Imithetho ye-Voter ye-ID iye yaba enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu kakhulu kukhetho lwaseMelika, ihleli ekunqamuleni ukulondeka kokhetho namalungelo okuvota. Njengoba imibuso ithatha izimfuneko ezihlukene, impikiswano ngokudingeka kwayo, ukulunga, nethonya liyanda. Ukuqonda lemithetho − kusukela emisukani yayo engokomlando kuya emiphumeleni yayo ewusizo − kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke enkulumweni yomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okufihlwayo kwemithetho ye-omvoti, izimpikiswano zayo futhi ngokumelene nayo, ubufakazi obusekelwe kuyo ngemiphumela yayo, kanye nezimpi ezingokomthetho eziqhubeka zilungisa ikusasa labo.

IMithetho Ye - Voter Eningi E - United States

Imithetho ye-Voter ifuna ukuba abantu banikeze incazelo ethile ngaphambi kokufaka i-bollat. Izincazelo zihluka kakhulu ngokwesifundazwe, kusukela ku-ID eqinile kuya ku-odar ye-ID. Ngokwe-National Conference of State Legislatures, kusukela ngo-2024, amazwe angu-35 anohlobo oluthile lomthetho we-ID yomvoti, kanye no-18 walabo abafuna i-ID yezithombe. Lo msebenzi wemithetho ombaxakile udala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvota kanye nezikhulu zokhetho.

Umlando

Impoqo yanamuhla yemithetho yamavoti yathola amandla ngemva kokhetho lukamongameli ka- 2000 kanye nokudlula kwe-Help America Vote Act (HAVA) ngo-2002. HAVA wagunyaza ukuba abavoti bokuqala ababhaliswa ngeposi banikeze ukuhlukanisa, kodwa ezinye izifundazwe zibe yisifunda sokuqala sokumisa umthetho we-ID yezithombe ngo-2009, ukumisa igagagasi lomthetho oqinile we-ID yezithombe. Isinqumo seNkanto ephakeme ka-2009 ku-Crawford v. UMarion County County Board [ wasekela umthetho ka-Indiana unikeze ukukhanya okungokomthetho kwezinye izifunda. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inani lamazwe elinezimfuneko eziqinile liye lakhula, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokhetho lwaphakathi kuka-2010, futhi ukubekwa kwemithetho encitshisiwe ezindaweni zokuvolwa.

Isiphithiphithi Sezimfuneko Ze - ID

Imithetho yeVoter ID iwela ezigabani eziningana ezisekelwe ekulinganiseni kanye nasezinhlotsheni zokuthola okwamukelwayo:

  • Imithetho yezithombe ze-ID ye-Strict: Amavoter kumele anikeze i-ID yesithombe kahulumeni-isuswe (umzk., ilayisense yomshayeli, ipasi lokungena emotweni) ukuphonsa i-colot evamile. Labo abangena-ID bangavota kwi-opilect kodwa kumelwe babuye phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze babonise i-ID yevoti yabo yokubala. Izibonelo: Indiana, Georgia, Texas, Tansas, Kansas, Visconsian.
  • Imithetho yezithombe ze-Non-Strict ID: Izincwadi ezingenasithombe ze-ID zingavota ngokusayina i-affidavit noma ngokunikwa isisebenzi sokuvota. Ama-prooricationot amukeleka ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezengeziwe kwezinye izimo. Izibonelo: Alabama, Rhode Island, South Dakota.
  • Imithetho yeNon-Id Photo Id: eyamukelekayo ihlanganisa amabhukwana angathathi i-intelligence njengentela yenzuzo, izitatimende zebhange, noma amabhukwana kahulumeni abonisa igama nekheli. Izibonelo: Arizona, Ohio, Virginia.
  • [[NT.0] Umthetho weNon-Strict Non- Id Photo Id Laws: Imishini engenayo i-ID ingasayina i-affidavit noma ifake i-ocet ye-octive ebaliwe ngaphandle kokubalwa inselele. Izibonelo: Michigan (kuze kube zinguquko zamuva), New Hampshire.
  • Akukho-ID efunekayo: amazwe lapho abavoti ngokuvamile bengacelwanga ukuba babelwe noma bangamane basayine isitatimende esiqinisekisa isikhombi. Izibonelo: iCalifornia, i-New York, i-Illinois, i-Oregon (izifundazwe ezivamile zisebenzisa isignesha esiqinisekisayo).

Kubalulekile ukungafani. Ezindabeni eziqinile ze - ID, ukuthola i - iD kuyimfuneko ephumelelayo yokuvota / kuwumsebenzi olula kwabanye, kodwa uvimbela abanye.

Izimpikiswano Ezikhona Kulempikiswano

Ingxoxo yezwe emayelana nemithetho ye-ID encintisanayo isekelwe ezindinganisweni ezimbili eziphikisanayo: ukuthembeka kokhetho nokungena okulinganayo. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza ukwaziswa, iziqu, nezimpikiswano ezisekelwe kumthetho.

Indaba Ye - Voter ID: Ubuqotho Bokukhetha Nokuthemba Umphakathi

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukufuna ukuqashelwa kuyisilinganiso esivamile sokuvikela ubuqotho bokhetho. Bakhomba engozini yokuvota ngokuzenzakalela kwezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zamavoti (ngoba kuyinto engathandeki. Nakuba iziphakamiso ezigciniwe ziyivelakancane, abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ngisho nengozi encane ifuna umthetho ovimbelayo. Umbiko owe-2019 owe-Lifareve Foundation otholakele ngaphansi kwekhulu lamavota. Baphawula ukuthi izenzakalo eziningi zokukhohlisa komgunyazo ziphonswe phakathi kwamashumi eminyaka, kodwa bathi ivela i- yengozi ekhubaza ukuthemba. Ukuqiniseka komphakathi ehlawulo, baphikisana kakhulu, lapho abavoti beqaphela ukuthi izibalo zesikhathi sansuku zonke ziphonswe ezindizaneni, i-octrecrecrecrea, i-achdiod projectivessssss, futhi kufanele kuncike kakhulu ngenxa yokudiza ukuncishwa kweqembu lokuqala, ukunciphiswe ngenxa ye-odwa kweze, ukukhishwa

Icala Elimelene Ne - Voter: Ukucindezelwa Nokudumazeka

Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi imithetho ye-ID ixazulula inkinga engekho lapho idala entsha. Ukucwaninga okukhulu, kuhlanganise nokuhlola okubanzi ngo-2012 kwe-Brennan Center ye- Justice, kwathola ukuthi ukuvota akuvamile. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi injongo yangempela yemithetho ye-ID eqinile akukona ukuvimbela kokukhwabanisa kodwa ukubhikisha ngokucindezela ngobukhulu (ukukwenza kube nzima ngamaqembu amanani abantu afuna ukuvota elinye iqembu. Ukuhlola njalo kubonisa ukuthi idlanzana elivamile, asebekhulile, abazalelwa phansi, abafundi abathola abantu abambalwa, nabantu abakhubazekile abangasenamathuba amancane okuba ne-i-igcone ye-ist. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa okulinganiselwa ukuthi i-Greamlandland yase-osemgwan, i-DV efuna ukukhokhwazwa, futhi abantu abakhubazekileyo abasebenza ngaphandle kwezentengovuzomthetho, futhi bangayikhokhisithelela izindleko ezinkulu zeze izikhulu zeze izikhulu zezindawo zeze zezezezeze.

Ubufakazi Obunamandla Obuphathelene Nokukhwabanisa Nokubuya Komlotha

Zombili izinhlangothi zicaphuna amanani okusekela izikhundla zazo, kodwa ubufakazi buncike kakhulu ohlangothini olulodwa.

Ukwanda Komsindo Wesijikijolo

Izifundo eziningi nocwaningo lukahulumeni ziye zaphetha ngokuthi ukuvota cishe akukho. Umbiko ka-2007 obanzi we-Brennan Center wathola amazinga okukhohlisa phakathi kuka-0.00004% no-0.09% wamavoti aphoswayo. Ukuhlolwa konyaka ka-2014 ephephabhukwini elithi i-Law Wow Journal [ ekhethekile yahlola amavota angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi phakathi nokhetho olungu-18 futhi yathola amagalelo angu-31 kuphela athembekile okukhomba ukukhomba. Ngisho abasekeli abafana ne-Lifauth face Ifation Foundation bayavuma ukuthi ukukhohlisa akuvamile, kodwa baphikisa ukuthi izindleko ziphakeme uma zingabanjwa. Noma kunjalo, ukuvumelana okukhulu phakathi kwabacwaningi abazimele kuwukuthi imithetho yokuvota i-okisi i-ma i-akhawunti ikhuluma usongo lokusongela kosongo.

Ukulinganisa Umphumela Wohambo Lokuhamba Ngendiza

Ukucwaninga ngemiphumela yokuvota yemithetho ye-ID kuveza imiphumela exubile kodwa ekhathazayo. Ukuhlola okunethonya elikhulu, ngo-Brennan Center ngo-2016, kwathola ukuthi imithetho ye-ID eqinile incishisiwe ngamaphesenti amabili-3 emithetho ye-ovota bonke, futhi ngo-5% yamaphuzu asukela kumavota amancane. U-2018 ukutadisha IMelika Ezomnotho: Applificute Economics[[[[[FLL:1]] Asebenzisa i-data ye-Texass ebekwe phansi ngohlelo olubanzi, i-Texas yathola ukuthi umthetho we-ID we-osethiwe incishiwe cishe ngo-5,% ngokhetho olukhulu kakhulu phakathi kwe-Blabhulikini nase-Spanic. Nokho, ezinye izifundo, njengokuhlolwa okungu-2019 kuhlolwa yi-Yunikhi yase-Fegodia, i-Diego, athola ukuthi i-eduction ebanzi enkulu kakhulu kwezinye izinkulumo, i-m, ukuthi i-sethi eveza nayiphi e

Imiphumela Engafani Kwezezibalo Zomlando

Ukuhlola kulokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuntuleka kwe-ID akusakazwanga ngokulinganayo. Isikhungo sokuhlolwa sika-2012 yathola ukuthi izakhamuzi zase-Afrika ezingamaphesenti angu 25 zezakhamuzi zase-Unican-size zazingenayo i-ID kahulumeni yokuvota, uma kuqhathaniswa nezi-8% zezakhamuzi ezimhlophe. Ukufika kanye nobudala kuyizici: i-15% zalabo abahola imali engaphansi kuka-R35 000 ngonyaka, ngokuqhathaniswa no-4% yalezo zinzuzo. Abafundi nasebekhulile ngokuvamile abanazo izimephuzo eziphelelwe isikhathi noma ukuntula izincwadi ezidingekayo ukuze bathole eyodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nokuncitshiswa okulinganiselwe kokuguqulwa kwenani eliphansi kungenziwanganciphi emhlabeni oseduze.[8]

Ukuhlaziya Izinga Likahulumeni Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ye - ID yovoti kuye kwahlukahluka kakhulu, futhi izinkantolo ziye zaba nendima eyinhloko ekulolongeni imingcele yazo. Ngezansi kuyiziphelo eziyinhloko zecala.

Indiana

Umthetho wezithombe eziqinile we-ID wangonyaka ka-Intilana, owamiswa ngo-2005, wawungowokuqala wohlobo lwawo. Wasinda enselele yeNkantolo Ephakeme [ku-[FLT]][FLT]ford v. Marion County County Board [ [2008], ngeNkantolo yeNkantolo ebusayo e-6-3 [umthetho ongazange ubeke umthwalo womthetho ewumthetho phezu komqalisi womthetho ku-vota. Umbono weningi, obhalwe nguMahlulele Stevens, waphawula ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuvimbeleni ukukhohlisa nokwandisa ukuthembeka kokuthola i-ID. Nokho, ucwaningo luthole ukuthi usuka ku-Indiyanabacwe ngokomthetho, ikakhulukazi phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-ose-coppoticed. I-me ye-om ye-gad isandisa izijekethi zemithetho, kodwa i-om eyandisa i-ondo yomthetho, kodwa i-ondo enzile izijekele

i-Georgia

IGeorgia yanikeza umthetho wezithombe we-ID eqinile ngo-2006, ekuqaleni ifuna ukuba uhulumeni afake i-ID yesithombe kodwa kamuva yanda ukuze ihlanganise amakhadi e-offary ID ekhululekile. Umthetho wabekelwa inselele ngaphansi kwe-Ctection 2 ye-Voting Rights Act, kodwa izinkantolo zawusekela kakhulu. Ngo-2021, iGeorgia yashaya umthetho weSigele uBill 202, okuyi-Inqumo ye-ID eqinile yokukhipha ukuvota (imvume yokuvota noma inombolo ye-ID kahulumeni) futhi yanciphisa ukufinyelela kwebhokisi. Lo mthetho wabangela impikiswano yesizwe futhi wafaka imingcele ku-Jim Crow-era. Izimpi zecala ziyaqhubeka, kanye noMnyango lwezomthetho oluphikisa izingxenye ze-SB 202. Ukuhlola kusikisela ukuthi imithetho ye-Georgia yanikela imigqa emiphakathini ende nephansi phakathi kombala ka-2018202020.

Texas

Umthetho wezithombe oqinile waseTexas, owamiswa ngo-2011 (SB 14), wadinga olunye lwezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa eziqondile ze-ID(ukukhipha i-ID yabafundi kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezivamile. Kwaba nomphumela ohlasimulisayo: ukuhlola kwango 2016 kwathola ukuthi abavoti abangaphezu kuka-60 000 ababhaliswe abangenayo i-ID edingekayo. Umthetho washaywa izinkantolo zikahulumeni njengowephula imithetho eqinile yama-Voing Rights Act, ngesinqumo soMfunda wesihlanu sokuthi inenhloso yokulahla i-dicrinto ngokumelene nokhetho olumbalwa. I-Texas yaphoqelelwa ukuba i-ovota ngaphandle kwe-ID ukuba isayine i-affidavit. Noma kunjalo, lombuso uyaqhubeka ukugunyaza imithetho eqinile ye-Voriting Rights Acter, kanye nokuvotations ehlolwe nge-anders.

Inyakatho Carolina

I-id yomvoti waseNyakatho Carolina ifanekisa izigxobo zomthetho. Ngo-2013 isifundazwe samisa umthetho we-ID yesithombe esiqinile ngo-2013 njengengxenye yesivumelwano sokuguqula ukhetho. Ngo-2016, inkantolo yezicelo yafaka umthetho, isho ukuthi yahlela abavoti base-Afrika “ngokuvumelana nokuhlinza" ngokulinganisela ukuvota kwasekuqaleni nangokubhalisa kanye nosuku olunye lwemfuneko ye-ID. Inkantolo yathola ukuthi isicele ukwaziswa kokuvota ngohlanga ngaphambi kokukhangisa umthetho, okwaholela ekutholeni ukucwa kwe-gebeva ngenhloso. Ngemva kokulwa isikhathi eside, inguquko yamuva yesithombe se-Istaid yaseNyakatho Carolina (idluliswe ngo-2018 ngokusemthethweni) ihlala endaweni yenseleleko eqhubekayo; ngo-2023, inkantolo yavala eminye imiphumela ye-disiki.

Ukuthambekela Kwamanje Nekusasa Lokutholakala Kwemisebe

Impikiswano ye-ID ayikaxazululwa. intuthuko entsha kwezobuchwepheshe, imithetho, nezinqumo zenkantolo iyaqhubeka ilolonga indawo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuchazwa Kwazo

Ezinye izifundazwe zihlola ezinye izindlela zokuzichaza, njengokuqinisekisa kwe-electronic ngemitapo yelayisense yomshayeli noma ngemikhondo ye-biometric. I-ID yezezinombolo kumakhalekhukhwini ingagcina inciphise izithiyo, kodwa ukutholwa kwezingane zokutholwa kuthatha kancane futhi kuphakamise imibandela eyimfihlo. Okwamanje, ukuvota okuzenzekelayo (AVR) nezimiso zokuvota ze-inthathi ye-inthaneti kuyanda, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ngabavoti ukuba babhalise futhi bathole i-ID ngesikhathi esisodwa. I-AVR, njenge-Oregon ne-Colorado, ibika isilinganiso esiphezulu sokubhalisa nokungena okusemthethweni. Nokho, i-AVR ayiqeshi isidingo se-ID ye-ID ezindaweni lapho imithetho yokuvota lapho idinga khona.

Imithetho Yesifunda

UKhomishane uthathe izikweleti ngokuphindaphindiwe ukucabangela isilinganiso noma ulinganise izimfuneko ze-ID ye-Opact. I-Four People Act (H.R. 1) ngo-2021 no-2023 ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okufuna ukuba amazwe avume ukuba i-ID futhi andise ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo nokuthatha usuku olunye. I-John Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act ihloselwe ukubuyisela izingxenye ze-Voting Rights Act ezidatsh ezidaliweyo zeNkantolo Ephakeme i-Shelby County, eyahlasela umthetho owenziwe kuqala ngemithetho ehlukanisayo. Icala alizange lidluliswe ekwahlulele i-Congress, kodwa limele ukwahlukana okuqhubekayo: Democrat'indected Revition Imeoct, kuyilapho isekela imithetho ye-Riphabliki jikelele.

Kulelozinga lesifundazwe, ukuthambekela kusukela ngo-2020 bekulokhu kusekwenqabela futhi kunwetshwa. Ngokwe- Brennan Center, phakathi kuka-January 2021 noApril 2023, izifunda-mazwe ezingu-18 zimise imithetho engu-29 eyenza ukuvota kube nzima, eziningi zenezela izimfuneko ze-ID eziqinile noma zisuse amabhokisi. Okwamanje, amazwe angama-25 anikeza imithetho eyandisa ukufinyelela, njengokubhalisa nokuvota kwakuqala. Umphumela uyindawo yovota ebanzi ebanzi lapho okuhlangenwe nakho kovota kuxhomeke ngokuphelele esimweni sawo sokuhlala.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela

Imithetho ye-Voter ayiyona nje imithetho ephelele yokuhle noma okubi. Imelela ukudayisa phakathi kwezindinganiso ezimbili ezingokomthetho: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhetho lulondekile futhi lungafinyelelwa. Ubufakazi busikisela ngokunamandla ukuthi ukukhohlisa kwevoti akuvamile, kuyilapho imithwalo ebekwa ngemithetho eqinile ye-ID incipha ngokungenakulinganiswa kubantu abasengozini. Kodwa ukuqonda komphakathi izindaba zobuqotho, futhi ama-ID amaningi asekela izimfuneko ze-ID. Ikhambi liqalile ukususa zonke izivivinyo ze-ID, kodwa ekuklameni izimiso ezinciphisa imingcele: ama-ID akhululekile nafinyelelekayo, amahora anwebekiwe amahhovisi e-ID, ama-id ama-iterlylyly iscundance, futhi ezinye izindlela eziqinile ezifana nokuvota. Izwe lisekela izimpawu ezinjalo njenge-Illinonian, ezinikeza ama-ID ne-ID elungele ukutholakala ngokulingana ne-iscovent. Njengoba abafundi beqhubeka beqaphela amandla ontanga yobuqotho.

Ukuze uthole olunye ucwaningo, hlola imithombo ye- Brennan Center yeJaji, i-[FLT] American Commin Librations Union’s Voting Rights Project [, i Convention of State of State , ne-[FLT] Confectal Conference of State Legactives [. Lezinhlangano zinikeza i--scripto-s kanye nohlelo lwezwe-ozansitime-m-om-osishologo ku-otist ku-octive izimfuneko ze-octive.