhawe

Ezinye izinhlobo zezivumelwano zomphakathi zihlanganisa imithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho izakhamuzi okudingeka ziyifeze.

Inkonzo YaseJury

Ukukhonza ejajini kumelela omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini embusweni wentando yeningi.

Nakuba inkonzo yokuvuna ingase ibe ephazamisayo, ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile:

Ivikela ilungelo lokuqulwa icala ngabasizi bejaji eliqinisekiswe uMthetho - sisekelo
Kuqinisekiswa ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene yazisa izinqumo zomthetho
Inikeza izakhamuzi ezinokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kwesimiso sobulungisa
Amaqembu anecala ezimpini zombango nasemacaleni obugebengu
Igcizelela isimiso sokuthi ubulungisa kufanele bunikezwe ontanga, hhayi nje izikhulu zikahulumeni

Amanye Amathuba Enkonzo Embaxa - mbili

Izisebenzi zokhetho: Ukukhonza njengesisebenzi sokuvota noma umahluleli wokhetho usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukhetho olushelelayo, olulungile
I-Advisory Boards:[ Izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi zimisa izakhamuzi emabhodini okuqondisa anikeza umfakela esimisweni nakuhlelo
[ IKomishini yeVolunteer: namakhomishane avame ukuba namakhomishane okuzithandela akhuluma ngezindaba ezinjengezindawo zokuhlala, imitapo, imitapo, ukulondoloza umlando, noma amalungelo abantu
Izinhlangano zobunhloko:[ Ukukhonza ezindinganisweni zomphakathi kusiza ekuxazululeni izinkathazo zendawo futhi kuthuthukise ukuphila komphakathi

Imfundo Yabo Bonke Nemfundo Yabo Bonke Ukuphila

Izakhamuzi ezitshala imfundo yomphakathi zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi futhi zenze izinqumo ezisekelwe olwazini.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ephelele

Izinhlangano: Amakolishi amaningi namayunivesithi anikeza izifundo, izinkulumo, nezinhlelo ngomphakathi, uhulumeni, kanye nenkambiso yomphakathi
Izincwadi zomphakathi:[ imitapo yomphakathi inikeza ukutholakala mahhala kwezincwadi, ama-sethi okuhlola, nezinhlelo ngezihloko zomphakathi
Izinhlangano ze-cobic:[ Amaqembu anjenge-National Constitution Center, iNhlangano yabesifazane Voters, nezinhlangano ezifanayo zinikeza imithombo yemfundo nezinhlelo
Imithombo ye-Governament: I-Website njenge-Congress.gov, izingosi zomthetho wesishaya-mthetho, kanye namatheku kahulumeni wendawo kunikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho, izinqubo, kanye nezimpikiswano zamanje
News Media: i-modeism ye-Seaty dateism evela emithonjeni ehlukene isiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlale zazi ngezenzakalo zamanje nezimpikiswano zezimiso
Ezifundweni: Izifundo ezinjenge-Kora, edX, ne Khan Academy zinikeza izifundo zesihle kuhulumeni, ezakhamuzini, kanye nezihloko ezihlobene

Ukuthuthukisa Izinhlangano Ezihlangene

Ukuthembisana uhulumeni ngokuphumelelayo kudinga ukuthuthukisa amakhono athile nemisebenzi yokuncintisana:

Ukucabanga okungaqondakaliyo: ikhono lokuhlaziya ukwaziswa, ukuhlaziya amaphuzu, nokuhlukanisa iqiniso nombono
I-media Literacy: Amakhono okuhlola ukuthembeka kwemithombo nokuthola ukwaziswa okunganembile
Ukuhlanganisa: Catable ukuchaza izikhundla ngokucacile nangokuthonya
Ubuciko: ikhono lokusebenza ngamaqembu ahlukahlukene afinyelela emigomweni efanayo
Isinqumo se-Confublict: Amakhono okulawula ukungavumelani ngokwakhayo
Ulwazi lwe-pivic:[ Ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo, izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo, kanye nezinqubo

Ukunqoba Izithiyo Ezivimbela Ukuhlanganyela Kwemibimbi

Naphezu kokubaluleka kokuthembisana uhulumeni, izakhamuzi eziningi zibhekana nezithiyo ezizilinganiselayo.

Izinselele Ezivamile

[[QURT:0] Izikhawu zesikhathi: Izinhlelo zomsebenzi, imithwalo yemfanelo yomkhaya, nezinye izibopho kungenza ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kube nzima
Iphepha lolwazi: Izakhamuzi eziningi aziqiniseki ukuthi zingahileleka kanjani noma zingatholaphi ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa
Izinhlungu ze-Enefficic:[ Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlanganyela kwabo ngeke kusenze umehluko
Izithiyo ezingokomnotho: Izithiyo zezezimali zingalinganisela ikhono lokunikela, ukuya ezinsukwini, noma ukuthatha isikhathi somsebenzi
I-Language Barriers: Izikhulumi ezingabuni isiZulu zingaba nzima ukuthola ukwaziswa noma ukuthatha igalelo ezinhlelweni ngesiNgisi
Impikiswano yonikezelo:[ Ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba noma ukuntuleka kokuhamba kungavimbela ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini eyenzekayo
I-Display: okuhlangenwe nakho okuphambene noma imibono kahulumeni ingakunqanda ukuthembisana isithembiso

Amasu Okwandisa Ingxenye

Nikeza iziteshi eziningi ukuze uhlanganyele, kuhlanganise nezinketho ezitholakala kuyi - Internet
Hlela imihlangano nezenzakalo abantu abasebenzayo abangase bakwazi ukuzithola ngezikhathi ezithile
Zinakekele izingane ezigijimeni zomphakathi
Yenza izinkonzo zokuhumusha nezinto zokuhumusha ngezilimi eziningi
Qiniseka ukuba izikhala zomhlangano ezingenekayo
Yakha izindawo zokwamukela ezikhuthaza ukuhlanganyela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene
Nikeza ukwaziswa okucacile ngendlela yokuhileleka
Bonisa umphumela wokuhlanganyela emphakathini ngezindaba zempumelelo
Qala ngezindlela ezincane, ezilawulekayo zokuthembisana ezakha ukuzethemba

Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Nesivumelwano

Izindlela abahluleli abasebenzisa ngazo ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo zimisa isimiso somthetho lapho ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kwenzeka khona, kuyilapho ukuthembisana komphakathi kuthonya ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuqonda umthetho - sisekelo nokukhethwa kwamajaji azochaza uMthetho - sisekelo.

Izakhamuzi eziyiqonda kangcono incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlola ohulumeni, ukuhlaziya izinqumo zenkantolo, nokusekela izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukumiswa kwamajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, kusho ukuhlangana okubalulekile kwencazelo yomthetho-mthetho kanye nezivumelwano zomphakathi. Omongameli bamisa amajaji, kodwa iSigele kumelwe siwaqinisekise, futhi zombili lezi zinqubo zithonywa umbono womphakathi nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kule nqubo:

Ukufunda ngamafilosofi okwahlulela achazayo
Ukuxhumana nabasekeni ukuze baveze imibono ngokukhuluma ngenkulumo eyimfihlo
Izinhlangano ezisekela amafilosofi athile okwahlulela
Ukuncoma amongameli nezingqungquthela ngokwengxenye kusekelwe ezindleleni zabo zokukhetha ukwahlulela
Ukuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi ngendima yezinkantolo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi

Ukwakha Isiko Lokuhlanganyela Emsebenzini

Ukwakha intando yeningi enamandla kudinga okungaphezu kwezenzo zomphakathi ngazinye zokuhlanganyela, kudinga ukwakha isiko elizazisayo nelikhuthaza ukuthembisana umshado.

Indima Yemikhaya

Imikhaya inendima ebalulekile ekwakheni izindinganiso nemikhuba yomphakathi:

Ukuxoxa ngezenzakalo zamanje nezindaba zezombangazwe ekhaya
Ukulingisa ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ngokuvota nokuhileleka emphakathini
Isikhuthazo sezingane ukuba zihlanganyele ekubuseni kwesikole nasemsebenzini womphakathi
Ukuvakashela izindawo zomlando nezinhlangano zomphakathi
Ukufundisa ukuhlonipha imibono engafani nezindinganiso zentando yeningi

Indima Yezikole

Izinhlangano zemfundo zinomthwalo wemfanelo okhethekile wemfundo yomphakathi:

Ukunikeza amaqembu emfundo ebanzi edlula ukukhumbula amaqiniso
Ukusebenzisa amathuba okuhlanganyela esikoleni
Ukuhlela imisebenzi yokufunda ehlanganisa ukufunda amakilasi nezidingo zomphakathi
Ukufundisa amakhono okucabanga okugxeka nawabezindaba okufundisa ukufunda
Ukunikeza ingxoxo ehloniphekile ngezindaba eziphikisanayo
Ukuhlanganisa abafundi nezibonelo zomphakathi kanye nabaluleki

Indima Yemiphakathi

Imiphakathi ingakhuthaza ukuthembisana uhulumeni:

Ukusungula amathuba afinyelelekayo okuhlanganyela
Ukugubha ukuhlanganyela komphakathi nokuqaphela izakhamuzi ezithembisene umshado
Ukwakha ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni, inzuzo engakhi, namabhizinisi
Ukunikeza izikhala zokuxoxa nokwenza ukucabangela
Ukusekela izinhlangano zomphakathi nezinyathelo zokusiza
Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukene ahlanganisiwe ekwenzeni izinqumo zomphakathi

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo Nesivumelwano Sesigqi

Kokubili ukuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho kanye nezivumelwano zomphakathi kubhekene nezinselele ezibalulekile namathuba ekhulwini lama - 20. Ukushintsha kwezesayensi, ukuhlukahluka kwenani labantu, ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe, kanye nezindinganiso ezihlanganisa izenhlalo, konke kuthonya indlela amaMelika aqonda futhi asebenzise ngayo idemokrasi.

Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo iyoqhubeka iguquka njengoba abahluleli abasha behlanganyela eNkantolo Ephakeme, kuphakama izimpikiswano ezintsha, futhi ulwazi olusha lwezomthetho luthuthukisa ukuqonda okusha. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezi mpikiswano zinesimo esingcono sokuhlanganyela ekulolongeni ikusasa lomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokufanayo, ukuthembisana komphakathi kuyoqhubeka kuvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Ubuchwepheshe obusha buyoveza amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela, kuyilapho buveza futhi izinselele ezihlobene nokungaqondi kahle, ukuzifihla, nokuhlukanisa kwamanani. Izinguquko zezibalo ziyoletha amazwi amasha nemibono ekuphileni komphakathi, kuthuthukise izinkulumo zentando yeningi kuyilapho kudinga futhi ukuzinikela okuvuselelwe ekuhlanganyeleni okuhlanganisa konke.

Impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ixhomeke kokubili ekuchazeni okunengqondo komthetho-sisekelo kanye nokuthembisana komphakathi okuqinile. Lapho abahluleli bechaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezinezimiso ezihlonipha kokubili umbhalo nomongo, nalapho izakhamuzi zihlanganyela ngentshiseko ekuphileni komphakathi, ukubusa ngentando yeningi kuyachuma. Ukuqonda lezi zici ezihlangene zokubusa kwentando yeningi kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuba zibe nengxenye ebunyeni obuphelele ngokwengeziwe.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuqala

Ukuze labo abaphefumulelwe bajulise ukuqonda kwabo incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo noma bandise ukuthembisana kwabo komphakathi, nazi izinyathelo eziqinile okumelwe ziqale:

Ukufunda Ngencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Funda umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo
Landela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezikuthakazelisayo
Funda imibono evela kubahluleli abahlukene ukuze uqonde izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza
Hlola imithombo yezinhlangano ezinjenge Constitution Center yesizwe
Thatha izifundo kuyi - Internet noma ulalele izinkulumo eziphathelene nomthetho - sisekelo
Funda izincwadi zezazi ezingokomthetho ezimelela amafilosofi ahlukahlukene okuchaza
Xoxa ngezinto ezihambisana nomthetho - sisekelo nabanye abanemibono engafani

Ukuhlanganyela Kwemicikilisho Yokuqalisa

Bhalisa ukuba uvote futhi wenze icebo lokuvota kunoma yiluphi ukhetho
Thola into eyodwa oyikhathalelayo bese ufunda okwengeziwe ngayo
Xhumana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe ngendaba ebalulekile kuwe
Yiya emhlanganweni kahulumeni wendawo ukuze uqaphele indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo
Hlanganyela nenhlangano eyodwa esebenzela izindaba ozikhathalelayo
Zikhethele umkhankaso noma ukuthatha isinyathelo kuqala
Xoxa nabangane nomkhaya ngezindaba zomphakathi
Zimisele ukuhlala wazi ngemithombo yezindaba esezingeni eliphezulu
Funa amathuba okukhonza umphakathi wakini

Intando yeningi ayiwona umdlalo oqashelwayo. Kudinga ukuba izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zihlanganyele ngenkuthalo eziqonde kokubili uhlelo lomthetho - sisekelo olumisa uhulumeni wethu nezindlela eziningi ezingahlanganyela kuzo ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngokujulisa ukuqonda kwethu incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo nangokuzibopha ngomphakathi onenjongo, sonke singanikela embusweni wentando yeningi onamandla, osabela ngokwengeziwe ofeza okuhle nokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi ngamunye nenkululeko yezizukulwane ezizayo.

Uhambo oluholela ekubeni isakhamuzi esithembisene futhi esinengxenye eqenjini lentando yeningi elinolwazi luyaqhubeka. Kudinga ilukuluku, isibopho, nokuzimisela ukuhileleka ezimpikiswaneni eziyinkimbinkimbi nasemazingeni ahlukene. Kodwa imivuzo [“ukuqonda ngokujulile isimiso sethu sikahulumeni, ukwaneliseka kokunikela emphakathini wakini, nolwazi lokuthi usiza ekulondolozeni nasekuqiniseni izinhlangano zentando yeningi, zenza umzamo ube ofanelekile. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqala nje ukuhlola lezi zindaba noma ungumthathi ngxenye yezakhamuzi, kuhlala kunamathuba amasha okufunda, ukuthatha iqhaza, futhi wenze umehluko.