Ukungenelana Phakathi Kwamagatsha Angokomthetho Naqondisayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu buyindawo yokulawula kwentando yeningi ezimisweni zobumongameli njenge-United States. Lokhu kudlala okunamandla kubonisa indlela imithetho eqanjwa ngayo, ecwengisisiwe, enziwa, futhi ephoqwa ngayo, futhi ilolonga ngokuyisisekelo isimo sezwe sezombangazwe. Ukuqonda lokhu kubambisana kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokwenza inqubo, ukulandisa, nokulinganisela kwamandla. Nakuba abahleli bamagatsha e-U.S. bahlukanisa ngamabomu la magatsha ukuze bavimbele ubushiqela, futhi bawahlukanisa ngesimiso sezwe semibuso ehlangene nezokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa kudinga ukuhlangana okungapheli nokuhlehla.

Ukuqonda Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Igatsha lemithetho, ngokuyinhloko, liphethe amandla esikhwama semali negunya lokwenza imithetho. E-United States, leli lungiselelo le-baobal lakhiwa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli, ngalinye elinezindima ezihlukene zomthetho-mthetho nezisekelo zokhetho. Indlu, enamalungu angu-35 ahlukaniswa abantu, iklanyelwe ukusabela ngokwengeziwe kubantu, ngeminyaka emibili nangamandla akhethekile okusungula izikweletu zemali nezikhulu zikahulumeni. ISishayamthetho, esinamalungu ahlukene (kubili kuhulumeni), sisebenza njengelungu elithatha imingcele, elinezibopho ezineminyaka eyisithupha, amandla okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, kanye nomthwalo wokuzama ukukhipha intela.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho

Inqubo yomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu, idinga izindleko zokudlulisa amagumbi womabili afanayo ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. Lenqubo ihilela ukuzwa kwamakomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, ukulungisa, namavoti amaningi. Isidingo sokulawula okukhulu kwezinye izimo. Ngokufana nokufaka izivumelwano ze-veto noma zokuqinisa izivumelwano, isho ukuthi igatsha lemithetho lingenza njengesesha kumphathi wesikhulu, kodwa futhi kusho futhi ukuthi inyathelo elikhulu lomthetho lidinga ukuhlanganisana nesivumelwano sokwakha.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

UKhomishane futhi uqondisa ihhovisi legatsha eliphethe ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ifezeka ngokwethembeka. Lokhu kuqondisa kungaba uhlobo lweHhovisi lokulalela, i-athopoenas, nokuhlola okuvela kumakomiti. [I-Government Accounting Office (GAO) ne-[FLT] Conrigetional Bridgetment Office [CBO) inikeza ukuhlaziya okuzimele okusiza izishaya-mthetho ukuhlaziya izenzo zesikhulu nezicelo zemali. Amandla e-subpoena, kuyilapho ebhekene inselele inselele, ivumela umhlangano ukuba ibophe nezincwadi ezivela eziphethe, yenza isimo esishukumayo esiqinile esisekela ukulandisa.

Indima Yegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe libekwa icala lokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo. Iholi kaMongameli, okhonza kokubili njengenhloko yombuso nenhloko kahulumeni, leligatsha lihlanganisa uMongameli onguMphathi, iKhabhinethi (ehambisana namanhloko eminyango engu-15 yezikhulu), kanye nesimiso esikhulu sikahulumeni. Imisebenzi yomthetho-sisekelo kaMongameli ihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi "imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka," iqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle, futhi ikhonza njengoMphathi-iNdlundlwane wemikhosi ehlomile.

Izimiso Neziqondiso Eziphethe

Nakuba uMongameli engakwazi ukwakha imithetho ngaphandle kokukhetha, iGatsha eliphethe lingakhipha iziyalo eziphethe, umsebenzi, nezimemezelo zokuqondisa ukusebenza kukahulumeni. Lamathuluzi aphethe amandla omthetho kodwa angaphansi kokubukezwa komthetho futhi angashintshwa ngezindawo ezilandelayo noma ngokuthathelwa indawo umthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kweziqondiso zezikhulu kuye kwakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma uKhongolo luvaliwe, kodwa ahlala eyithuluzi lokuphatha kunokuba lithathe indawo yomthetho.

Umbuso Ophethe

Izinhlangano ze-Federal neminyango, njenge-EPA Protection Agency (EPA) noma i-Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni imithetho ngokumisa. Le zisebenzi zegunya zibalulekile ekuqondiseni izimiso eziphumelelayo, kodwa futhi ziphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokwahlulela nokuqondisa nokulawula. Administrative Procedure Act (A) ibusa inqubo yokuqondisa, inikeza amathuba okuphendula komphakathi nokuhlola kokwahlulela.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela Okusetshenziswayo

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saklanyelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingabusa elinye. Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu kuwumdanso oqhubekayo wobubonisi nowesigungu. Nazi ezinye zezinqubo eziyinhloko:

  • I-VEto Power: UMongameli angakhipha noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungalawula i-veto ngomphakathi ozi-3 ezimbili emagumbini womabili. Lomandla uqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi ngeke angawenzi umthetho ovimbela umthetho ngaphandle kwemvume ephawulekayo emelene naye.
  • Ukuqinisekisa: iziphakamiso zikaMongameli zezikhundla zeKhabhinethi, imikhumbi kahulumeni (kuhlanganise neNkantolo Ephakeme), namanxusa kumele kuqinisekiswe iSigele. Lokhu kwenza igatsha lemithetho libe nezwi eliqondile ekulolongeni iqembu lesikhulu nejaji.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokususa: Indlu yabameleli iphethe amandla okunganciphisi kuMongameli, uMongameli, uMphathi, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa "Yesizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme nalezo ezingekho." ISigebengu siphinde senze icala futhi uma, uma ama-senending amabili-3 ekhona evota ukuba athole isigwebo, sisusa isikhulu ehhovisi.
  • Amandla entengo: uKhongolo lulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuxhasa ngemali kwezinhlangano eziphethe kanye nezinhlelo. Ngokuhlanganisa izimo ezikweletini zokukhokha noma ukugodlela izimali, iSivumelwano singathonya inkambiso yezikhulu.
  • [ Imvumelaniso e-Treaty: UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa zidinga ukuhlawuliswa ngevoti yama-3 amabili eSigeqe. Lokhu kuvimbela umphathi ukuba abophe isizwe ezibophweni zezizwe zonke ngaphandle kokusekela kwemithetho.

Izinyathelo Zokuthatha Imithetho Nezenzo Eziqondisayo

Womabili amagatsha angaqala izinguquko eziphawulekayo zenqubo, ngokuvamile efiphaza umehluko phakathi kokubekwa kwemithetho nokubulawa.

Iziqondiso Eziphethe Njengethuluzi Lokubusa

Iziqondiso zezikhulu ziye zasetshenziswa amongameli ukuze bafinyelele izinhloso zesimiso lapho umthetho uvinjwa noma ungekho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa iziyalo zokuqondisa ukuze adale iHhovisi Lobuqondisi likaMongameli kanye nokuhlanganisa amaJapane aseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Muva nje, abaphathi baye basebenzisa iziyalo zezikhulu ukuze bakhulume ngenkambiso yokufuduka (Isenzo Sokuthatha Isigaba sokufuduka sabantwana, DACA), iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe. Nokho, lezizenzo zivame ukubekelwa inselele enkantolo, futhi ukufaneleka kwabo kuxhomeke ezingeni abayalela kulo egunyeni lemithetho yezomthetho ekhona.

I - Vetoos Engokomthetho Ne - Chanha Case

UKhongolose wake wasebenzisa "legisitive ," eyayivumela ukuba iqede izenzo zezikhulu ngaphandle kokunikeza uMongameli incwadi. INkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela lomkhuba ungekhona ukuhlelwa S v. Chadha [19983], ibusa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo udinga ukulawulwa kwemithetho kanye nokunikezwa kwanoma yisiphi isenzo ngegunya lomthetho. Lesinqumo saqinisa isandla sesikhulu ngokususa ithuluzi elikhulu lokulawula izinhlangano.

Ukuhlola Izenzo

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zinikeza imifanekiso ecacile yendlela amagatsha alawula imithetho abambisana futhi axabane ngayo, ethonya inkambo yesizwe.

INew Deal (1933-19939)

Umthetho kaMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wamelela inkathi yokubambisana okukhulu phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo namagunya emithetho. Ukubhekana nokwehla kwezomnotho okukhulu, uRoosevelt wasebenza eduze ne-Democratic Congress elawulayo ukuze adlulise imithetho eminingi emisa isimiso seNtlalo, i-Security and Exchange Commission (SEC), nezinhlelo ezinkulu zomphakathi. Lenkathi yabonisa indlela ukuhola kukamongameli onamandla okungaqhubekisela phambili inqubo ye-propati, kodwa futhi yabangela izimpi zomthetho mayelana nokuhlukana kwemibuso, kuhlanganise ne-Roselt's "Loucerve-paging" icebo le-pacling".

Isinqumo Semibuso Yempi (1903)

Isabela ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu ngomshoshaphansi eVietnam naseMongameli uNixon eCambodia, uKhongolo lwadlulisa iSigqino seWar Powers phezu kwe-Nixon's devito. Umthetho wafuna ukulinganisela amandla kaMongameli okubeka amabutho ahlomile empini ngaphandle kwemvume yesivumelwano, ifuna umongameli ukuba abike phakathi namahora angu-48 kanye nokuhoxa ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-60 ngaphandle kokuba uKhomishane ugunyaze ukuthatha isinyathelo esengeziwe. Lo mthetho uye waphikisana, njengoba amongameli abaningi bephikisana nendima yabo engokomthetho njengoMphathi-i-Chiefa, okuholela ekubeni umlawuli oqhubekayo wempi yempi.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakulinganiswa (2010)

Ukudlula kwe-Affordble Care Act (ACA) ngaphansi kukaMongameli Barack Obama kwakuyinkathi ephawulekayo yokusebenzelana kwemithetho yokulwa. Icala labhekana nokuphikiswa okunzima kwemithetho futhi kwadinga izingxoxo ezilula, kuhlanganise nokubukeza ukusekela kwe-Democrates elinganiselwe. Ngemva kokudlula, igatsha eliphethe lalinomthwalo wokusebenzisa umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokumisa imishuwalense yempilo nokukhuliswa kwe-Medicaid. Lapho amanye amazwe enqaba ukwandisa uMdicaid, umphathi wasebenzisa ukuvumelana komthetho futhi kamuva wakhipha izintambo zokulungisa indlela yokusebenza. I-ACA yahlanganisa nohambo lwezomthetho ukuze ivikele umthetho, njengesinqumo sokuvikela ezinye izilungiselelo, njengoba inqumo yaveza ukugxeka kwemithetho ethile.

Ukuhlongozwa kukaMongameli uBill Clinton (1998 - 1999)

Ukuqamba kukaMongameli Clinton kwabonisa ukuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenzayo. Indlu yayala uClinton ngecala lobubi nokuvinjelwa kobulungisa, kodwa iSigele samkhulula, wahluleka ukufinyelela iziboshwa ezingamashumi amathathu amabili. Lenqubo yabonisa isisekelo esiphakeme sokususa umongameli futhi yaqokomisa isimo sezombangazwe sokungagunyazi, njengoba ukwethembeka kweqembu kwakuwuthonya ngamandla umphumela.

Izinselele Neziqondiso Zamanje

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamagatsha alawulayo nezokushaya umthetho namuhla kuphawuleka ngokuhlukana okukhudlwana, okwenza kube nzima ukuyekethisa nokuqondisa.

Ukwehla Kwemibono Yezombangazwe Nokuvaleka Kwemizwa

Ukuhlukana okuyandayo kuye kwaholela ekubekeni i-reastroopy, i-Congress ilwa kanzima ukumisa umthetho oyinhloko ezindabeni ezinjengokufuduka, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nenqubo yezezimali. Lokhu kuye kwashukumisela amongameli ukuba bathembele kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu nasemisebenzini yokuphatha ukuze bafeze imigomo yabo, okuholela ekumangaleleni abaphethe ngokuphamba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iqembu elincane eliseKhongolo livame ukusebenzisa amathuluzi okulawula (isishaya mbombo eSihlalweni segele, i-galelo) ukuze livimbe umthetho, okungaqhubeka kunciphe ukwethenjwa umphakathi kuhulumeni.

Ukucishwa Uhulumeni

Uma i-Congress noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngezindleko zokushaya indiva, uhulumeni ungavala, umise izinkonzo ezingezona ezibalulekile. Ukuvinjelwa kwesikhashana, kusukela ngo-December 2018 kuya ku-January 2019, kwenzeka lapho uMongameli Trump efuna ukuxhaswa kwemali yodonga lomngcele iSishaya-Mnyango esingayigunyaza. Ukuvala kubonisa amandla esikhwama kodwa futhi kuqokomisa ukungahleleki okungavela kwezombangazwe.

Ilungelo Eliphethe Nezinduna Zokuqondisa

Iphikisana nelungelo lokuphatha umongameli lokugoma ukwaziswa kuKhongolo-kamuva . Abameli baye bacela ilungelo eliphetheyo lokumelana nezincwadi ezingaphansi kwezincwadi nobufakazi, okuholela ezimpini zasenkantolo ezivivinya imingcele yobubonisi. Ama-2019-120 agunyaza uMongameli uTrump kanye nophengululo olandelayo ekuziphatheni kwakhe, nobudlelwane obunye, nezikhulu eziningi ezingaphansi kwendlu nolwenqaba ukuhambisana.

Ukuhlanganyela Emphakathini Nemfundo Yesibhamu

Impilo yesimiso sentando yeningi ixhomeke ekwakheni izakhamuzi eziqonda lezi misebenzi ezinamandla. Imfundo ye-COVIVIC inganika abantu amandla okuhlanganyela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngokuthintana nabameleli babo, ngokuvota phakathi nokhetho, nokuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi. Izinzuzo ezifana ne- [ Ukufundisa iJaji nezinhlangano ezinjenge [FLT:] [FLT]] izicins zinikeza imithombo yokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukwahlukana kwamandla nokubaluleka kwemilinganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulati afana [[FLT:]]

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nezokuphatha

Ukukhula kokuxhumana kwemishini nokuyinkimbinkimbi okukhulayo kokubusa kuletha izinselele ezintsha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezenzo zokubusa ekusingatheni ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo, njengokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa nokungalondeki kwezengcingo, ngokuvamile kudlula izinga lomthetho. ISishaya-Mkhandlu kungase kudingeke sithuthukise inqubo yaso yokuqondisa futhi sivumele ukusabela okusheshayo ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe, kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuphatha zihlala zilandisa kubameleli babantu.

Isiphetho

Ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagatsha omthetho nezikhulu buwubuhlobo obunamandla nobuvame ukuxabana obusenkabeni yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwezimpi zomthetho-sisekelo kuya ezimpini zanamuhla ezihlukene zemali nezimiso, ukudlala phakathi kwala magatsha amabili kunquma ukuthi uhulumeni ungazisingatha kanjani izidingo zezakhamuzi zakhe. Abahleli basungula isimiso sokubusa okuhlangene, belindele ukuthi ukufisa ukuvelela kuhlola. Nakuba lesimiso ngezinye izikhathi siholela ekuvulekeni nasekuxabaleni, kuqinisekisa futhi ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingalawula kalula. Kubafundi, abafundisi, futhi babophe izakhamuzi, ukuqonda lobubuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlanganyela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wezokuzibusa. Ngokuhlola kokubili izenzakalo ezingokomlando nezinselele, singazisa kangcono futhi siqaphele inzuzo yesimiso sokuzibandakanya nokuzibandakanya okuqhubekayo.