I-Good Wesihlanu Agreement, eyasayinwa ngo-10 April 1998, ingenye yezivumelwano zokuthula eziphawuleka kakhulu zalelikhulu lama-20 leminyaka. Yaqeda ngokuphumelelayo iminyaka engamashumi amathathu yobudlova bezombangazwe eyaziwa ngokuthi iZinkathazo eNyakatho Ireland. Phakathi neSivumelwano sasemthethweni nempumelelo yaso ehlala njalo kwakuyizintambo ze-metapendium ezabekwa kanye kanye kanye eNyakatho Ireland kanye neRepublic yase-Ireland ngo-22 May 1998. La mavoti amabili enza ngaphezu kokuqinisekisa incwadi eyinkimbinkimbi yezombangazwe; anikeza umthetho wentando yentando yeningi owaguqula indawo yesiqhingi futhi afaka isimiso sezimiso zomthetho womabili amapulani. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwale nkulumo kudinga ukuhlolwa kwemiphumela yawo, imiphumela yayo, imiphumela yayo emide nemiphumela yayo yezombangazwe.

Isizinda Sesivumelwano Esihle SangoLwesihlanu

Impi eNorthern Ireland yayinezimpande ezijulile, ezazisekelwe ekuncintisaneni kwezwe, ukucwasana kwezombangazwe, kanye nomjikelezo wobudlova phakathi kwezingxoxo zempi zobuphekula nezempi ethembekile neBrithani. Ngo-1990, ukuvumelana kwezici , kwakuyincwadi ephawulekayo. I-Frest Wearvel Avect, yayiyincwadi ephawulekayo. Yamisa uhulumeni owehlazisela amandla anamandla e-Internast Ireland, owasungula izinhlangano zezembubhishobhi yezezombangazwe (ukuqashelwa kwezindawo zezombangazwe) nokuvusekwe izivumelwano eziningi.

Isivumelwano saklanyelwa ngamabomu ukuba sidideke ngokwanele ukuba sanelise kokubili abaxhunyiwe nabashisekeli besizwe. Kubantu abahlangene, saqinisekisa indawo yase-Northern Ireland phakathi kwe-United Kingdom kwaze kwaba yinani elikhulu labavoti. Kubantu besizwe, sanikeza indlela ecacile yokuhlanganisa i-Ireland, kanye nokusungulwa kwezindikimba zasenyakatho nenyakatho okwanika iDublin indima yokuhlola izindaba zangaphakathi zase-Northern Ireland. Nokho, isakhiwo sonke, sasithembele ekuvumelweni kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ama - referendendus Amabili: I - Mantaly Dance

Ama-apendum abhekiselwayo ngo-22 May 1998 ayewumsebenzi ophambili wendlela yezombangazwe. Zaziphethwe kanye kodwa ngemibuzo ehlukene. E-Northern Ireland, abavoti babuzwa ukuthi bavumela isivumelwano esinezigaba eziningi esifikelwe ezinkulumweni. ERepublic of Ireland, abavoti babuzwa ukuthi bavumela ukubuyiselwa komthetho-sisekelo we-Irish (IziNguqulo Zeshumi Elikhulu) ezazingavumela umbuso ukuba uhlanganyele ezinhlanganweni ezintsha futhi, ngokubaluleke kakhulu, zishintshe iNhlokwana 2 no 3 yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wase-Ireland ukuba ziqaphele isimiso semvume futhi zilahle umthetho-mthetho we-mthetho-sisekelo we-sisekelo e-Ireland yonke i-Ireland. Lenqubo embangombili yenza ukuba inqubo yesivumelwano igunya lokuthi akukho komiti yezombangazwe ephelele lingaphumelela.

IReferendedum YaseNyakatho Ireland

Inombolo ye-arhente yase-Northern Ireland yanikeza ivoti ebanzi ethi “Yebo” ngo-71.1%, iphethe amavoti acishe abe ngu-81%. Lokhu kwaphawuleka kakhulu ngokuhlukana okukhulu phakathi komphakathi. Umphumela wabonisa ukuthi iningi elibanzi (kuhlanganise amashende amaningi nerepublicans) ne-Ulgamusn Union (iSin Féin, i-Ulty Party, ne-Ulster Union i-UP) futhi yasekelwa ohulumeni baseBrithani nabase-Ireland. “Nomkhankani waholwa yi-Democratic Union (inter-Agreement ne-Labource Pan Palley neqembu elithile, iSinn Féin, i-Allinethine, i-Allinethian Partic Partic Triventine, noma enye i-Unist.

Inani lama-71% livame ukukhonjwa, kodwa lifihla izinhlobonhlobo ezibalulekile zendawo. Izindawo zamaKatolika anezimo ezingcono kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezingaphezulu kuka-95%, kuyilapho izindawo ezinama-protestani zazihlukene kakhulu, ezinye izinqaba ezisekela ubunye zibuyisela i-“No”. Noma kunjalo, iningi lanele ukunikeza igunya elicacile lentando yeningi. Uma nje umphumela wagunyazwa, uhulumeni waseBrithani wazimisele ukumisa i-Actrinition ngokugcwele.

IRepublic of Ireland Referendedum

ERepublic of Ireland, i-voti yayisizwa kabanzi kakhulu. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesishiyagalolunye soMthetho-sisekelo savunyelwa yi- 94.4% yabavoti, futhi bajika ngo 56%. Le-consens yabonisa isifiso esandile eNingizimu sokuthula nendlela ewusizo yokusingatha i-Northern Ireland. I-metantement yaba nenselele: yasusa indawo eyayibekwe ngaphambili eNyakatho Ireland (i-Aticles 2 ne-3) futhi yayithatha indawo yayo ngolimi oluqinisekisa ubunye base-Ireland ngezindlela zokuthula, kuphela ngemvume yabantu baseNyakatho ne-Ireland. Yakha nesisekelo sombuso wokuhlanganyela eMhlanganweni wasenyakatho ne-Southistry Council.

Isilinganiso esiphakeme semvume sabonisa futhi ukuthi abavoti beRepublic babezimisele ukubonisa ukholo oluhle emphakathini wenhlangano ehlanganisa ubunye, bekwenza kucace ukuthi ubunye base-Ireland babungewona imfuneko kodwa kwakuwumgomo wokuphishekelwa ngentando yeningi.

Impi Ishukumisa Abadlali Abayinhloko

Imikhankaso kuzo zombili izikhundla yabekwa amandla angavamile ezombangazwe. E-Northern Ireland, “yebo” umkhankaso wahlanganisa amanani ahlukene njengoJohn Hume we-SDLP, uDavid Trimble wase-Uup, noGerry Adams of Sinn Féin. Bahlanganisa indawo, bephethe izingqungqungquthela nezimpikiswano. Ohulumeni baseBrithani no-Ireland bahlanganisa umzamo omkhulu wokwaziswa, basakaza amakhophi e-Actives kuzo zonke izindlu. Ukusekela kwezizwe zonke i-UP, i-European Union, nezinye ezinye isilinganiso esengeziwe. ERepublic Republic, zonke izigaba ezinkulu zezombangazwe neSonto lamaKatolika zasekela i- ammentationmentation, bashiya kuphela intwana encane yokususa izwe. Umphumela wawungangangangangangangangangangabazi ukungabaza, kodwa isisitho esingokomfanekiso se-voti - cishe.

Izinguquko Zomthetho - sisekelo Nesimiso Sokuvuma

Ithonya elinamandla kakhulu lemiphumela ye-arhendendum kwakuyisici somthetho-mthetho kanye nomthetho ohlelwe kabusha esasenza sakwazi. I-Good Wear Account yasiqinisa ngokucacile isimiso semvume: ukuthi isimo somthetho sisekelo seNyakatho Ireland sasiyohlala ngaphakathi koMbuso wase-United Kingdom ngaphandle kokuba iningi labantu bayo livote ukusishintsha. Lesi simiso sabhalwa kokubili kuyi-British-Irish Revention (isivumelwano sezizwe zonke) nomthetho wasekhaya wayo yomibili lemibuso.

KuyiRepublic of Ireland, i-1998 imele ukunqamuka okungokomlando kwezenkolo yesizwe kusukela ngo-1937. Ngokuvumela ukubuyiselwa, i-Irish isho isibonakaliso sokuthi ukuthula nokuhloniphana kwakubaluleke kakhulu kunokubekwa kwendawo ethile. Ukulungisa futhi kwasiza ekusungulweni kwezinhlangano ezinqamule imidanso ezavumela uhulumeni wase-Ireland ukuba umelele izithakazelo zesizwe eNyakatho ye-Ireland ngaphandle kokubekela inselele ubukhosi baseBrithani inselele. Lokhu kulinganisela okunobunono, okuvunyelwe yizikhulu zentando yentando yeningi, kusukela kwaba isibonelo sezinqumo zesinqumo eziphikisanayo emhlabeni wonke.

Izinguquko zomthetho ngokomthetho nazo zaba nemiphumela ewusizo. Kubantu abahlanganisayo, ukususwa kwezindawo kwakuyisibonakaliso esinamandla sokholo oluhle eNingizimu, okwenza kube lula ngabo ukwamukela amandla alawulayo. Kubenzi besizwe, amagama amasha anikeza ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho “kobuzibulo babo bonke abantu baseNyakatho Ireland ukuba bazibonakalise futhi bamukeleke njenge-Ireland noma iBrithani, noma bobabili, njengoba bengase bakhethe”. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa okumbaxa-ka kwakuyimvume eyinhloko eyasiza ekuletheni ama-Riphabliki angene embuthweni wezombangazwe.

IReferendem Njengesisekelo Samandla

Ama-areadendum awazange amane ashintshe imithetho-mthetho ebhaliwe; adala izimo zezombangazwe ukuze kusebenze uhulumeni onciphisiweyo. Umyalo wanikeza i-Northern Ireland Assembly entsha neButho (i-Administrative) futhi kwadingeka ukusekela okunqamule i-commun-"ukufaneleka kokubusa. Izinhlangano ezisungulwe ngaphansi kwesivumelwano ngokuvamile zichazwa njengezihlangene, incazelo yazo iklanyelwe ukwabelana amandla phakathi kwabasekeli beminye nabashisekeli besizwe futhi zidinga ukusekelwa okukhulu kuwo womabili amaqembu ezinqumweni eziyinhloko.

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela ye-arhentelum, akunakwenzeka ukuthi noma yimuphi umphakathi wawungawamukela ngokugcwele lawo zinhlangano. Abaxhasi bobunye babengase baphikisa ngokuthi iSivumelwano sasibekwa eLondon naseDublin. Isizwe sasingase sibe nomuzwa wokuthi ukungabikho kombuso othandwayo eNingizimu owakhaphela isibopho esinganele sezifiso zawo. Ama-arhente amabili agwema lezi zihibe ngokwenza i-Prevention ibe yindawo eqondile yabantu, hhayi nje abezombangazwe kuphela. Ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nalapho izinhlangano zimiswa (njengoba kwenzeka kusukela ngo-2002000 kuya ku-202020), izakhiwo ezingaphansi kwe-Advements zahlala zingangqubani, ngenxa yokuthi izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo zazikhona zikhona.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ampendum aguqula ukuziphatha kwezombangazwe kwezinhlangano zezempi. Ukuvota okukhulu okusekela isivumelwano − ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zesizwe — kwenza ukuba kube nzima ngokwezombangazwe ukuba amaqembu eriphabliki aqhubeke ehlomile nokusekela okuthandwayo. I-Irish Republican Army (IRA) ekugcineni yasusa izikhali zayo, isenzo esasingeke sibonwe ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwesimiso sokuthula sentando yeningi. Ilungiselelo “lezindlela zokuthula okungenasiphelo” laba isisekelo sesimiso sokunikeza imvume entsha.

Ifa Nokubaluleka Okuqhubekayo

Imiphumela ye-arhenteendum kaMay 1998 iyaqhubeka ihlela ezombangazwe zase-Northern Ireland namuhla. Bamisa isibonelo sokuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho olukhulu lomthetho-sisekelo eNyakatho Ireland kumelwe lubekwe ngokuqondile kubantu. Lesi simiso manje sigcinwe emalungiselelweni angemva kwe-Brexit, kuhlanganise ne-Northern Ireland Programme and the Windsor Framework, eyayingaphansi kwezimiso zokuvuma kwentando yeningi (imvume yentando yeningi” engqungqungqutheleni ngo-2024). I-1998 arentementum ihlala iyi-facratement emelela kuyo yonke imiba yomthetho elandela le ndawo.

Ithonya Ezivumelwaneni Ezilandelayo

I-Good Wearth adcompers imisa indinganiso yesivumelwano sokuthula esalandela. Enyakatho ye-Ireland ngokwayo, i-St Andrews Agreement (2006), i-Hillsborough Castle Act (2010), ne-Stormont House Areaudition (2014 zonke ezakhiwe esisekelweni sezindawo ezihlala kuzo ngo-1998. Zonke lezi zimemezelo zancike ngokuphelele egunyeni lombuso wentando yentando yeningi le-Arentium ukuze zisekele ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Ngaphandle kwe-Northern Ireland, ukusetshenziswa kwe-andementum emasimini ancintine ngokuphikisana kuye kwafundwa ngochwepheshe besinqumo sezindawo ezinjenge Bosbos, iKhupro, neMpumalanga Ephakathi. Impumelelo yamavotimende engokokuka ka-1998 inikeza isibonelo esisebenzayo sokuthengwa kwesivumelwano sokuthula.

Izifundo Zesinqumo Esingqubuzanayo

Ama-apendim anezi zifundo eziningi ezihlala njalo. Okokuqala, abonisa ukuthi izinqubo zedemokrasi azizona nje ezentando yeningi kodwa ziyizithakathi: isenzo sokuvota ngokwaso singakha ukufaneleka nokwethenjwa. Okwesibili, abonisa ukubaluleka kokufaka ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo ngokukhetha okucacile, okulula, okulula, okuthi kudlulele ngapha nangapha kweze kwezezombangazwe. Okwesithathu, zibonisa indlela izinqumo ezikhombisayo ezingavala ngayo izibopho ezikwe enteleni ezithiza imali futhi ngaleyondlela zinikeze ukuzinza kuqine. Ekugcineni, ama-endimends abonisa ukubaluleka kokubekwa komthetho: ukuphatha amavoti ngokushesha ngemva kokuba isivumelwano sesivumelwano, ngaphambi kokuba abaphikisi babe nesikhathi sokuvinjelwa ngokunenzuzo, baqinisekise inqubo yokuthula ehleliwe ezinkondweni.

Namuhla, i-Good Wearfrey Aguement isalokhu iyisisekelo somphakathi wase-Northern Ireland. Ama-astendendum avumelana nale mithetho yesandla kodwa namaphepha aphilayo omthetho-sisekelo. Uma kuphakama izimpikiswano ngobunye base-Ireland (nanjengoba kusukela e-Brexit nakushintshana kwenani labantu eNyakatho Ireland) u-1998 kunikeza uhlelo olucacile olungokomthetho nolwezombangazwe lwendlela ushintsho olungenzeka ngayo. Isimiso sokuvumelana, sisekelwa yi-70% yabavoti be-Northern Ireland ne-9% yabavotist, isho ukuthi noma isiphi i-Rwanda ebumbeneyo i-Ireland idinga ukuhlolwa kwayo, isho ukuthi i-ream, ihlolwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zenhlonipho nenkulumo enokuthula.

Isiphetho

Iziphakamiso zemiphumela ye-Genear Ireland yase-Ireland ngoMay 1998 zazingezona nje izimemezelo ezithandwayo zesivumelwano sezombangazwe. Zaziyinguquko yentando yeningi eyaxazulula inkinga yomthetho-sisekelo esintwini sezinkinga. Ngokunikeza abantu base-Northern Ireland neRepublic yase-Ireland izwi eliqondile, ama-astendendum aguqula i-Prevention engcono yeNkathi Yesihlanu ekhethekile eqinile, indawo engokomthetho. I- 71% evotela eNyakatho kanye ne- 94% eNingizimu yakha isivumelwano esibophekayo phakathi kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi nezifundazwe, enye emelana nezinkinga zezombangazwe, ubudlova be-Rofficet. Okubalulekile kwawo akugcini ndawo yakudala; ahlala esekelwe kuyo yonke impikiswano engokokuthula nobunye eIreland.

Ukuze bahlole imibhalo engokomlando kanye nokuhlaziya kwamanje, abafundi bangahlola UK] uhulumeni we-Belfast Advrence, iSignalish Book eSivumelwaneni seSijijimende seshumi elinesithoba [, ne [[FLT:] i-acconsosis ye-British Academy endima ye-ex enkingeni yezinhlelo zokuthula [[. Ukuqonda okwengeziwe emkhankankambisweni kungatholakala ku- BB] ukubheka emuva kovoti ka-1998 [FLT] [FLT:]]