Umlando Wombono Wabasunguli

Izimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela nokuhlukanisa amagunya aziqalwanga ngokungenalutho. Abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. bathathwa ekuchazeni okukhulu kwefilosofi yezombangazwe nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo. Ithonya eliqondiswe ngqo lavela kumfundi weSikhanyiselo waseFrance uBaron de Montesquieu , owaphikisana nomsebenzi wakhe we-1748] UMoya woMthetho ukuthi inkululeko ilondolozwa kangcono uma amandla kahulumeni ehlukaniswa phakathi kwezindikimba. Lokhu kwakuyinseleleko yokubekela imibuso ephelele eyayibusa iYurophu ngesikhathi.

Abathathi-mthetho baseMelika baba nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuzibonela ngezingozi zegunya eliqinile ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani. INkosi nePhalamende zabamba amandla anganqandeki okukhokha izintela ze-levy, ukuphoqelela imithetho, nokuphikisana okungamele ngaphandle kokumelelwa noma ukulandisa okubalulekile emakoloni. Lokhu kwabangela ukuba abahleli basole kakhulu noma iliphi ihlelo elilodwa elinegunya elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umzamo wokuqala waseMelika ozisebenzela ngokwalo ngaphansi kwe-[FLY:0] ukuzimisela ukulinganisela phakathi kwemisebenzi eqinile kahulumeni [[FLT] [781] [1810] [18] uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu, ngokungathi awunamandla kakhulu, ngohulumeni ophakathi ongakwazi ukuqinisa imithetho noma ukuqoqa intela. Isivumelwano somthetho sangonyaka ka 1787 sasiwumzamo wokulinganisela inzuzo enkulu nenkululeko engcono.

Abakhi bakholelwa ukuthi imvelo yomuntu yayinesifiso sokufuna ukuvelela futhi ithambekele ekonakalani. Njengoba uJames Madison alotshwa ku [[FLT:] Federalist No. 51[, "Umgomo kumelwe wenziwe ukulwa nokufuna ukuvelela." Uhulumeni uklanywe embonweni wokuthi amagatsha ancintisana, akha isimiso esizinzileyo lapho kungekho cebo elingabusa kalula. Lefilosofi ichazwa ngokujule [[FLT:] iqoqo leqoqo le-FoctalPages.[FLD]

Imfundiso Yekhora: Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ube amagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinemithwalo yalo ehlukile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kokwakha kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekusebenziseni isilinganiso esigcwele segunya likahulumeni. Isibonelo samasiko sabela uMkhandlu wemithetho amandla okulawula, amandla okuphatha kuMongameli, namandla okwahlulela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

  • [[Umthetho:0] Amandla asemthethweni: Igunya lokwenza, ukuhlanganisa, nokubuyisa imithetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Amandla asebenzayo: Igunya lokuphoqelela nokusebenzisa imithetho.
  • Amandla ombuso: Igunya lokuchaza imithetho nokuxazulula izingxabano.

Lokhu kuhlukanisa okunezingxenye ezintathu akuyona nje indaba yokuqondisa. Kubonisa isibopho esijulile sefilosofi sokulinganisela igunya likahulumeni ngokuvimbela noma iyiphi into eyodwa ukuba ibambe wonke amakhadi. Izihloko zokuqala ezintathu zoMthetho-sisekelo zimisa igatsha ngalinye, zikhanyisa amandla nokulinganiselwa kwazo ngokunemba kwangamabomu. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusebenza kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nawombuso, kuveza isimiso esinemikhawulo ephakeme esinikeza amaphuzu amaningi okufinyelela nokulandisa ngezakhamuzi.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Izwi Labantu

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo simisa igatsha lomthetho njengesihloko sokuqala nesiningiliziwe, esibonisa inkolelo yabakhi bomthetho yokuthi uMkhandlu uyoba igatsha elinamandla kakhulu. Isakhiwo se-bimeral soMkhandlu sasiwukwehlukana okunzima phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane. Indlu yabameleli inikeza i-metate [[FLT] elinganayo] i-omgatsheni ngamunye, iqinisekisa ukuthi iphimbo elinamandla kakhulu enqubweni yomthetho.

UKhongolo luphethe amandla esikhwama semali, okusho ukuthi lulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali nentela kahulumeni. Lokhu kungokunye kokuhlola okubaluleke kakhulu isigebengu esinakho phezu kwegatsha eliphethe ihhovisi. ISishaya-mthetho futhi sinamandla okulawula impi, ukulawula isifunda nesinye sezohwebo, futhi simisa izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo iklanyelwe ukuba ihambe kancane futhi ngamabomu, ifuna izikweleti zidlule zombili amakamu ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli. Le nqubo engokwesiko yenza kube nzima nganoma yimuphi umthetho owodwa oyinhloko ngaphandle kokuvumelana okukhulu.

Ngaphezu kokwenza umthetho, uKhongolose wenza imisebenzi ebalulekile. Amakomiti e-Congress ahlola izenzo zegatsha eliphethe igatsha, ukuqulwa kwecala, kanye nezincwadi ezifunwayo. La mandla aphenyayo ayithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqinisekisa ukulandisa nokubonana kuhulumeni. I-Congregational Research Service ne Governtament Accounting Office [GAO) inikeza ukuhlaziya nokubhala ngokuzimele ukuze isekele lemisebenzi yokuqondisa.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Amandla Ezokuphatha

ISiphakamiso II simisa igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli wase-United States. Abahleli babenombono wesikhulu esiphethe esinegunya elanele lokuphoqelela imithetho ngokuphumelelayo kodwa hhayi amandla amakhulu kangangokuba sibe yinkosi. UMongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni, umphathi-nhloko wamabutho ahlomile, kanye nesikhulu somphathi-mthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMongameli amandla okuxoxa ngezivumelwano (nemvume yeSigebengu), umisa amajaji nomphathi-hulumeni (nawokuqinisekisa iSishayamthetho), futhi uvume ukuthethelelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni.

Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kakhulu kwegatsha lomthetho yi- umbuso . UMongameli angalahla noma yimuphi umthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, nakuba uMkhandlu ungakhipha iziyalezo ezimbili-ntathu emagumbini amabili. Lo mbuso unikeza uMongameli indima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho, ngokuphumelelayo ukwenza umphathi abe yikho-legislator. Umongameli futhi unegunya lokukhipha iziyalezo ezithiwa [, eziqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni. Nakuba iziqondiso zezikhulu zinamandla omthetho, zicushwe ngokucubungula futhi zingagumbulwa nge-bunga.

Igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa iminyango yeKhabhinethi, izinhlangano eziningi, nezikhulu zikahulumeni. UMongameli umisa abaholi baleminyango, abacebisa uMongameli futhi basebenzise isimiso. Leli thuluzi lokuqondisa linomthwalo wemfanelo wanoma yini kusukela ekulondekeni kwezwe kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile ezimisweni zezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo. Ubukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi begatsha lezikhulu zanamuhla buye baholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene namandla empathi yezikhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezimpi nezimemezelo eziphuthumayo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Umgadi Womthetho - sisekelo

ISiphakamiso III simisa igatsha lokwahlulela, neNkantolo Ephakeme. Abalawuli baklama ijaji ukuba libe yigatsha eliyingozi kakhulu, njengoba lingakwazi ukulawula isikhwama semali noma inkemba. Nokho, ijaji linamandla anzima [ ukuhlolwa negunya lokumemezela imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu ezingavumelani nemithetho. Lamandla awachazwanga ngokucacile eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa amiswa yiNkanto eMthethweni eMthethweni oPhakakhulu enkantolo yophawu [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT]] v].[FLT] [FLT] [3] [i3] [i] [igunya] [1803]).

Amajaji ahlangene amiswe ukuze aphile, agcine izikhundla zawo phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle. Lokhu kuphila kuyazivikela ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe futhi kuqinisekise ukuzimela kokwahlulela. Ijaji lichaza umthetho ezicabeni ezithile nasezimpikiswaneni, izinkantolo ezishoyo azinakukhipha impikiswano yemibono. Indima yazo iwukuxazulula izimpikiswano zangempela ngokusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho, umthetho wezomthetho, nezezezimo ezilandela.

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo zezifunda, izinkantolo zesifunda zecala, neNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo zesigodi ziyizinkantolo zamacala lapho kuqulwa khona ubufakazi futhi kuqulwa khona amacala. Izinkantolo zezicelo zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo yesigodi zamaphutha angokomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme inelungelo lokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izindaba ezizwayo, ngokuyisisekelo ikhetha lezo ezikhuluma ngemibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo ebalulekile noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Izincazelo zeNkantolo yoMthetho-mthetho-mthetho ziye zaguqula ukuphila kwaseMelika ngezindlela ezijulile, kusukela emalungelweni omphakathi kuya empumelelweni yezomnotho.

Isimiso Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuhlukanisa igunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kunikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi okumelana nokungezwani nezinye. lesi simiso esihlangene siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awahlukaniswa nje kuphela kodwa futhi alinganiswa. Igatsha ngalinye linezindlela ezithile zokuhlola ezinye, kwakha ukulinganisela okunamandla okuye kwaqhubeka amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Izazi Zemithetho Zihlola Isikhulu Nomfundisi

UKhongolo-mthetho unamathuluzi amaningana anamandla okuhlola amanye amagatsha. Ingawadlula ama-vetoes aphethe amavoti amabili-mithathu, aphoqelela umthetho ngokuphumelelayo emthethweni naphezu kokuphikisa kwezikhulu. ISishaya-mthetho sibuye sigunyaze ukujezisa, sivumele ukuba sisuse uMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ngenxa "yomcaba, ukufumbathisa, noma amanye amacala amakhulu kanye nabameli abadukisi abadukisayo" i House of Adrective stants, futhi iqhuba icala namavoti ekuboleni.

UKhongolo lulawula uhlelo lwemali kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, lulunika amandla abalulekile phezu kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Ngaphandle kwezimali ezigunyaziwe, uMongameli akanakusebenzisa izinhlelo noma akhokhele izisebenzi zikahulumeni. ISigele futhi sinamandla okuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa komongameli, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, namanxusa. Lesi seluleko kanye nendima yemvume kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli ngeke angazigcwalisa ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwemithetho.

Ohlangothini lokwahlulela, uMkhandlu ungashintsha ubukhulu nokwakheka kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba ungenakususa abahluleli ngabanye ngaphandle kokunganaki. UMkhandlu ungasikisela nezinguquko ezingokomthetho zokugumbuqela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, ikhambi eliye lasetshenziswa izikhathi eziningana emlandweni waseMelika.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Icala Nesimiso Sobuculi

I-veto ye-presidente ingukuhlolwa okuqondile kakhulu kweSishaya-mthetho. UMongameli angabiza futhi uMkhandlu ukuba ungene esiqenjini esikhethekile futhi atuse umthetho, anike umphathi indima engokomthetho ekulolongeni uhlelo lwezishayamthetho. Njengomphathi-nhloko, uMongameli ulawula ibutho lezempi futhi angathumela amabutho ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa okusheshayo, nakuba i-Sounces Resolution yeMpi ka-1937 izama ukulinganisela leli gunya.

UMongameli uhlola ikomiti yamajaji ngamandla amisiweyo. Ngokumisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, uMongameli ubumba ifilosofi yokwahlulela yezinkantolo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuthethelela nokubuyisela izigwebo, okungadlula izigwebo zokwahlulela ezicacisini zikahulumeni. Lokhu kulunga kunikeza i-valv yokuvikela ekulungiseni ukungalungi noma ukubonisa isihe.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Icala Nombuso

I-jadiary ye-jaji eyinhloko ukuhlola kokwahlulela, amandla okushaya imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi eziphula umthetho. Uma iNkantolo Ephakeme imemezela umthetho ongekho emthethweni, lowo mthetho uba yize, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usekelwa kangakanani eMkhandlwini noma kuMongameli. Lo mbuso wenza ijaji libe yisithakazelisi sokugcina sencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Uma inhlangano kahulumeni ichaza umthetho ngendlela izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo njengezingacabangeli, inkantolo ingazenzisa leyo ncazelo. Ngakho ijaji lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola kokubili abaphambene bemithetho nabaphaphamele, liqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zihlala zingaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho.

Ithonya Elingokoqobo Ekubuseni KwaseMelika

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siye saguqula intuthuko yezombangazwe zaseMelika ngezindlela eziyisisekelo. Siphoqelela ukubambisana nokuyekethisa phakathi kwamagatsha, njengoba kungekho negatsha elingafeza imigomo yalo ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukuvumelana kwezinye. Lokhu kungenza uhulumeni asheshi futhi asebenze ngokungaphumeleli, kodwa abakhi babheka lokhu njengesici esivelele, hhayi isilokazana. Badala ngamabomu isimiso esifuna ukuvumelana okukhulu ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe izinguquko ezinkulu.

  • Imali eqanjweyo:[ Igatsha ngalinye lingahlola futhi lidalule ububi kwezinye, likhuthaze ukuba sobala kwemisebenzi kahulumeni.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo:[ Isimiso sivimbela noma yiliphi icebo ekubekeni intando yalo kuso sonke isizwe, sivikela amalungelo amancane nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.
  • Ukuphumelela: Ubunzima bokwenza izinguquko ezikhukhulekayo bunikeza ukuqhubekeka nokukhomba ekulawuleni, kuvumela isizwe ukuba sibhekane nezinkinga zezombangazwe ngaphandle kokuwa.

Lesimiso siye saholela ezimpini zezikhathi ezithile phakathi kwamagatsha, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zokubekwa kwezombangazwe. Ukuvinjelwa kukahulumeni kwenzeka lapho uMkhandlu noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngemali. Ukushaya izigwegwe kuba izikhawu zempi yemibono. Imithetho yokulawula izintambo yandisa futhi ivumelwane njengoba omongameli behlola imingcele yamandla abo. Lezingxabano zici eziyisisekelo zesimiso esiklanyelwe ukuhlola amandla ngamandla.

Ukuziphikisa Kwangesikhathi Esizayo Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Izimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela zisalokhu zikhona esikhungweni senkulumo yezombangazwe yaseMelika. Amashumi eminyaka amuva aye aba nezimpikiswano eziphawulekayo ngokuphathelene nobukhulu obufanele bamandla eziphathimandla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokulondeka kwesizwe, ukufuduka, nezimemezelo eziphuthumayo. Ngezinye izikhathi uKhongolo-mthetho luye lwanika igatsha eliphethe igunya elibanzi, luphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuye kwancitshiswa yini ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Imithetho yokwahlulela iyaqhubeka ihlela isimiso somphakathi ezindabeni ezisukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile kuya ekutholweni kwezenhlala-khona. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokukhishwa kwezisu, ukuvuma, nenkululeko engokwenkolo iye yabangela ukusabela okukhulu kwezombangazwe, igcizelela indima eyinhloko yejaji ekubuseni kwaseMelika. Okwamanje, i-projected commentation iye yaholela ekufuneni ukuguqula i-Ndroma kanye nezinye izinqubo ze-Gasalm, kanye nabagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi isimiso samanje senza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba iNgqungquthela ixathela izwe ukuba ixazulule izinkinga zesizwe.

Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe kungenye indawo yokungezwani okuqhubekayo. ISichibiyelo seTendith esilondoloza imibuso asiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni, kodwa isilinganiso segunya likahulumeni siye sakhula kakhulu kusukela kuyi-New Deal. Izimpikiswano ze-Contemporary eziphathelene nohulumeni ngokunakekela impilo, imfundo, nezimiso zendawo, kanye nemibuso imisa ubukhosi bayo ngenxa yesenzo sikahulumeni.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni lemiqondo ngokuqhubekayo, inikeza ukufingqa okufingqiwe komthetho-sisekelo wesizwe weSiko Lezobuzwe kwezihloko nemisebenzi yazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, USUSA.gov' ukucaciswa kwamagatsha amathathu [ kunikeza ukufushaniswa okufingqiwe okufingqiwe kwamandla awo nemithwalo yemfanelo yawo.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nethonya Lembulunga Yonke

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kwaseMelika siye saba nethonya emhlabeni wonke, sisebenza njengesibonelo senye idemokrasi eningi. Nokho, isimiso se-U.S. sihlukile ngezindlela eziningi. Isimiso sobumongameli sihlukanisa amagatsha aphetheyo nawamapalamende ngokugcwele kunezimiso zephalamende, lapho undunankulu ethathwa khona esimisweni somthetho. Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izici zokuhlola kokwahlulela, kodwa i-U.S. inikeza izinkantolo zayo amandla anamandla ngokukhethekile okushaya umthetho.

Ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi iye yasungula izindlela ezihlukene zokuhlukanisa amandla kahulumeni. Abanye basebenzisa izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo ezisebenza ngaphandle kwejaji elivamile. Abanye basebenzisa izimemezelo zokulawula noma amanxusa amalungelo abantu ukuze bahlole igunya eliphethe. Ukugcizelela kwemincintiswano ephakathi kwesigaba esisodwa semibuso yeningi kubonisa umbono othile wesimo somuntu namandla ezombangazwe angenandawo yonke, kodwa umgomo oyisisekelo wokuvimbela ubushiqela uvamile kuzo zonke izimiso zentando yeningi.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Ohlala Njalo

Izimiso zokusungulwa kwemishini nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kusabalulekile namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ngo - 1787. Zinikeza uhlelo lokwakha oluvikela ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika ekubekelweni amandla ayesatshwa abaklami.

Ukuqonda lezizimiso kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Ukuhlukanisa koMthetho-sisekelo amandla akusona isithiyo kuhulumeni ophumelelayo kodwa kuyisivikelo ekubushiseni. Kudinga izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele futhi zibophe isibopho, zifune ukulandisa kuzo zontathu. Kulenkathi yokuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwezombangazwe nokushintsha okusheshayo, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siyaqhubeka sifeza injongo yaso yokuqala: ukuvikela inkululeko ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elilodwa lingasebenzisa amandla angalawulwa.