Table of Contents

UKhomishane ufeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, ngokunempumelelo, futhi ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. Lesimiso sokuqondisa esibanzi sisiza ekulondolozeni ukulandisa nokucaca kuyo yonke i-hulumeni, sivikela inzuzo yokukhokha intela futhi siqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe zifeza izibopho zazo ngendlela ehlolwa ngayo. Ukwengamela komthetho kuyingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso saseMelika sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kunikeza ukucubungula okudingekile ukuthi izimali zomphakathi zisetshenziswa kanjani nokuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zisetshenziswa kanjani.

Ukuqonda Ukuqondisa Kwezishaya - mthetho: Isisekelo Sokulandisa

UKhongolo-mthetho luthatha isibopho sokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokubukeza, ukuqondisa, nokuqondisa ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi. Lo msebenzi wobubonisi, nakuba ungashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni, uye waba isisekelo segunya lokubusa kusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe. Ukulawula kusikisela esikhundleni sokusho amandla avezwayo ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kodwa uye washintshela kwenye yemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yoMkhandlu.

IziNkathi Zokuqala zamisa lezi zinqubo zokwengamela ngokuhlola okukhethekile, ukubika izimfuneko nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuhlola igunya eliphethe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuphatha

Igunya lobubonisi leKhomishane lisuka egunyeni layo "elisetshenziswa" eMthethweni, emithethweni yomphakathi, naseMzini naseMhlanganweni. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungaliniki ngokomthetho uMkhandlu amandla okuhlola noma ukwengamela igatsha eliphethe, iNkantolo Ephakeme kudala yaqaphela leligunya njengelidingekile ukuze iSishaya-mthetho sifeze imithwalo yayo yemfanelo ngokuphumelelayo.

Imingcele yomthetho-sisekelo isebenza ekuqondiseni kweSishaya-mthetho nasebusweni bemibuso yophengululi, kuhlanganise nokuvikelwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, Sesine nesesihlanu kodwa hhayi amalungelo ahlobene neSichibiyelo Sesithupha. Lemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqondisa ukuhlangana kuhlala kulinganiselwe futhi kuhlonipha amalungelo omphakathi ngamunye kuyilapho kusavumela i-Congress ukuba yenze umsebenzi wayo obalulekile wokuhlola.

Ukuphathwa Kwemithetho: Ukwakha Isakhiwo Semisebenzi Yomsebenzi We - Agency Operations

ISishaya - mthetho siqondisa ngokuyinhloko ngemibuso yaso yokushaya imithetho, simise uhlelo olungokomthetho izinhlangano zikahulumeni okumelwe zisebenze kulo. Lokhu kuqondisa kwemithetho kuhlanganisa kokubili ukusungulwa kokuqala kwezinhlangano nezinhlelo kanye nokubukezwa nokulungiswa kweziphathimandla nemithwalo yazo yemfanelo.

Ukumisa Amanxusa Neziphathimandla

Lapho i-Congress ikha inhlangano entsha noma uhlelo ngomthetho, ichaza umsebenzi wenhlangano, isikhundla segunya, nemithetho esebenzayo. Lemithetho egunyaza imithetho isebenza njengepulani yemisebenzi yezinhlangano, imisa lokho inhlangano engakwenza futhi engakwazi ukukwenza. IziKhomishane zimisa ngokucophelela lemithetho ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zinegunya elanele lokufeza izinkonzo zazo kuyilapho zivimbela ukuphamba noma ukusebenzisa kabi amandla.

Uma i-Congress ikholelwa ukuthi inxusa elithile liye laphambuka ekugunyazweni kwalo kwasekuqaleni, iSishaya-mthetho singadlulisela umthetho ezinqumweni zezinhlangano ezilawulayo, noma sinciphise igunya lenhlangano. Lendlela yokulungisa imithetho yenza ukuba i-Congress ikwazi ukusabela lapho izinhlangano zichaza iziphathimandla zayo ngokubanzi kakhulu noma ziphishekela izimiso eziphikisana nezinhloso zobuhlanga.

Izenzo Zokuhlelwa Kwemithetho

I-Legislative Reorgantation Act ka-1946, ngokokuqala ngqá, yabiza ngokucacile "ukwengamela kwe-legistrate" emthethweni womphakathi, ukuqondisa iNdlu neSishaya-mthetho "ukuqhubeka kuqapha" phezu kwezinhlelo nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwegunya lazo, ukugunyaza izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe, nokuthuthukisa amandla e-Comptorroller General. Lomthetho wesibonelelo wenhlangano njengenkonzo engokomthetho futhi unikeze amakomiti adinga izinhlelo eziphumelelayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwalesisekelo, uMthetho we-Legislative Reorgantation Act ka-1970 wagunyaza ikomiti ngayinye emile ukuba "ibone i-GAO, isekethi yokuhlola nokufunda, ngokuqhubekayo, uhlelo, ukuphatha nokukhipha" imithetho ngaphansi kwayo, kwandisa izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe zamakomiti, kwandisa usizo olunikezwa yi-Congregational Research Service, futhi kwaqinisa ukuhlolwa kohlelo lwemithwalo yemfanelo ye-GAO. Lokhu kuthuthukisa kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ikhono loMkhandlu wokuphathwa ngokuphelele nokuqondiswa okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Igunya Lenhlangano Elilawulayo Elibi

ISivumelwano singalinciphisa igunya lenhlangano lokulawula; ngokwesibonelo, kuma-1980 Congress yanciphisa i-Evenvironment Protection Agency ye-U.S. i-E. ilawula ngokulawula ngokusebenzisa iziqondiso eziningiliziwe ukuze kulinganiswe ukubekwa kwe-EPA ukubusa. Lokhu kwenza uMkhandlu ukwazi ukulawula isimiso kuyilapho usaphathisa izinhlangano ezingochwepheshe imithwalo yemfanelo.

Izindaba Neziphetho Ze - congress: Ukukhanya Okukhazimulayo Emikhakheni Yokuhlola

Izindaba nokuhlola kweCongress kumelela ezinye zezindlela zobubonisi ezibonakala kakhulu nezinethonya.

Izinhlobo Zezindaba Zomphakathi

Ukuphathwa kweKhomishane kuhlanganisa ukugunyazwa, ukuqulwa kwezindaba, ukuphenyiswa kwezindaba, nokuqulwa kwemithetho ngamakomiti amile, ukuhlola okukhethekile okunikezwa amakomiti akhethiwe, nokubukezwa nokuhlolwa yizinhlangano ezisekela indikimba nezisebenzi. Uhlobo ngalunye lokulalela lufeza injongo ehlukile emvelweni yezokuqondisa imvelo.

Ukuqulwa kwezindaba ezicacisiwe ezihlelwa izinhlangano kanye nokugunyazwa kwezinhlelo ezikhona kunikeza amathuba avamile oMkhandlu ukuba uhlole ukusebenza kwezinhlangano futhi ubeke izikhulu icala. Lokhu kuthethwa njalo kwenzeka minyaka yonke noma emijikelezweni evamile, kudala izindawo ezilindelekile zokuqondisa.

Ukuhlolwa Okukhethekile Nokukhetha Amakomiti

Eminye imisebenzi yokuqondisa esakazwa kakhulu ivela kancane ngokukhetha amakomiti emisebenzi emikhulu noma eminyangweni yegatsha elikhulu, njengemibuzo yesikhashana efuna ikomiti ekutholeni kwezikhali zenuzi eChina ngo-1999, i-Iran-Cintra impikiswano yomthetho wobuhlakani ngo-1975-1976, kanye nehlazo le-Watergate ngo- 1973-1974. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu kubonisa ikhono le-Congress lokuphendula ekubhuculeni okukhulu kokukhohlakala komphakathi noma ekuhlulekeni kwemithetho emikhulu.

Isibonelo saloluhlobo lobububonisi sihlehlela emuva emakhulwini amabili eminyaka: ngo - 1792, ikomiti ekhethekile yeNdlu yeNdlu yahlola ukunqoba kwebutho ngezizwe zamaNdiya ezihlangene. Lokhu kuqhubeka komlando kugcizelela ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo kokuhlola kwengqungquthela njengethuluzi lokulandisa.

Amandla Okufakaza Namadokhumende

Okuhlanganisiwe phakathi kwesilinganiso samandla yigunya lokuqala ukuhlola, ukuqunga amacala, ukuqoqa ubufakazi noma amaphepha kofakazi, futhi, ezimweni lapho uhulumeni noma iqembu lomuntu siqu lingafiki khona, kuphoqelela ukuvumelana nezicelo zobuphostoli ngokufaka imvume nokuphoqelela amampophona. Lamandla angaphansi kwe-componation anikeza amazinyo angempela, aqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungathola ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze ufeze imithwalo yawo yemfanelo.

Indlu neSigele kubekwa imithetho yokunikeza amabhodi angaphansi kwekomiti azimele, nendlela ama-plone akhishwa ngayo ngezindlela ezingafani ngekomiti nangegumbi; endlu, cishe wonke amakomiti manje anika izihlalo zawo amandla okukhipha izihlalo eziphansi, kuyilapho kumakomiti amaningi eNdlu yamakomiti kudinga ukuba isihlalo siqale sithole imvume yelungu eliphezulu. Lokhu kungafani kwemidanti kubonisa indlela yokulinganisela amandla amaningi egumbini ngalinye namalungelo amancane.

Ukubusa Kweqembu Elincane

Indima yamalungu eqembu elincane enqubweni yobubonisi ilawulwa imithetho yegumbi ngalinye namakomiti alo, futhi amalungu amancane anikezwa ngokuqondile amalungelo athile; ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yendlu neNkathi kunikeza idlanzana ekomitini ilungelo elilinganiselwe lokubiza ofakazi ngokukhethwa kwabo enkantolo, futhi wonke amalungu amakomiti endlu aqinisekiswa ukuba aphikise ufakazi ngamunye ngemizuzu emihlanu. Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukwengamela akulona ithuluzi leqembu elikhulu kodwa likhonza izithakazelo ezibanzi nezindaba zomphakathi.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lohlelo Lokwenza Imali: Amandla Okuthenga

Elinye lamathuluzi okwanga amaKhongolo anamandla kakhulu ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Ngenqubo yokuhlola, uMkhandlu unquma ukuthi inkampani ngayinye ithola imali engakanani futhi ingahlanganisa izimo kuleyo mali ukuze iphoqelele ukulandisa nokubeka imishini kuqala.

Inqubo Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ngemva kokuba uMongameli enikeze izimali zikahulumeni ezimisiwe eMkhandlwini naseMakomitini Ohlelo Ohlelo Omthetho, kubhekiselwa eGabhini ukuze kwakhiwe isinqumo saminyaka yonke, esibeka ingqikithi yemali esetshenziswayo yohulumeni wombuso wonke unyaka; kusukela lapho, isilinganiso siqhubekela eNdlu neSigele, lapho ikamelo ngalinye licabangela izinqumo zalo ezizimele bese livota kuzo; khona - ke leli sinqumo siqala ukuhlangana ukuze sifeze ukuhlukana okuphakathi kwezinyathelo ezimbili; isinqumo esibuyisanayo sinikezwa eNdlulweni naseSihlalo sehlo sevolo.

Ngemva kokuba isinqumo sokusetshenziswa kwemali sesamukelwe, iNdlu neSigele ngayinye imisa amazinga aphelele okuxhasa imali yezindleko zemali ngayinye kwezingu - 12. Lenqubo inikeza iSishaya - mthetho ukulawula ngokuningiliziwe kwezimali zezinhlangano, ikuvumela ukuba ivuze izinhlangano eziphumelelayo ngemithombo ephumelelayo kuyilapho icindezela lezo eziye zenza ngendlela engeyinhle noma eziphambukile ezimyalweni zazo.

Ukusebenzisa Izinkulumo Njengethuluzi Eliqondisayo

ISishaya-mthetho singasebenzisa amandla aso okubhuntshisa ekuvimbeleni ukuxhaswa kwemali kwenhlangano. Lamandla adlulela ngalé kokunquma amazinga okuxhasa imali; uMkhandlu unganqabela futhi izinhlangano ukuba zingasebenzisi imali emisebenzini ethile, ufune izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise imali ngezindlela ezithile, noma zigunyaze ukubika izimfuneko njengezimo zokwamukela iziphakamiso.

Inqubo yokuhlola yaminyaka yonke inikeza amathuba okuba uMkhandlu uhlole indlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo ngokuningiliziwe. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwezindaba, izikhulu zezinhlangano kumelwe zithethelele izicelo zazo zemali futhi zichaze indlela eziye zasebenzisa ngayo iziphakamiso ezidlule. Lokhu kuhlola kwasikhathi sonke kudala ukulandisa okuqhubekayo futhi kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokubikelwa kwemali.

Izimo Nokulinganiselwa Kwezimali

I-Congress ivame ukuhlanganisa izimo zezimali ezixhaswa inhlangano ukuze iqinisekise izimfuneko ezithile ezikhethekile eziza kuqala noma ezisebenzayo. Lezi zimo zingahlanganisa izimfuneko zokukhokha imibiko ekhokhwayo, ukunqatshelwa kokusebenzisa imali ngezinjongo ezithile, noma izimvume zokufeza izinjongo ezithile. Ngokufaka imvume yokuxhasa ukuvumelana nalezi zimfuneko, uMkhandlu uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano ziyaqhubeka zisabela ekwayaleni komthetho.

Ihhovisi lokulandisa likahulumeni: Ukuhlolwa komthetho wombuso

I-Hulumeni Reconostic Office isebenza njengenye yemithombo yezengameli yeSishaya-mthetho ebaluleke kakhulu, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuzimele, okungekho kwezimiso zikahulumeni kanye nemali.

Ukuthunywa kuka GAO kanye nokwakhiwa

IGAO inikeza ukwaziswa okusekelwe eqinisweni, okungasekelwe eqenjini le-costance futhi ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "i-Connetional cardog," ihlola imali nomsebenzi kahulumeni. I-Ofisi ye-Rovement Accounting i-offsement yombuso phakathi kwegatsha le-United States elinomthetho elilungiselela ukuphenywa, ukuhlolwa, nokuphenyiswa kwe-uphenya kwe-United States Congress esesikhundleni esizimele nesingesona sobuhlanga.

IGAO yamiswa njengeHhovisi Elivamile Lokunikeza Amalungelo nge - Balance and Accounting Act ka - 1921, futhi lesisenzo sadinga ukuba inhloko yeGAO ihlole, enhloko yohulumeni noma kwenye indawo, zonke izindaba ezihlobene nerisidi, ukulahla, nokusebenzisa izimali zomphakathi, nokunikeza uMongameli nemibiko neMikhandlu nokutusa okubheke ezomnotho ezinkulu noma ukuphumelela ezindlekweni zomphakathi.

Ngokwenkulumo yeGAO yamanje ye-GAO, lenhlangano ikhona ukuze isekele iKhomishane ekufezeni imithwalo yayo yemfanelo engokomthetho-mthetho futhi isize ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ngokwenzuzo yabantu baseMelika, futhi igama lashintshwa ngo-2004 yi-GO Human Capital Reform Act nge-GAO i-Act ukuze ibonise kangcono ukuthunywa kwehhovisi.

Umsebenzi ka GAO nomphumela

IGAO inikeza iSishaya - mthetho, izinhloko zezinhlangano eziphethe, nomphakathi onokwaziswa okufike ngesikhathi, okusekelwe eqinisweni, okungeyona ingxenye ekhethekile okungasetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni uhulumeni futhi konge izinkulungwane zezigidi zamaRandi, futhi umsebenzi wayo wenziwe ngesicelo samakomiti omphakathi noma izibopho ezincane noma ufunwa ngokunenzuzo yimithetho yomphakathi noma imibiko yamakomiti.

IGAO ihlola indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo abakhokhi bentela futhi inikeza izinhlangano zeSishaya - mthetho nohulumeni izinhloso, ezingezona isigaba, ukwaziswa okusekelwe eqinisweni ukuze kusizwe uhulumeni ukuba alondoloze imali futhi asebenze ngokunenzuzo; ngokwesibonelo, yathola cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 1,7 ezinzuzo ezingokwezimali zikahulumeni futhi yabhala izinzuzo ezingezona ezemali, intuthuko yokusebenza phakathi kwezinhlelo zikahulumeni kuhlanganise nalabo abanikezelwe ekulondekeni komphakathi, ukulondeka kwesizwe, kanye nabantu abasengozini abanjengabantwana, asebe besikhathi esithile, nalabo abakhubazekile.

Ababali be-GAO abagcini nje ngokuhlola imali kuphela, kodwa bahlanganyela nasekuhloleni izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi. Lokhu kuhlola umsebenzi kuhlola ukuthi izinhlangano zifeza izinjongo zazo ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngokuphumelelayo, zinikeza iSishaya-mthetho izikhombo ezinemininingwane eminingi yemiphumela yezinhlelo kanye nokutusa kokuthuthukisa.

Isimiso sokuhlela seGAO's

The GAO is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and maintains an additional 11 field offices around the country, with each field office containing several mission teams, but not every mission team is represented at each field office. This geographic distribution allows GAO to conduct oversight activities throughout the nation, examining federal programs and spending wherever they occur.

Izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe zeGAO zihlelwe njengeqembu elihlanganisa izindawo ezizodwa njengokunakekela impilo, amakhono okuvikela, ukuphatha, nokuphatha nokuhlobisa, i-GAO idinga ukuba ibe nezisebenzi zochwepheshe emikhakheni eminingi, kuhlanganise nabahlaziyi, ochwepheshe bokwaziswa, abahlola izimali, izazi zezomnotho, abameli, nabahlaziyi bokuxhumana. Lobu buchwepheshe obuningi bokuhlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kuzo zonke izakhiwo zikahulumeni.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwabaholi Be - Agency: Izisebenzi Njengezisebenzi Ezinakekelayo

Amandla eSigele ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli ezikhundleni eziyinhloko ze-operator amelela enye inqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqondisa. Ngenqubo yokuqinisekisa, iSigele singahlola izimfanelo zommeli, imibono yezimiso, kanye nokuzibopha ngokuhlela izinto eziza kuqala ngaphambi kokuba bathathe indima yokuhola egatsheni eliphethe.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa

Lapho uMongameli emisa abantu ngabanye ukuba bahole izinhlangano zikahulumeni noma bakhonze kwezinye izikhundla eziyinhloko, iSigele kumelwe sinikeze "imvume nemvume yaso" ngaphambi kokuba laba abanyunyana bathathe isikhundla. Lemfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo inikeza ithonya elikhulu ngalabo abahola izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe kanye naziphi izimiso abaziphishekelayo.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iqala ngekomiti yeSigele ephethe ukuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuhlolwe isizinda somnyunyana, izimfanelo, nemibono yakhe ezindabeni zenqubo. Abaqondisi bayabuza ngamasu abo ngezinhlelo ze-athom, incazelo yemithetho ehambelanayo, kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukuba babonakale futhi baphendule. Le nqubo ivumela iSigele ukuba simise amathemba okuthi abamele ukumiswa kwe-minene kuzoholela izinhlangano zabo futhi sikhiphe izibopho ngokuphathelene nokubambisana ne-compacyriation.

Ukulandisa Ngokuqinisekiswa

Amandla okuqinisekisa adlulela ngalé kokumiswa kokuqala. Abaholi be-Agency bazi ukuthi kungase kudingeke babuyele eSikhungweni seNdlu yezincwadi ukuze baqinisekiswe uma bebekwe ezikhundleni ezihlukene, badala isisusa esiqhubekayo sokulondoloza ubuhlobo obuhle noKhongolo-mkhandlu futhi baphendule izinkathazo zobuthunywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usongo lokuzwa kwezindlebe ezinzima zabasekeli besikhathi esizayo lungakhuthaza abaholi bamanje ukuba bahambisane nemizamo yobucukubhe.

Amanye Amathuluzi Okunakekela Imali Nemishini

Ukwengamela kweCongress kungavela cishe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi womthetho nangezinqubo ezihlukahlukene zemithetho, izinhlangano, nezakhiwo, kusukela ekuthintaneni okungokomthetho nekomiti kuya eqenjini noma izisebenzi, kusukela ekuhlolweni kwezisebenzi kuya ekusekeleni ukubukezeni ukuqulwa kwecala, nakusukela emsebenzini owenziwa amahhovisi amaLungu ukuze kuhlolwe izinhlangano ezingalwi ezilungiselelwe abakhomishane nabahloli abanjengezisebenzi eziphethe.

Imibiko Nemikhankaso

Ingqungquthela ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zinikeze imibiko evamile ngemisebenzi yazo, imisebenzi yazo, nokusetshenziswa kwezimali ezifanele.

Umsebenzi wokuqondisa uzuza kaningi ngokuhlola nokuhlola kwezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinhloli eziphethe kanye neHhovisi Lezezimali likaHulumeni, elinemithetho eqondile evela eMkhandlwini ukuze ikhulume ngokulahlwa, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhashazwa ezinhlanganweni. Lezi zinja ezizimele zinikeza iSishayamthetho ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe nesixwayiso sasekuqaleni sezinkinga ezisezikhungweni.

Izazi ezihlolayo

Abahloli bakaJenene yizikhundla zegatsha eziphethe ezakhiwa ngemithetho enegunya elikhulu lokuhlola nokuhlola izinhlangano ezihlangene, futhi ngesivikelo esikhethekile ukuze ziqinisekise ukuzimela kwazo. Lezi zikhulu zisebenza njengezisebenzi eziqaphe ngaphakathi ezinhlanganweni, zihlola futhi zibika lokho ezikutholile kokubili ubuholi bezinhlangano kanye nezinhlangano.

Izazi zokuhlola ze-General zinikeza i-Congress umthombo oqhubekayo wokwaziswa ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano, ngokuvamile zikhomba izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe amahlazo amakhulu noma ukuhluleka kwezimiso. Ubuhlobo babo bokubika okubili, [1] kubo bobabili izinhloko zezinhlangano kanye ne-Congress − izingcebiso zokuthi uKhongolo luthola izinqumo eziqotho zokusebenza kwezinhlangano ngisho nalapho abaholi bezinhlangano bekhetha ukufihla izinkinga.

Izinqumo Zokubuza

Enye indlela yobuqondisi yisinqumo sokubuza, okuyisinqumo esilula esicela ngokuqondile noma esifunwa umongameli noma umphathi womnyango omkhulu ukunikeza iNdlu yabameleli ukwaziswa okuqondile okuqondile okusemthonjeni womphathi. Leli thuluzi livumela amalungu noma amakomiti ukuba acele ukwaziswa okungokomthetho egatsheni eliphethe, abangele umlando womphakathi wesicelo nokusabela.

Izimo Ezisekelayo Zomphakathi

Ngokwesiko ukuqondisa kweCongress kuhilela ukuthunywa kwemibuso ngesimiso sekomiti nokusekela kwezinhlangano namahhovisi amaningana kahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMkhandlu Womhloli Wezobuqotho Nokungaguquguquki, iHhovisi Lokuphatha Nokuhlela Imali, iHulumeni Yokuqulisa Imali, i - Congregational Research Service, ne - Congregational Baccoral Baccouncial Office.

Inhlangano ngayinye yalezi zinkampani ezisekelayo inikeza iSishaya - mthetho ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile nekhono lokuhlola. I-Congregational Research Service inikeza ukuhlolwa kwezimiso nokucwaninga okungokwangaphandle komthetho. I-Congregal Ballet Office inikeza izinqumiso zezomnotho nezinqumo zemali. Zombili lezi zinkampani ziqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu uyakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okudingayo ukuze uphathe kahle.

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kohlelo

Ukuhlolwa kohlelo lokusebenza kuseyinqubo elungisayo yokuqondisa, ngohlelo lwanamuhla lokuhlola ngokusebenzisa isayensi yezenhlalo kanye nezindlela zokulawula inqubo − njengokuhlola, ukuhlola okubizayo, kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza kwezinhlelo eziqhubekayo, futhi ukwaziswa okuphathelene nokusebenza kohlelo kungaba usizo kuKhomishane njengoba yenza izinqumo mayelana nohlelo lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni kanye nemali ezosetshenziswa.

Izinjongo Nokubaluleka Kokunakekela Kwezishaya - mthetho

Ukwengamela kwe - Congress kufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika, okungalé kokuqashelwa kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Ukunakekela Uhulumeni Ophumelelayo Nophumelelayo

Ukuhlola indlela igatsha eliphethe eliphoqelela ngayo imithetho, ukuchitha izinhlelo, nezimiso kwenza uMkhandlu ukwazi ukuhlola ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni neminyango zisebenza ngendlela ephumelelayo, ephumelelayo nengokonga futhi kuqoqe ukwaziswa okungase kuzise umthetho. Lo msebenzi wokuhlola usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abakhokhi bentela basetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha nokuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zifeza izinjongo zabo ezihlosiwe.

Ukuvikela Izinkolo Eziyizinhle

Ukwanda kukahulumeni wezwe nesimiso somthetho kukhuphule isidingo soMkhandlu wesigungu futhi usebenzise ukuqondisa ukuze uhlole futhi uhlole umphathi, ngale "seakeja" umsebenzi osebenza ekuvikeleni indima yokwenza inqubo yoKhongolo-mfuno nendawo yayo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I esimisweni somthetho-sisekelo se-U.S. sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuphumelelayo, igatsha eliphethe linganqwabelanisa amandla kancane kancane kancane entengo yomthetho-sisekelo ententeni yombuso.

Ukwakha Umphakathi

Indima yokwengamela yombuso ibalulekile futhi ngoba ikhanyisa ukunaka komphakathi ezindabeni ezibucayi, ezisiza kokubili abenzi bomthetho nomphakathi ukuba benze izahlulelo zolwazi ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi wezikhulu. Ngokuphatha ukuqulwa kwamacala nokwenza imibiko yomphakathi, uMkhandlu uqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa ngokuthi uhulumeni wazo usebenza kanjani nokuthi ama - dollar azo entela asetshenziswa kanjani.

Lomsebenzi wokwazisa unesisekelo esijulile somlando. uWoodrow Wilson waqaphela ukubaluleka kwawo ekuhloleni kwakhe uhulumeni wombuso wombuso ka - 1885, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yavuma ukuthi sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo Ephakeme yenza umsebenzi wokuzisa ukuba ihlole futhi ikhiphe izinkinga ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kokunakekela Komphakathi

Nakuba ukuqondisa ukubusa kwenhlangano kubalulekile ekulandiseni ngentando yeningi, ibhekana nezinselele nokulinganiselwa okuningana okungathinta ukuphumelela kwayo.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga isikhathi esiphawulekayo, imithombo yezisebenzi, nobuchwepheshe. Amakomiti e-Congress kumelwe alinganisele imithwalo yemfanelo yokwengamela nemisebenzi yawo yezomthetho, futhi izimali zezisebenzi zilinganiselwe. Igatsha eliphethe, linolwazi olukhulu lwezemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe, ngokuvamile linezinzuzo zokunikeza ukwaziswa phezu kweSishaya-Mkhandlu, okwenza kube inselele kubabonisi benhlangano ukuba baqonde ngokugcwele imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuvelela kungathonywa ezombangazwe ezihlukanisayo, futhi ingxenye enkulu ngezinye izikhathi isebenzisa abaphathi ukuze ihlazise abaphikisi bezombangazwe noma iqembu elincane elilwela ukwenza ububonisi obunenjongo ngaphandle kwamandla angaphansi. Nokho, izithakazelo zokumiswa kweSishaya - mthetho njengeqembu ngokuvamile zidlula ukuhlukana okungokohlanga, ikakhulukazi lapho izenzo eziphethe amagatsha zisongela amalungelo enhlangano.

Ukumelana Negatsha Eliphethe

Iminyaka eminingana edlule iye yaba inkathi enamandla yokuqondisa imithetho nemikhuba yokubusa izishaya - mthetho, kuhlolwe izishaya - mthetho ezihlukahlukene eziye zabangela ukunaka okukhulu emphakathini, futhi kokubili igatsha eliphethe neSishaya - mthetho siye sasungula amathuluzi amasha nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zokuphikisa izimpikiswano zobubonisi; izinkantolo ziye zaphendula imibuzo ethile ngokuphathelene namandla abaphathi kuyilapho zishiya abanye bengaphenduli, futhi eminyakeni ezayo, izinqumo ezenziwa amaKhomishana njengoba ephishekela imigomo yawo yokuqondisa zingase ziqhubeke zilolonge ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha.

Ukungenela kweNkantolo Ephakeme ukungenela izimpikiswano zophengululo ngokuvamile kuye kwagcinwa ezimweni lapho uMkhandlu ufuna khona ukwaziswa esakhamuzini esizimele, hhayi kuhulumeni, futhi uMazars, wanquma ngo-2020, kwakungokokuqala ukuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhulume ngokuqondile ngempi yamaphekula. Isinqumo salezimpikiswano senzeka ngokuxoxisana phakathi kwamagatsha kunokuba kungenele enkantolo.

Umda nokugxila

Ezinye izazi ziye zakungabaza ukusebenza kobucukubhelu ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kweziphathimandla nokuthobela umthetho. Ubukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi bukahulumeni kahulumeni bukwenza kube yinselele ukuqondisa okubanzi, futhi uMkhandlu kumelwe wenze izinqumo ezihlelekile zokuthi ungagxilisa kuphi imithombo yawo elinganiselwe yokuqondisa.

Intuthuko Yamuva Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

ISishaya - mthetho sinobubonisi obubanzi neziphathimandla ezicwaningayo, ezibalulekile emigudwini yaso yokushaya umthetho ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S., futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje, amalungu eSishaya - mthetho aye ahlola izindlela zokuthuthukisa imisebenzi yaso yokuqondisa, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa ukubusa kukahulumeni (nenqubo esetshenziswa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuze ziqambe, zikhiphe, noma zikhiphe umthetho noma umthetho.

Ukuqondisa Amandla Obuqaba Anamuhla

Ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe elinye lemithwalo eyinhloko yeSishaya-mthetho, futhi eminyakeni yamuva, uMkhandlu uye wahlola izindlela zokulungisa imisebenzi yawo kulendawo, kuhlanganise nokwengamela ukuqondisa futhi nokumisa umthetho wokusebenza negatsha eliphethe. Lemizamo yanamuhla iqaphela ukuthi amasu obucukubhelu kumelwe avele ukuze ahambisane nezinguquko zemisebenzi kahulumeni nobuchwepheshe.

Izinguquko Nezici Ezithuthukisiwe

I-Congress ingakha amahhovisi amasha okuqondisa noma angokomthetho, izinqubo zokwengamela, noma izimfuneko zokuqondisa, noma ukuguqula ezikhona, futhi ngayinye yalezi zinqumo ivela ngokuqashwa nokunye ukucatshangelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumisa amahhovisi amasha okuqondisa kungathuthukisa ikhono lobuphathi kodwa kungandisa futhi izindleko nezinkonzo ezikhona.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuqondisa Izishaya - mthetho

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kwenhlangano kudinga ukuhlela okuhleliwe, imithombo eyanele, nesibopho esiqhubekayo.

Ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo

Kunokuba ulinde ukuba kube nezinhlekelele noma amahlazo, ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kuhilela ukuqhubeka kuqashelwa kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano. Ukuzwa njalo, ukubika izimfuneko ezivamile, nokukhulumisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezisebenzi zenhlangano nezikhulu zezinhlangano kusiza ekutholeni izinkinga ngokushesha futhi kuvimbele izinkinga ezincane ekubeni zibe ukwehluleka okukhulu.

Ukubambisana Ne - bipartisan

Ukuqondisa kuphumelela kakhulu lapho kunqoba ukuhlukana okuhlukanisayo futhi kugxila ezithakazelweni ezingokwezinhlangano nakuhulumeni omuhle.

Imicebo Enamandla

I-Congress kufanele isebenzise ngokugcwele izinhlangano zayo zokusekela − GAO, CRS, CBO(nenye imithombo yochwepheshe njengonogada. Lezi zinhlangano zinikeza ulwazi olukhethekile namandla adingekayo ukuze ziqonde imisebenzi yezinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zibone izinkinga ezingase zingabonakali kubaphathi benhlangano kajenene.

Ukulandela Ngokutuswa

Ukuqondisa kuphumelela kakhulu uma kuholela ekuthuthukisweni okusobala kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano. Lokhu kudinga ukuba uMkhandlu ulandelele okutholwe ngokwengamela ngokumisa izinguquko ezidingekile zemithetho, ukulungisa izinqumiso, noma ukusebenzisa amanye amathuluzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkinga ezicacisiwe ziyalungiswa.

Indima Yokumiswa Kwekomiti Ekuqondiseni

Isimiso sekomiti siyinhloko yokuqondisa ukumiswa kwezinhlangano, sivumele amalungu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile zesimiso futhi alondoloze ubuhlobo obuqhubekayo nezinhlangano ezingaphansi kwaso.

Amakomiti Amile

Amakomiti akhona aqhuba imisebenzi eminingi yokuqondisa evamile. Ikomiti ngayinye iphethe izinhlangano ezithile nezindawo ezimisiwe, ivumela amalungu amakomiti nezisebenzi ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olujulile ngezinhlangano ezizabelweyo. Lokhu kubekwa kuthuthukisa ukuphumelela ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ababonisi baqonda imishini eyinkimbinkimbi nezimiso zemisebenzi.

IKomiti Yokuqondisa Indlu

IKomiti yendlu eHlalulwe noHulumeni yeNguquko ukuqinisekisa ukuphumelela, ukuphumelela, nokulandisa kukahulumeni kahulumeni nazo zonke izinhlangano zakhe, inikeza i-sethi yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngendima namandla eWashington kanye nezwi kubantu ekhonzayo. Le komiti inegunya likahulumeni eliphethe emhlabeni wonke, iyivumela ukuba ihlole izindaba ezihlanganisa imingcele yezinhlangano eziningi.

Ukugada kuphrowethi: Izithobo zangempela-zasemhlabeni

Ukwengamela kwe - Congress kubonakalisa ngezindlela eziningi kulo lonke uhulumeni, kusukela ekubukezeni uhlelo lwesimiso kuya ekuhloleni okukhulu kokuhluleka kwezinhlangano.

Imisebenzi Evamile

Ukuqondisa okuningi kwenzeka ngenqubo, imisebenzi eqhubekayo enganakwa umphakathi kodwa ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulandisa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwaminyaka yonke lapho izinhlangano zithethelela izicelo zazo zemali, ukugunyaza ukuqulwa lapho amakomiti ehlola ukuthi izinhlelo kufanele ziphinde zivunyelwe yini, nemihlangano yasikhathi sonke phakathi kwezisebenzi zenhlangano nezikhulu zezinhlangano ukuze zixoxe ngezindaba zokufeza.

Ukusabela Ezinkingeni Zobuphekula

Uma kuvela izinkinga (eziphuma ngemibiko yemithombo yezindaba), izikhalo zokufutha ikhwelo, ukuphenya nge-GAO, noma ukuhlola kwe-GO umphenyi jikelele ("Conrer") kungathatha ngokushesha ngokuqondisa okuqondisiwe. Lokhu kungahilela ukuqulwa kwecala kuziphathimandla zezezombuzo, ukucela imibiko eningiliziwe ngenkinga, noma ukuphenya okungokomthetho ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ikuphi kanye nezimbangela zalendaba.

Ukunakekela Ngezenzo

Ilungu ngalinye leKhongolo kanye nezisebenzi zalo eziqondisayo ngezisebenzi ezisebenza emacaleni, zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi zixazulule izinkinga zezinhlangano. Nakuba lokhu kuthethwa kwecala ngokuyinhloko kusiza abameleli, kunikeza futhi ukuqonda okuwusizo ngendlela izinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo ngempela nalapho kunezinkinga zesimiso.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokuphatha Nomthetho

Ukuqondisa nomthetho kuhambisana kakhulu nemisebenzi yeSishaya - mthetho.

Ukuqapha Imithetho

Imisebenzi yokuqondisa yembula njalo isidingo somthetho omusha noma ukulungiswa kwemithetho ekhona. Uma ukuqondisa kuveza izinkinga ngendlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo izinhlelo, uMkhandlu ungasabela ngokucacisa ulimi lwemithetho, ukulungisa iziphathimandla zezinhlangano, noma ukusungula izimfuneko ezintsha zokuxazulula izinkinga ezikhona.

Amalungiselelo Okuqondisa Angokomthetho

Lapho kumiswa umthetho, izishaya - mthetho zivame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo ahloselwe ukuqondisa isikhathi esizayo. Lezi zingahlanganisa ukubika izimfuneko, amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga adinga ukuba izinhlelo ziphinde zivunyelwe ngezikhathi ezithile, noma izimfuneko zokuba izinhlangano zithintane neSishaya-Mkhandlu ngaphambi kokuba zenze izenzo ezithile. La mathuluzi ezimiso akha amathuba aqhubekayo okuqondisa futhi aqinisekise ukuthi uMkhandlu uyaqhubeka unethonya ekumisweni kwezinhlelo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokugadiswa Yizindlwana

Ukuphathwa kwe-Congress Congress kwamalungu kahulumeni kusengomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yegatsha lemithetho. Ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zamathuluzi nezinqubo − kusukela ekubekeni umthetho nakugunyaza kuya ekuhlolweni nasekuhlolweni kwezindlebe nokuhlolwa () kusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, ngokuphumelelayo, futhi ngokuvumelana nomthetho.

Lo msebenzi wokwengamela ufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile: uvikela abakhokhi bentela ngokuhlukanisa udoti nokungawufezi, ulondoloza ukulinganisela komthetho - sisekelo kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano ziyaqhubeka zinesibopho sokulandisa kubameleli abakhethiwe futhi ekugcineni kubantu baseMelika, futhi unikeza umphakathi ukwaziswa ngendlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo.

Nakuba ukuqondisa kwengqungquthela kubhekene nezinselele − kuhlanganise nezingcindezi zezimpahla, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, nokumelana kwegatsha eliphetheyo − kuseyisici esibaluleke kakhulu sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Njengoba uhulumeni ukhula futhi izinhlangano zisebenzisa amandla akhulayo, ukuqondisa ukuhlanganisa okuphumelelayo kuba bucayi ngokwengeziwe ekulondolozeni ukulandisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Kubantu abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni wabo usebenza kanjani, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kunikeza isisekelo sobuhlobo phakathi kwabameleli abakhethiwe neziphathimandla ezisebenzisa isimiso sikahulumeni. Ngokusebenzisa imithwalo yemfanelo yobubonisi ngamandla nangempumelelo, uKhongolo lufeza indima yalo engokomthetho futhi lusiza ukuba uhulumeni aqhubeke esabela, enesibopho, futhi efanelwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi.

Ukwazi okwengeziwe ngokuqondisa kwe-cornqualiation nendlela ethinta ngayo izinhlangano ezithile nezinhlelo, vakashela i-paclage Corest.gov website yokuzwa, imibiko yamakomiti, nezinye izincwadi zobubonisi. Iwebhusayithi ye-Toweb ye-Accounting arevertication inikeza ukufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni zemibiko ehlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni nezindleko. Lemithombo inikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo ekuqondeni indlela i-buphathi bekomiti esebenza ngayo nendlela eqondisa ngayo imisebenzi kahulumeni.