Izimiso Eziyinhloko: Ukubeka Phambili Ukuqina Nokulandisa

Isiqalo-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Kuqala-phambili-post kuyindlela yokuvota elula neqashelwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Ezifundeni ezinezitho eyodwa, abavoti bafaka ibhola elilodwa kulowo abazokhetha, futhi ovotayo oneziningi bawina(__Nakancane) noma bavikela iningi kakhulu yini. Lesi simiso siwuphawu olumelela abanye abaqhathaniswa nabo. Kumanje kusetshenziswa idemocracyism enkulu kanye [[FLT:] United States[FLT: 1] (Ukhetho lomthetho) [[FLT:], [[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [FFFF:]]

FPP ihlobene kakhulu noMthetho we-Duverger [, isimiso sezesayensi sezezombangazwe sokuthi ukuvota okubanzi kuvame ukuveza isimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili. Umphumela womshini (amaqembu amathathu awavamile ukuwina izihlalo) kanye nomphumela wengqondo (abayeki abakhohliswayo abacatshangelwayo) bahlangana ukuze bacinezele amaqembu amancane. Abaxhasi baphikisa lokhu kuholela ekuqinisekisweni kohulumeni ababodwa abangasebenzisa uhlelo lwabo oluqinile, njengoba kuboniswa kuhulumeni beposi be-UK-war nohulumeni abashade be-BP.

Nokho, i-FPTP ibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo ekuvezeni imiphumela enzima. Iqembu lingawina izihlalo eziningi ngokulingana nobuningi obuncane bevoti yesizwe. Kukhetho lwe-2024 UK oluvamile, ngokwesibonelo, i-Labour Party yawina i-63% yezihlalo nge 33,8% kuphela yevoti. Lento idala amanani amakhulu "amavoti" abasekeli abangayifuni i-offanti" ezifundazweni eziphephile. Isimiso futhi sikhona kukhetho lwe-gerrydering, lapho imingcele yesigodi idonswa khona ukuze izuzise iqembu elithile, futhi ithanda ukuzuza ngaphansi kwe-partraleargativey neqembu elithile.

Ukuvota okungacunuli kuyisimo esichazayo ngaphansi kwe-FPTP. Amavoter ngokuvamile kumelwe abale ukuthi ukukhetha kwawo kokuqala kuyaphumelela noma kunengozi yini ekusizeni abafuna ukuphumelela. Lokhu kucindezela okunamandla kucindezela okuthandwa yibo abambalwa futhi kungaholela ekunganelisini okusakazekeni ngokukhetha okukhona. [I-Electoral Knote inikeza ukucubungula okunzulu kwe-FPTP kanye nokuhluka kwayo.

Izimiso zeRound ezimbili (i-injini yokujikisa i-injini)

Isimiso esinamaqoqo amabili (TRS) sikhuluma ngokuntuleka komyalo omkhulu. Amavoter avame ukuya ekuhloleni emzuzwaneni wokuqala. Uma kungekho mfundazeli ofinyelela inani eliphelele (50%+1), indingiliza yesibili iphakathi kwabaphezulu ababili abafuna ukubhapathizwa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphumeleli wesiphetho usekelwe kabanzi. TRS usetshenziswa kakhulu kukhetho lukamongameli emazweni anjenge France, , [[FLT:]Brazil, [[FLT],[FL:]] [FLT] [FL:5],[FL],[FLD], [FT], [FLT]

Umzuzwana wokuqala wokhetho lwe TRS uvame ukusebenza njengesiqalo, ukuvumela abavoti ukuba baveze izintandokazi zangempela zokuqala kwabafuna indawo yokuhlala. Isehlakalo sesibili sibe yinkomba yokukhetha phakathi kwezinketho ezimbili ezisebenzayo. Lesakhiwo sikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kobunye phakathi kweziyindi, njengoba abakhi abasuswayo besekela umgcini-ziphetho. Nokho, abacusumbuli baphawula ukuthi ukujika kokuqala kuvame ukuphakama kunokwesibili, futhi isimiso singabiza ukunikeza, kudinga izenzakalo ezimbili zokhetho ngokulandelana okusheshayo.

I-TRS ihlukile kuvota (RCV) okusuka ekuvoteni okusheshayo ngo-mposiso ngoba idinga uhambo oluhlukene kabili oluya ku-operation kunokuba i-colot eyodwa elinganiselwe. Lokhu kuhlukana ngokomzimba kushintsha i-calculus esebenzayo, njengoba abavoti banesikhathi sokusabela ngemiphumela yokuqala ejikelezayo. Amazwe anjenge- asebenzisa ama-TRS ekukhetheni kwemithetho ngokufanayo, akha amandla ayinkimbinkimbi amabili asesifundeni sesigodi athanda amaqoqo amakhulu.

Vimbela ukujuluka

Bhalisa ukuvota (okwaziwa nangokuthi i-iipunity-at-at) kusetshenziswa isimiso se-FPTP ezifundeni eziningi. Amavoter anezivoti eziningi njengalapho kukhona izihlalo zokugcwalisa, futhi abavoti abanengqikithi ephakeme kakhulu bawina izikhundla ezikhona. Lendlela ivamile kukhetho lwendawo kanye nezinye izishaya-mthetho zesizwe, njengaye SAPROVERD[[ I-Constientation Constiencies (GRC) kanye nezingxenye ze [FLT:].[FLT:]

Ukuvota kungaveza ukulahla okukhulu. Iqembu elihlelwe kahle neningi labavoti lingathatha zonke izihlalo esifundeni, livale ukuphikiswa ngokuphelele. Ukuze kuncishiswe, amanye amagunya amukela ukuvota okulinganiselwe noma ivoti eyodwa engaguquguquki (SNTV), elinganisela ukuthi bangaki abavoti abangavota. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuvota kunikeza ukulandisa okuqinile kwendawo, njengoba ukuvota kungavuza noma kujezise umuntu oboshiwe i-crobiant, kodwa ngokuvamile kuhluleka ukubonakalisa ukusakaza okukhulu kokhetho lwezombangazwe.

Ukufanekisela Okungokomthetho: Ukuthola Imiphumela Engaphelele

Umboniso wohlu

Ukumelelwa kohlu olulinganayo (Uhlu PR) kuyindlela yokuvota evame kakhulu emhlabeni, esetshenziswa kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, e-Latin America, nase-Afrika. Isimiso esiyinhloko sicacile: izihlalo zithola kusishaya - mthetho ngokwengxenye yazo yevoti yesizwe noma yesifunda. Lokhu ngokuvamile kufinyelelwa ezifundeni eziningi futhi kuvala noma kuvala uhlu lweqembu.

[[NTL: 0] Oluhlu luvaliwe PR lunikeza abaholi beqembu ukulawula okubalulekile, njengoba benquma uhlelo lwabazohlolwa ohlwini. Amavoter aphonsa ibhola lika-ploto yeqembu, futhi izihlalo zigcwaliswe kusukela phezulu kohlu. Lesimiso sokuqeqesha futhi ingasiza ngaphansi kokusebenzisa amaqembu amasuntswana uma ewabeka ngamabomu ezindaweni eziphakeme. [[FLT:], [FLT] [FFF:]],[5], isetshenziswa [[FLT], ivumela ukukhomba, futhi i-kunikeza i-voluntelo, ukukhomba okuthandwayo.[12] [ezinye izigaba], [ezinye izigaba ezingaphezulu] [ezinye] [ezingamele: FLT] [FFF],[11], kuyilapho izigaba zezimiso zohluzomthetho zomthetho zomthetho-onke]

Uhlu lwe-PR luveza eminye yemiphumela enembile kakhulu yanoma isiphi isimiso. Amazwe ayisebenzisayo avame ukuba nokhetho oluphezulu nomelo olungcono kwabesifazane kanye nezinhlanga ezincane. Electoral Reformation Society inikeza ukuqhathanisa okuningiliziwe kwendlela olusebenza ngayo uLuhlu lwezimo zePR.

Ukuhweba okukhulu ukuqina kukahulumeni. Izimiso zezokuhweba cishe njalo ziveza ohulumeni abahlangene, ngezinye izikhathi abangathatha kancane ukwakha nokuwa ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu (umz., Israel, Italy). Nokho, ohulumeni abahlangeneyo ngokuvamile baveza imiphumela engekho emthethweni, esemthethweni. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uList PR unika amaqembu amandla amakhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezimisweni ezivalekile, futhi ukuthi izingongolo eziphansi kakhulu zingavumela amaqembu alwayo ukuba azuze iziteshi zemali.

Umsindo owodwa odluliswayo (STV)

I-Offatection Vote (STV) iyindlela elinganiselwe esetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi. Abavoters banezigaba ngokulandelana kokuthandayo. Ukukhethwa, ozobhapathizwa kumele afinyelele isigaba esithile samavoti, esaziwa ngokuthi i-Droopqution: . U-Votes udlulisa inani elithathelwe abalandelayo abalandelayo abafuna ukuvota. Uma kungekho mfundi osele osufinyelele isilinganiso sawo, umvoti omncane othandwayo uyasuswa, futhi amavoti abo athandwayo ayasuswa. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kugcwaliswe zonke izihlalo.

STV ibhekwa njengenye yezindlela zokuvota eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nezimelelayo. Isetshenziselwa ukukhetha kwesizwe umbutho wase-Ireland [, MALTA[, ne i-Australian Catean [[. Ihlanganisa ukulingana kohlu lwe-PR kanye ne-partum-intelligate yezifunda ezizimele. Amavoter angakhetha phakathi kwabahloli abavela eqenjini elifanayo, abavuzayo nabajezisayo abathandwayo futhi abadukisayo.

Izimo eziyinhloko ze-STV ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwayo kanye nemfuneko yayo yokubala. Imiphumela ingathatha izinsuku ukuqeda, futhi ngezinye izikhathi abavoti bathole inqubo ebalulekile idida. Amaphepha amakhulu afunwayo ezifundeni eziningi angasabisa. Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, abaguquli abaningi abakhethayo bacabangela i-STV indinganiso yegolide yekhono layo eliyingqayizivele lokunikeza imiphumela elinganayo kanye nokukhetha komvoti oqotho.

Izimiso ze-member ezixutshwe: Ukuvala uhlukanisa

I - member Proportigal (MMP) exutshiwe

I-Member Propotional (MMP) exutshiwe ihlose ukuhlanganisa ukulandisa kwendawo kwezifunda ezinezingxenye eyodwa ngokulingana kohlu lwe-PR. Voters bafaka amabhola amabili: elinye lomfundi wendawo (ngokuvamile elinqunywe yi-FPTPP) nelinye loluhlu lweqembu lesizwe noma lwesifunda. Isigaba sezihlalo sabelwa ukubuyisela noma yiziphi izihlalo ezazenziwayo ezakhiwe ngezinhlanga zelungu elilodwa, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimo zonke zendlu yomthetho ziveza ukuvota kweqembu.

IMMP isetshenziswa e-German (i-Bundestag), New Zealand, Scotland[[, futhi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] Wales [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [i-[FLT] [i] . ukwamukelwa kweMMP] ngo-1999] kulungisa ngokuphawulekayo indawo yayo yezombangazwe, ukunqanyulwa kwe-Labourth ne-National futhi iqhube i-'ult. Voterss ezimisweni ze-MMP ibika kakhulu ngenxa yokwayo kokubili "uhlulwayo] ehlangene besizwe.

IMMP ayinazo izinkinga. Izihlalo zobuOvencang zenzeka lapho umcimbi uwina izihlalo eziningi eziyingxenye eyodwa kunalapho inelungelo lokusekela ukuvota kweqembu lakhe. IJalimane kuye kwadingeka ukuba yenze "izihlalo eziphezulu" ukuze ilungise lokhu, ibhaluke ubukhulu be-Bundestag. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sidala amasigaba amabili abameleli: ama-MP asendaweni kanye nohlu, ngezinye izikhathi okungaholela ezingxabanweni. Naphezu kwalezi zindaba, i-MMP ihlala inye yeziklamo ezithandwa kakhulu zamazwe afuna kakhulu kuwo womabili amazwe.

I-Member Majorian (MMM) exutshiwe

I-Member Majoritarian (MMMM), eyaziwa nangokuvota okufanayo, ifana ne-MMP kodwa inomehluko obucayi: izihlalo zohlu azilihlwiphi ihholo lezindawo ezingafanele. Izihlalo zesigodi nezihlalo zeqembu lalapha zihlelwa ngokwazo. Lesi sakhiwo esiqinisekile siklanyelwe ukuveza ohulumeni abacacile, abaqinile, abaneziqeshana.

MMM isetshenziswa e- eJapane (Indlu yabameleli), eMexico, futhi e-South Korea[[ (esanda kuguqukela ekwahlukahlukahluka kakhulu). EJapani, i-Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) iye yakwazi ukuvikela izifunda eziyinhloko eziqinile zombili izifunda namaqembu. Nakuba i-MMM inikeza isikhulu esinamandla, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwamavoti alabo abasekela abambalwa, njengoba amavoti abo enikela emphumelweni wonke. Izazi zezombangazwe zicabangela "i-MMMM" isimiso sawodwa sombuso.

Izimiso Ezihlukile Nezithandwayo

Ukukhetha Okusha Okungalawuleki (Inkampane Runoff)

Ukuvota okungakhethwanga kulandelana nokukhetha (RCV), noma ukuvota okusheshayo, kuthola ukunqwabelana kwe-United States njengenguquko ye-FPTP. Voters abamele ukuvota (i-RCV, 2nd, njll.). Uma kungekho mvoti oya kungena kumavoti okuqala, umvoti wevoti ambalwa kakhulu uyasuswa, futhi amavoti abo abuye abuye abuye ahliswe ekukhetheni okungcono okulandelayo. Lenqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho omunye umuntu othatha isinyathelo efinyelela emnyango omkhulu.

RCV isetshenziswa kabanzi kanye ne-Alaska kukhetho lukahulumeni, [[FLT:] ku-Australia ye-Australia ye House of Memorections, futhi e-US all (San Francisco, New York City, Minneapolis). [[FTLT:6] i-Fairvair accondation accom ne-enzation jome jong jong [[FLT:]].

Abasekeli be-RCV baphikisa ukuthi i-RCV isusa "imiphumela ye-spoiler" ehlasela i-FPPP, ikhuthaza umkhankaso okhuthazayo (njengoba abazobhapathizwa bedinga ukuvota kwesibili), futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi owinayo uthola ukusekela okukhulu. Nokho, i-RCV isengozini enkulu ku-[ phakathi, lapho umkhakhakhathi we-centrist , lapho i-centristrist enomsekeli wesibili-choce ongasuswa khona ngokushesha uma bentula ivoti yokuqala eqinile, ishiya abathathiwe kakhulu ababili emzulwini yokugcina. Ukhetho olukhethekile luka-2022] nokhetho lwango-Furgalton luvame ukuvezwa khona njalo kwale nkinga. Ibhola ye-RVCcot iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, futhi izibalo ezikhungenye izibalo eziphezulu, ngezinye izikhathi eziphambili, izibalo zebhola eliholela ekukhishweni.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwezincwadi

Ukuvota kungokunye kwezinguquko ezilula kakhulu ezikhona. Amavoter angavotela (ukuqinisekisa) abaningi abazofuna njengalokho abakuthandayo. Umfundi onevoti evuma kakhulu uyaphumelela. Okwamanje usetshenziswa kukhetho lukamasipala i-Fargo, North Dakota, kanye [FLT] ne- St. Louis, Missouri[ kanye nezinhlangano eziningi ezingochwepheshe.

Ukuvota kunconywa ngenxa yesithiyo sako esiphansi sokungena nokumelana ngokuqinile nomphumela womonakalo. Abavoli bangasekela intando ethandwa ngempela kanye nokuhlehla okusebenzayo, banikeze umfanekiso onembile wentando yeqembu kune-FPTP. Nokho, abagxeki bayaphikisana ngokuthi "i-bullet votation" (kuphela ukuvuma okukodwa kuphela okunciphisa inani lokwaziswa lombheki. Ayivumeli umvoti ukuba abonise amandla okuzikhethela ngaphandle kwe-yeboh/nogo.

Iphuzu Nokukhangisa

Ukuvota (okubizwa nangokuthi i-Range Voting) kuvumela abavoti ukuba balinganise umvoti ngamunye ngokwesilinganiso senani, njengo-0 kuya ku-10. Umfundi onenani eliphakeme kakhulu lokuwina. Lokhu kungu-cardinal[ indlela yokuvota, okusho ukuthi ithatha ukulingana kokukhetha kwevoti, hhayi nje uhlelo lwabo lwesikhundla. Isetshenziswa kukhetho lwenkampani ethile nebhodi engakhethi.

STRAR VOTY (I-Score Khona - yenzekayo i-Runoff) iyinguqulo eklanyelwe ukunciphisa ihaba elibalulekile elingahlasela ukuvota okumsulwa. Abavoter baveza inani elingu 0-5 ngokwesilinganiso. Abavolontiya ababili abanengqikithi ephakeme bangena emkhawulweni wokuphuma, futhi ibhola libhekiswe ekuboneni ukuthi isiphi phakathi kwalezi ezimbili esabekwa phezulu kakhulu ngabavoti abaningi abakhileyo. Lesinyathelo sokugcina sokuphuma silondoloza umthetho "wodwa" isimiso esithi inani labavoti abaningi abakhathiweyo. [[FFLT:0] Equal Vote Coalition abamelelitionssssssssssssss for STar njengomgatel Reformation elungele ukumelana nokumelana nokusetshenziswa kwendlela ehlelekile. Lezi zimiso zimelela umehluko wohlelo lokulungisa, ukuzama ukukhuculula ulwazi oluncishisiwe lapho zikhishwa ngokuvolwa.

Isiphetho: Umongo uyiNkosi e - Electoral Design

Ayikho indlela yokuvota ebanzi "ngetshe". Isimiso ngasinye simelela ukuthutha okuhlukile phakathi kwamanani ancintisanayo: ukulinganisela. ukulandisa, ukulinganisela, ukuhlanganisa, ukuveza okulula. Ukungacaci kwemicibisholo akukwazi ukusikhumbuza ukuthi akukho simiso sokhetho esingasuthisa zonke izici ezifiselekayo ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuvota kuyisinqumo somthetho-sisekelo esiyisisekelo esilawula sonke isimo sezombangazwe. Umphakathi ohlukene kakhulu ungabeka kuqala ukulawulwa kwe-Fol PR, kuyilapho isizwe esifuna ukubuswa okuwujuqu singancika ku-FPTP noma MM. Ukukhula kwe-RCV novota kubonisa ukulangazelela okukhulu kwezinto eziphazamisa isimo sezwe se-PR-Maritarian dichomy. Ukuqonda lezi zinketho ezikhethiwe kuyimfuneko kunoma yimuphi umfundi wentando yeningi, njengoba imithetho yomdlalo ekugcineni inquma ukuthi ubani owinayo.