Isingeniso: Ukuziphendukela Kwezingoma

I-licky yedemokrati emelela abameleli bentando yeningi, indlela izakhamuzi eziguqula ngayo intando yazo zilawule. Indlela yokuvota, ukuqoqa, nokubala kuveza imiphumela ejulile ekulondekeni kokhetho, ukutholakala, nokuthemba umphakathi. Njengoba imiphakathi iye yathuthuka kakhulu futhi yathuthuka ngobuchwepheshe, izindlela zokuvota ziye zahlukahluka kakhulu kunezindlela ezilula zezandla. Le siqondiso sihlola izimiso zokuvota ezingu-7 ezinkulu zephepha elihlala njalo ukuvela kumathektha emhlabeni we-gements //delate isebenza kanjani, imongo engokomlando, kanye nokwezohwebo okumelwe zihambele phambili abaqondisi bezokuvota novota.

1. Amabhola Asephephani: Indinganiso Engakholeki

I-collet yephepha iyindlela yokuvota endala kakhulu neqashelwa kakhulu, enezimpande ezihlehlela emuva e-Athene yasendulo nase-19-century America. Kulendlela yanamuhla, umvoti uphawula ukukhetha ekhadini lephepha elivamile noma iphepha esebenzisa ipeni noma isigqebhezana. I-bolot ifakwa ebhokisini elivaliweyo ukuze ibhalwe ngesandla noma i-oveced transmitte.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Amabhola aqala ukunyatheliswa ngamagama angaphambili kanye nama-collet. Amavoter agcwalisa i-oval, hlola ibhokisi, noma afake isibhakela ukuze abonise ukukhetha kwawo. Ngemva kokuphenya, izikhulu zokhetho noma izisebenzi zokuzithandela zibhala amabhola abhaliwe phambi kwaphambi kwaphambi kwaphambi kwaphambi kwamagama e-bipartis. Ngokuvamile zifakwa ezinhlakeni zokuhlola. Ngenxa yokuthi i-colot engokoqobo ngokwayo ikhona njengombhalo oyinhloko, ingabuye ibuye ibhalwe futhi ichazwe engxabanweni.

Izinzuzo Zamaphepha

  • [[I-FLT:0] Ubufakazi obungaqondakali: Amavoter angabona futhi abambe i-collet yawo eqediwe, eqinisa ukwethembana. I-opera yenyama isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ezimele engahlolwa engqikithini yemishini.
  • Ukuzinza nokujwayelana: Akukho buchwepheshe obudingekayo. Amabhola amaphepha asebenza ngaphandle kukagesi, i-software, noma i-inthanethi yokuxhumanisa, eyenza iqine kakhulu.
  • Ingozi ephansi yokucushwa okukude: ngoba i-colot ayikho ngokohlobo lwezinombolo ezingafinyelelwa kude, indawo yokuhlasela incane uma iqhathaniswa nemishini yogesi.
  • Izimpawu zezimiso zomthetho:[ izikhomishane zokhetho zineminyaka eminingi yesibonelo sokuphatha amavologo ephepha, kuhlanganise nokulandisa izinqubo nemithetho ye-ketanga.

Izingozi Zamaphepha

  • Abantu babala iphutha:[ Izincwadi zobukhono azisheshi futhi zithambekele emaphutheni, ikakhulukazi emagunyeni ezinkulungwane zezinhlanga nezinyathelo. U 2000 impikiswano yokhetho lomongameli wase-U.S. ngo-“kuphakamisa ama-cads” iyisibonelo esixwayisayo.
  • Umthwalo wokwenza ungene: amavoloti ephepha kumelwe anyatheliswe, agcinwe ngokulondekile, athunyelwe ezindaweni zokuvota, futhi aqoqwe ngemva kokuvota. Lenqubo ibiza kakhulu futhi isengozini yokwebiwa noma ukulahleka.
  • Izincwadi ezifinyelelwe ezinokutholakala: ezinokukhubazeka kwamehlo noma ukukhubazeka kwemoto zingaba nzima ukuphawula ibhola lephepha ngaphandle kosizo. Nakuba eminye imikhakha inikeza ama-athomitente, ukutholakala kuhlala kuyinselele.
  • Izingozi ze-Fraud: Ukufaka ibhola, ukuguqula phakathi nezokuhamba, noma ukukhohlisa kwamabhola angekho kuyizinsongo zangempela ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile yeketanga eliqinile.

Naphezu kwalezi zinkinga, amavoloti ephepha ahlala eyindinganiso yegolide kukhetho olubhaliswayo. Njengoba i Brennan Center for Justice iphawula, [[FLT: 0] amavoloti amaphepha anikeza isisekelo esinokwethenjelwa esinciphisa izingozi ezihlobene nokuvota ngemishini[.

Imishini Ye - electronic (EVM)

Imishini yokuvota ye-electronic (EVMs) yavela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka njengendlela yokusheshisa ukuvota nokuvala. Lemishini ivame ukuveza isixhuzu noma inkinobho lapho abavoti bekhetha khona. Ezinye i-EVM zinyathelisa inkishi yephepha yephepha elivotayo − i-tracker-ficificity tracter yephepha elinoficitenezelelweyo (VPAT) [1] kanti ezinye zigcina imiphumela yonke enkundleni yemicimbi.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

I-EVM ehamba ngokuthumela ngokuqondile i-operateding ye-software ivota ngaphakathi ngekhanda, ngokuvamile ngekhadi lokudayisa elisukayo noma nge-openthing. Ngemva kokhetho, ukwaziswa kudluliselwa kwisiphakeli esiphakathi noma ngokwengxenye engokoqobo ukuze ithunyelwe. Ezimisweni nge VVPAT, umvoti uveza isishwankathelo esibhaliwe ngaphambi kokuba umshini uqinisekise ukuvota.

Izinzuzo Zama - EVM

  • Ijubane: Ukubala kucishe kucishe kuphele ukuhlola. Imiphumela ingabikwa phakathi nemizuzu embalwa, isidingo somphakathi sezinzuzo ezisheshayo.
  • Iphutha lomuntu eliye lasuswa: Umshini ususa amaphutha okufunda, amaphawu alahlekayo, namaphutha athatha isikhathi eside avame ukufakwa ephepheni elibhalwe ngesandla.
  • Unikezelo: ama-EVM anganikeza ama-bolot aqokonyiswayo, umbhalo omkhulu-wokufont, kanye nezinye izisetshenziswa zomfakela kubavoti abakhubazekile, ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zemithetho njenge U.S. American Vote Act.
  • [[Ulwimi:0] uxhakathiso lolimi: Izimpawu zezilimi eziningi zingasetshenziswa kalula ngaphandle kodinga amavoloti abhaliwe ahlukene.

Izingozi Zezinhlayiya Eziyingozi

  • Ukuzimela: ngaphandle komzila wephepha, akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa imiphumela ngokuzimele. Ukuhlola kwamaqembu anjenge- i-Vorified Treating Foundation[ kubonise ukuthi ezinye i-DRES zingabekwa engozini nge-wareare noma ngaphakathi kokuhlasela.
  • Ukuhluleka kwezentengiselwano: Imishini ingaphahlazeka, ishaye, noma ingasebenzi kahle ngosuku lokhetho, ibangele imigqa emide nokulahla. Imidlalo ivame ukuhilizela amavoloti ephepha agciniwe.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Iphepha lokukhanya: Ikhodi yemvelaphi ivame ukubhalwa futhi ayibaliseki obala. Ngisho nemisuka evulekile idinga ukuhlolwa okunzima kwezokuphepha.
  • i-EVM iyabiza ukuthenga, ukugcina, nokubuyisela. Izifunda eziningi zibhekene nokungahleleki kohlelo lwemali okuholela kwimishini ephelelwe isikhathi.

Ukuze banciphise lezingozi, ochwepheshe abaningi basekela izimiso ezihlanganisa i-electronic engcono ne-pasethi yephepha eliqinisekisiwe. I-European Commission’s ifaka i-evolution iqokomisa ukubaluleka kokuphela-ukuya ekupheleni kwanoma isiphi isimiso sogesi.

Ukukhangwa Kwesicathulo Esibonayo

Umshini wokuvota uvote amabhuloho aphakathi kwephepha ne-electronic. Abavoli bagcwalisa ibhola lephepha besebenzisa ipeni noma uphawu, bese befaka ibhola elibhaliwe emshinini ofunda amachashaza ngobuchwepheshe bokubona (OCR). Umshini ubhala imiphumela uma ulondoloza ibhola elibhajwa elingokoqobo lokuhlola.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Umvoti uthola ibhola lokuvota elinyatheliswe ngaphambi kokuba linyatheliswe bese efaka izinhlayiya ze-oval, axhumanisa imicibisholo, noma agcwalise amabhokisi ahambelana nezinqumo zabo. Ngemva kokuqeda ibhola, umvoti ulifaka kumshini wokuhlola endaweni yokuvota. Umshini ufunda amaphawu, ugcine ivoti, bese ufaka ibhola lomshini entweni evaliwe. Izinqubo zokubala eziphakathi zihlola amabhola angekho emabhulwini endaweni ephakathi.

Izinzuzo Zesembozo Sokubona

  • Umzila wephepha kanye nesivinini: I-collet yephepha eligciniwe isebenza njengerekhodi lomthetho, kuyilapho umshini unikeza amanani asheshayo, anembile. Imiphetho ingaqhathanisa ingqikithi yomshini namasampula abalwa ngesandla.
  • Inqubo izizwa ifana nokuhlolwa okuvamile, abavoti abaningi abakuqondayo kakade.
  • Imiphumela: Amaskeni ngokuvamile abizayo kunemishini ye-DRE egcwele, futhi ama-collet ephepha ashibhile ukukhiqizwa.
  • Ukucutha:[ Isilinganiso sengozi yokuhlola (RL)] --a isilinganiso segolide (kulula ukwenza ngezimiso zokuhlola ukubona.)

Izingozi Zomdwebo Wokubona

  • Ballot ukungafundi kahle: Ivoters zingahluleka ukugcwalisa amagwebu ngokuphelele, zisebenzise iziphawuli ezingalungile, noma i-smdge inki, zibangele umshini ukuba ufunde kabi noma ulahle i-collet.
  • Iziminyane namaphutha: Amaskeni angaminyana, ancelisa kabi, noma angasebenzi kahle, ikakhulukazi ngemishini emidala. Ukuthatha ngephutha kungaholela ekufundeni okungahlelekiyo.
  • [ Imfundo edingayo:[ Iziyalezo ezicacile ziyadingeka; uma kungenjalo, ama-pane namavote (ukukhetha inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-apont) ayakhula.
  • [ Izinselele ze-ambuele blosee : I-mail bollot ekhishwe phakathi kwe-scanner ingacushwa yimiba efanayo, futhi ukubukezwa kwezincwadi ezididayo kungaba yi-spects.

I-optical scan yokuvota isetshenziswa kabanzi e-United States nasezingxenyeni ze-Europe. I-National Institute of Diftional and Technology (I-NIST) ikhipha [[FLT: 0] imifantu yokuhlola nokuhlukanisa [ yalezi zimiso ukuze ilondoloze ukunemba.

4. Ukusakaza nge - Internet

Uvota kuyi-inthanethi . ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa i-e-vovota noma i-internet − abavoti ukuba bafake amabhola kude nge-copyright noma nge-app. Amazwe amaningana, kuhlanganise ne-Estonia, aye asebenzisa i-nethine ekuvoteleni ngokhetho lwesizwe. E-Estonia, cishe ingxenye yawo wonke amavoti ifakwa kuyi-inthanethi, futhi kunezinqubo eziyiqiniso ezakhelwe esimisweni.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Amavoter ayaziqinisekisa ngokusebenzisa ama-ID (umz., amakhadi kagesi esizwe) noma isiqiniseko samafektha amabili. Angena e-chweba elilondekile, enza ukhetho, futhi athumele ivoti eyimfihlo. Ivoti igcinwa kwisiphakeli esikude kuze kube yilapho ukhetho luvalwa, bese lukhishwa futhi lugcinwa. Izinqubo eziningi zikhiqiza irisithi elifihlwayo ukuze abavoti baqinisekise ukuthi i-bolot yabo ibhalwe kahle.

Izinzuzo Zokusakaza I - Internet

  • [[QULT: 0] Ukunenzuzo kanye nokutholakala: Izivori zingahlanganyela kunoma kuphi ngokuxhumanisa kolwembu, ukususa uhambo, ukulinda izikhathi, nokuhlela izingxabano. Lokhu kuhlangene nokwenyuka okunesizotha kwezinhlelo ze-injini ezithile.
  • Imali egciniwe:[ ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvota ngomshini kunciphisa izindleko zokunyathelisa, zokuthutha, nokuhlola indawo.
  • ijubane lemiphumela: ukubopha kungakhishwa ngokushesha, futhi imiphumela ingakhishwa uma nje ukuhlola sekuphelile.
  • Ukuthuthukisa unikezelo:[ abafundi besibuko, izikhulisi, kanye nezinye iziteshi zobuchwepheshe ezisizayo zingahlanganiswa endaweni yesikhulumi.

Izingozi Zokusakaza I - Internet

  • Izingozi zokhuseleko: ukuvota kuyi-inthanethi kunweba indawo yokuhlasela kakhulu. IMalware ezincutsheni zokuvota, ukuhlasela kwe-phishing, ukuphika ukuhlasela kwe-service, nokuphazamisa kwabasekeli kungahlehlisa ubuqotho. I-Cybersecurity ne Infrastrust Security Agency (CISA) isho ukuthi i-Internet ayiqiniseki ngokwaneleyo kukhetho lukahulumeni ([ imithombo ye-octives.]).
  • Igebe: Imishini engakhombiwe noma engafundiwe ngokwezimiso zobuchwepheshe ikhishiwe, ngokunokwenzeka isusa amakhaya, asebekhulile, futhi intuthu yenani.
  • Iphepha le-collet yomshoshaphansi isiqinisekiso: Amavote akhishwe ngesisetshenziswa somuntu angaphoqelelwa noma athengiswe umvoti/a ukwephulwa komthumeli we-collet.
  • I-software eyinkimbinkimbi idinga ukubukezwa ngochwepheshe, kodwa ukuhlolwa komphakathi kunzima ngenxa yemithetho e-propritary kanye nobunkimbinkimbi besakhiwo.

Naphezu kwalokhu kukhathazeka, ukuvota kuyindawo yokucwaninga ephambili. Isikole sezwe se- se-National Academist of Sciences, Engineering, kanye ne-Medicine siye safuna imithetho eqinile yokufihla i-internet ngaphambi kokuba isetshenziswe kabanzi.

5. Ukulanda ngeposi (Imfuyo Yemvume)

Uvota lweposi, ngezinye izikhathi olubizwa ngokuthi ukuvota kweposi, luvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithole ivoti ngeposi, ziyiqede ekhaya, futhi ziyibuyisele khona ``kungaba ngeposi' noma ngebhokisi leconsi. Lendlela iye yathandwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID, nakuba iye yasetshenziswa emashumini amaningi eminyaka ezifundazweni ezinjenge-Oregon, iWashington, ne-Colorado, lapho zonke izinqulo ziphathwa khona ngokuyinhloko ngeposi.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Abavoti ababhaliswe bathunyelwa iphakethe lokuvota, ngokuvamile elinebhokisi elisemthethweni, imvilophu yokufihla imfihlo, imvilophu yokubuya engaphandle ebhalwe igama lomvoti nebhari, neziqondiso. Umavoti uphawula ibhola lebhola, ulibeka emvilophini yokufihla, ulifaka ngaphakathi emvilophini yokubuyisela, lifaka uphawu lwe-affidavit ngaphandle, futhi liyithumela noma liyiwine ebhokisini lenkongozelo yemvume. Uma i-licket, izikhulu zokhetho ziqinisekisa isignomende ngokumelene nerekhodi yokubhalisa yomvoti ngaphambi kokuba kuhlelwe.

Izinzuzo Zokusakaza Iposi

  • Inzuzo ephakeme:[ Abavolontiya bangahlola kanye nombuzo ngejubane labo ngaphandle kokunqandwa kwamahora okuvota indawo.
  • [[Isikhathi sokucabanga: Ukuba nekhasi ngezinsuku noma emasontweni ngaphambi kokuba isikhathi sokwenza izinqumo sivumele ukwenza izinqumo ngokucophelela.
  • Ingozi encishisiwe yempilo yomphakathi: Ukuvota iposi kususa izindawo zokuvota eziminyeneyo, kunciphisa ukusakazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo.
  • Irekhodi lomkhondo we-Schepn: Amazwe nawo wonke ama-imeyili abika ukwaneliseka okukhulu kovoti futhi ngokungaguquki. Ngokwe- Conference of State Legistratures, amazinga okukhwabanisa ekuvoteleni iposi aphansi kakhulu.

Izingozi Zokusakaza Iposi

  • Imail bestrive: Inkonzo yeposi yehlisa ingavimbela amabhola ekufikeni noma ukubuyiswa ngesikhathi. Amabhola asemuva ngokuvamile awabalwa.
  • u-Ballot ukuphazamisa: Ukufakwa komthungo noma uthunjwa kweposi kuyingozi ecatshangelwayo, nakuba izenzakalo ezingokoqobo ziyivelakancane. Ukuvikelwa kwe-cain-of curtey kwemibhoshongo yokulahla amabhokisi kubucayi.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukusayina izinselele zobuqiniso: Isignesha engafanelani ingabangela ukuba amabhola angalahlwa. Abanye abavoti banenkinga yokunikeza izigqhibo ezingaguquguquki, futhi lenqubo ingasusa abavoti abasemthethweni ngaphandle kwenqubo yokwelapha.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izikhombo zomshoshaphansi:[ Amalungu omkhaya noma abanakekeli bangacindezela noma baqaphele indlela umvoti afaka ngayo ivoti yakhe ekhaya.
  • Izindleko zokuphatha eziphakeme: Ukunyathelisa, ukuposa, nokulungisa (kuhlanganise nokusayinwa kwesiqinisekiso, imvilophu ukuvula, ukuhlolwa) kungabiza kakhulu kunokuvota nge-person ngesisekelo sophawu ngalunye.

Ukuvota ngeposi manje kusenkampane kubaphathi bokhetho ezifundeni eziningi. U.S.Euption Application Commission inikeza imikhuba engcono kakhulu emiklamweni yokulungisa iposi kanye neketanga le-campte-comptedy.

Ukukhetha Okuhle (RCV)

Ukuvota okungakhethwanga − futhi okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo (IRV) kuyindlela lapho abavoti bekhetha khona ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti othola khona amavoti amaningi ezindawo zokuqala, ozovota ambalwa kakhulu athathelwe indawo asusiwe, futhi amavoti abo adluliselwa ekukhetheni kwesibili. Lenqubo iphinda futhi kuze kube yilapho omunye umvoti ovotelweyo enqamule umnyango omkhulu.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo

Kuvoti, abavoti babona uhlu lwabazobhapathizwa futhi babela ngamunye (umz. 1, 2, 3). Bangakhetha ukubeka inani lababezobhapathizwa noma abambalwa ngokwesifiso sabo. Ukuvota kuqhubekela ezindinganisweni: okokuqala, babala zonke izivoti zokuqala. Uma ofundayo ethola izinombolo ezingaphezu kwezingu-50%, bayawina. Uma kungenjalo, bakhiphe umbhalisa ngevoti encane kakhulu. Kunoma isiphi isibalo esinesisulu esisusiwe, ukuvota kudluliselwa kumfundi olandelayo osengumncintiswaneni. Imijikelezo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho umwini ephuma.

Izinzuzo Zokukhetha Okunemisebe

  • Umyalo we-Majority:[ Ukunqoba kusekelwa (ngokuqondisiwe) noma ngokudluliswa (*)) ngeningi, ukugwema umphumela womonakalo kanye nokunqoba kobuningi okungaphansi kuka-50%.
  • [ ukuvumela umkhankaso oqondile: amakhambi anamandla okunxusa abasekeli bezithasi ukuba bathole amavoti wesibili, ukunciphisa ukuhlasela okungakhi.
  • Ukuhlukahluka okukhulu okungalindelekile: RCV inganciphisa izithiyo kubavoti abathatha ingxenye yesithathu nabazimele, abavame ukuhlukanisa amavoti ngaphansi kwesiqalo sokuqala.
  • Inkulumo yevoter: Ivoters zingakuveza ngokwethembeka ukusekela komfundi onezitho ezine zentambo lapho isathonya umphumela wokugcina ngokukhetha isisekelo.

Izingozi Zokuzikhethela Okukhethekile

  • Ukulandelana:[ Abanye abavoti bathola indida edidayo, eholela emaphutha ebhola eliphansi njengesigaba esisodwa kaphinda-phinde noma ukuphunyuka kwezinombolo. Kudingeka imfundo enkulu yamavoti.
  • Ubalo oluphansi:[ Imizumbulu eminingi idinga ukuhlanganisa isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngenani elikhulu labazohlolwa. Izinqubo zokubala ngezandla ziyathuntutha.
  • Amandla ayimfihlo afihlekile: Kungenzeka ngomvoti owayengesikho kuqala abavoti abaningi ukuwina ngenxa yokudluliswa kwabaqediwe, abangazizwa bephikisa.
  • Ukuvota okungaqondakali kusakhona:[ Imali ingangcwaba umphikisi onamandla ngokumfaka phansi, nakuba lomphumela ungasonti kakhulu kunezimiso eziningi.

I-RCV isetshenziswa ezikhundleni ezinjengeMaine, i-Alaska, namadolobhana amaningana aseCalifornia. Inhlangano Fairvote [ abameleli bokwanda kwayo futhi banikeza izifundo eziningiliziwe zokusetshenziswa kwayo.

Isiphetho: Ukukhetha Indlela Efanele Yekusasa

Akukho simiso sokuvota esiphelele. Indlela ngayinye ibonisa ukudayisa phakathi kokuphepha, ukufinyelelwa, ijubane, izindleko, kanye nokuvota. Amaphesha anikeza ukukhokhelwa okungenakuqhathaniswa kodwa alwa nesivinini nokuthola. Imishini ye-electronic inikeza impumelelo kodwa idinga izinyathelo ezinzima zokuphepha. i-Optical scan iveza indawo ephakathi etuswa izazi eziningi. Ukuvota kuthembisa ukuvuselelwa kodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína. Ukuvota komthumeli kufaka inzuzo ekuthuthukiseni ukujika kodwa kudinga imishini yokuhlola ngokucophelela. Imishini ekhethiwe ifuna ukucwenga okuqinile ilungisa ukuvota kodwa inselele ukuqamba izinselele.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezimiso zomphakathi kudinga ukuvuleka, isizukulwane esilandelayo sezimiso zokuvota singahlanganisa izici ezingcono kakhulu zenye: imikhondo yephepha eqinisekiswa ngejubane lenombolo, imigqa yomngane nge-cyptography eqinile, nokuhlanganyela ekude ngaphandle kokudela imfihlo yokufihla. Abaphathi be-Ecostation kumelwe balinganisele lemisebenzi yokuvota emongweni wabo oqondile, njalo benomgomo wokuveza ukuvota ngesivinini kuyilapho belondoloza ubuqotho benqubo yentando yeningi.

Kulabo abahileleke emfundweni noma esimisweni, ukuqonda lezizindlela akuyona nje imfuneko engokwemfundo, kodwa kuyisinqumo esisemkhakheni womphakathi. Ukukhetha esikwenzayo mayelana nendlela esikhetha ngayo ekugcineni indlela yokusebenza kwentando yeningi. Ngokuqhubeka sifunda, siphikisana, futhi sibuye siqale, singakha ukhetho olulondeke ngokwengeziwe, olungahlangani, nolwethenjwa kakhulu yizakhamuzi zonke.