Ukuchaza Ubuqaba Njengesisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Ubufandamentali buye bavela njengenye yezimfundiso ezinethonya kakhulu neziphikisana kakhulu nempikiswano eqinile yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo eMelika. Ekujuleni kwayo, ifilosofi isekela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yokuthi umbhalo wawo wawukhona ngesikhathi ugunyaziwe. Lokhu kumelana ngamabomu nezimfundiso "zomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo" ovumela incazelo engokomthetho ukuba ishintshe izimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye nezimiso zokwahlulela. Kubaqalile, lombhalo awusona isiqu esingenalutho esigcwalisiwe ngezindinganiso zamanje kodwa umqulu obophelele onenjongo yawo esemthethweni elungiswe ngokusemthethweni kuze kube yilapho inguquko ehlelwe ngenqubo yeSiphakathi-Vand.

Uhlobo lwanamuhla lobuProferalism, oluvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "incazelo yomphakathi yakudala," lugxila endleleni ilungu elinengqondo lomphakathi ngesikhathi sokuthola i-ratiation elalingaqonda ngayo umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlukile enguqulweni yokuqala `"" efuna ukuveza izisusa ezisekelwe kumthetho womthetho-sisekelo. Ukushintshwa kwakungokomthetho oqinile, njengoba i-Antonin Scalia yayinencazelo exhomeke ezinhlosoni zangasese zabadwebi bayo. Lokhu kushukumisela abantu ukuba baqonde ukuthi i-stristism isholory isebenza njengenkolelo yeqiniso yokuchaza imibhalo kunokuzihlola ngomlando. Inikeza futhi isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlukanisa imibuso, njengoba isekelwe ekubukezeni kokwahlulela ngokwezinga elilungisiwe, ngokwezinga elimisiwe.

Isiyalo esiyinhloko sobuQuqu sisekelwe ezibophweni ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuthembeka kombhalo nokuvinjelwa kokwahlulela. Ngokuma iziqondiso ezingokomlando ekuqondeni umbhalo, abaqali baphikisa ngokuthi balandela umthetho kunokuba bawenze. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlukanini kwemibango yemibuso, lapho izigxobo zihilela ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokubusa. Uma uma ijaji libambela incazelo yokuqala ye-Celales ezingenisiselo ze-I, II, ne III, limisa imingcele yokwakha amaFramers ebekwe egatsheni ngalinye. Njengoba iJain Gormoth ibhaliwe, "Ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona indawo yobuchwepheshe; kusemgawukuvikela okubusayo."

Ukuqonda ukuchaza kuqala njengendlela enzima kudingekile ekuqondeni indima yakho ekuhlukaniseni amandla anamuhla. Kunikeza ilens lapho izingxabano eziningi ezibaluleke kakhulu zeNkantolo zixazululwa khona.

Ukuklanywa Kwamandla: Ukuqonda Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyipulani esebenzayo yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kunokuthi igxilise igunya kumbusi oyedwa noma emzimbeni, abaFramers baphule ngamabomu amandla kahulumeni emagatsheni amathathu ahlukene: iLegislative (UMphinikazi II), i-Guevision (Article III), ne-Justicial (Artle III). Lemfundiso ayiyona nje indaba yempumelelo kahulumeni; iyisivikelo sokwakha senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ngokuhlukanisa amandla, iMithetho-Constitution idala ukuxabana kwangaphakathi phakathi kukahulumeni, yenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma yisiphi iphuzu elilodwa noma isithakazelo sokulawula lonke ithuluzi.

Izimpande ezinamandla zalesi simiso zisukela ngqo kuMontesquieu isazi sefilosofi yezombangazwe saseFrance, esimsebenzi wakhe uMoya woMthetho wathonya kakhulu isizukulwane esisunguliwe. Nokho, ukuzivikela okunegunya kakhulu kwalemfundiso kuvela kuJames Madison kumaFederalist Papers. KuFederalist No. 47, uMadison wamelana ngokuqondile nokumangalelwa kokuthi uMthetho-mthetho awuzange ulwenze ngokomthetho ngokufanele, ephikisa ngokuthi "ukubekwa kwayo yonke imibuso, i-profectioce, isikhulu, isikhulu, nesahlulelo, ezandleni ezifanayo... kungachazwa ngokufanelekile incazelo yayo kanye ye-devistrist." Kuhlelo luka-Federalist: No. 51, walungiselela ukuhlukaniswa kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa: "ukuhlukaniswa Kumelwe kwenziwe ukuba kuncishiswe ukubusa kwentando yentando."

Amandla Okulawula (Ikhono I)

UKhongolo-mthetho unikezwa "Wonke Amandla okushaya umthetho agunyaziwe" ngokombono wasekuqaleni, lesi sipho siphelele futhi silinganisiwe. Imibuso ihlelwe ngokwezinombolo; uMkhandlu awunakho ukusebenzisa igunya elingaphezu kwalawo adwetshiwe (noma "adingekile nakufanele" okuwabulala). Lokhu kuhlelwa kohlu lokuqala lokuvikela ukuphambana nombuso noma amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo − − − ubu-badaralist kanye nokunikezwa kukaMongameli −is ayiklanyele ukuhlisa inqubo yokwenza umthetho, iqinisekisa ukuvumelana okubanzi phambi kokuba umthetho ubekwe.

Amandla Okuqondisa (Article II)

I-Viseting Clause of Artitude II ihlukile kakhulu kwiSiphakamiso sayo I esihambisanayo. Ifaka "UMphathi ophethe" kuMongameli oyedwa, kunokuba ihlele amandla athile ngokulandelana phambi kokuwafaka. Lo mehluko wombhalo uye waholela empikiswaneni enkulu phakathi kwabaqali be-Ossord. Abanye, basekela "isikhulu sombuso," baphikisa ukuthi lolulimi lunikeza uMongameli ifa, igunya lakhe elisemthethweni ongokomthetho, elingaphansi kokubekwa kwemingcele ekhethekile kuphela okutholakala kwezinye izincwadi. Abanye bathatha umbono oqinile ngokwengeziwe, bephikisa ngokuthi umsebenzi oyinhloko kaMongameli u-"Qary ukuthi uMthetho ukhishwe ngokwethembeka," isibopho sokuba igunya lakhe lihambisane nokunikeza i-Bhunga.

Amandla Okwahlulela (Article III)

Amandla okwahlulela adlulela kuphela "eMacase" nase "Izinkantolo". Lolulimi luphoqelela izimfuneko eziqinile zokulunga: ukuma, ukuvuthwa, nokuzimela. Ochwepheshe bakudala babheka lokhu kulinganiselwa njengokubalulekile ekulondolozeni indima efanele yejaji. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona imikhankaso yokuhlola; kukhona ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kuvimbela igatsha lokwahlulela ekukhipheni imibono ewukweqa noma ukungena ezingxabanweni ezixazululwe kahle amagatsha ezombangazwe. Ngaleyo ndlela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvikela iNkantolo ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, kodwa futhi kuvimbela iNkantolo esendaweni yayo echazweyo.

Ukuthatha Isiqalo Kuwumkhuba: Kubonisa Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Uma umahluleli wokuqala ebhekene nokuhlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlaziya kuqala futhi kuphele ngombhalo womthetho-sisekelo kanye nomongo wawo. Izigaba zomthetho-sisekelo zithambekele ekuthandeni ekuhlolweni okuvumelanayo. Umbuzo awukhona ukuthi isenzo segatsha elilodwa siwu "ukusabela okunengqondo" esinkingeni sesizwe, kodwa ukuthi singaphakathi kwemibuso ephathiswe igatsha nguMthetho-sisekelo.

Imfundiso Engeyona Engagunyaziwe

Enye yezindawo ezimatasa kakhulu zokuhlukanisa kwemibuso ye-jurispruder yimfundiso engagunyazi ukubusa. Iphuzu lilula: uma wonke amandla okulawula ebekwe eKhongomeni, khona - ke uMkhandlu awunakunikeza lelogunya eGatsheni Eliphetheyo. Ezikhathini eziningi zekhulu lama-20, iNkantolo yayilahla ngokuphumelelayo lemfundiso, ivumela iKhomishane ukuba iphathise izinhlangano ezinkulu ze-quaisegigisterism i-register uma nje inikeza isimiso sokuqondisa, ukuze iqondise ukuqondisa i-"ilunga" ukuqondisa i-lengi. Abaqalayo abanjengoMahluleli abafana no-Gorwle baye baphikisana ngokuqinile nokuvuselelwa kwayo. [kungavumelani kwakhe [FLDig:]. [FLD] V.[FLDig.[FFoct1] [1] [20] [20], uGor, uGor, u-Promast Robert, umest Tregnelkss, uRobert umendo, umead Treverdiast, umessa

Igunya Eliphethe Neqembu Eliphethe

Abaqondisi benkolo baye bahola ekumeleni inkolelo-lwazi ye-operation. Lenkolelo isekela ukuthi uMongameli unegunya phezu kwegatsha eliphethe igatsha. Noma yiliphi inxusa elizimele elisebenzisa amandla ombuso kodwa elivikelelwe ekulawuleni umongameli (njengefederal Tradential Commission noma i-Securities and Exchange Commission) liphakamisa izinkathazo ezingathi sína zomthetho-mfashini. Umbhalo weSiphakamiso II unikeza "Amandla" kuMongameli oyedwa, futhi i-Mongameli u-Clauslascius umbophe ekuqinisekiseni imithetho ngokuthembeka. Njengoba uMahluleli ephikisa kwakhe e[Foct:] uMorson.[FOLD: 1] [19888], "igunya eliphakathi kweMikhandlu, futhi i-Prencescialcial, u-Screaliale, futhi ungayivuli.

Igunya Lokwahlulela Nemibuzo Yezombangazwe

Ubufandamentali buqaphelisa futhi ikomiti yamajaji ukuthi i-grandism ilinganiselwe. Imfundiso yezobupolitiki, nakuba ingayiqalisi ngokusuka kwesokuqala ekusebenzeni kwayo, isho ukuthi izimpikiswano ezithile zomthetho ngokomthetho ziboshelwe ngokwemininingwane yemibhalwe phansi emagatsheni ezombangazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Scodect Clausle IV (ingxenye 4) sekuyisikhathi eside ibhekwa njengempikiswano yezombangazwe, ishiyelwa eKhomishani ukuba inqume ukuthi yisiphi i "Isigaba sikahulumeni sikaHulumeni kahulumeni"" abakholelwa kakhulu emagatsheni ezombangazwe ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe nakwengameli, lapho umbhalo unikeza khona imvume yokulawula eqenjini yezomthetho noma kumongameli owengamele.

Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo Emasontweni Asendulo

Ukuhlola amacala akhethekile eNkantolo Ephakeme kucacisa indlela inqubo yokusebenza kwesimiso sokuhlukanisa imibuso ehlukene.Lamacala embula ukuzinikela emibhalweni, izigaba ezihleliwe, nokungaqiniseki okunempilo kokusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha.

INS v. Chadha (1983)

Lelicala lalihlanganisa "legislative chuto," indlela enye indlu yoKhondlu yoKhongolo eyayingagumbuqela ngayo isinqumo segatsha eliphetheyo (kulendaba, ukudingiswa kwesinqumo). INkantolo Ephakeme yawushaya phansi. ISikhulu seJaji Burger sasiwumbono wemithetho eyisisekelo, inkolelo esekelwe embhalweni. INkantolo yabambelela ekutheni ummeli wesivumelwano uwephula umthetho u-Claustae no-bidarismism izimfuneko zokuqala zeSiphakamiso I. Uma iSishaya i-Hulumente sifuna ukusebenza ngempoqo yomthetho, kumelwe sidlulise iziphakatho zazo zombili izindlu futhi silulele kuMongameli. ISishayamthetho sasiwukuphela okusekelwe kulezimiso zomthetho ezicacile, futhi iNkanto enciphene. Lesi sinqumo sihlala siyindibili semithetho yokuhlola kwemibuso yokuqala, ukugcuma kwemi ebekwe phakathi kwemiculo.

Clinton v. City of New York (1998]

I-Line Intote Veto Act ka-1996 yanikeza uMongameli igunya lokuyeka ukusebenzisa imali ethile noma ukukhipha intela enzuzo ebanzi. INkantolo yanquma lo mthetho ongekho emthethweni. Umthetho kaJaji Stevens wathi lo mthetho uwephula umthetho ka-Celas. Indima kaMongameli iwukuvuma noma ukwenqaba umthetho wonke; akanakuyibhala kabusha ngokusula iziqendu ezithile. Ukuhlaziya kwakuqala kugxile ezimisweni ezithile zokumisa imithetho. Umthetho - sisekelo unikeza inqubo ecacile, ehlelwe kahle, futhi uMongameli akanakho ukunquma ukuqeda umthetho ngemva kokudlulisa umthetho. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso kuvikela indima yomthetho njengomphathi weSishayamthetho futhi uchaza umthetho njengomphathi we-Prentententerveto ngokulawula umthetho.

[[IZINCWADI:0] Intsha yetown Comment

Ngokuvamile kucatshangelwa ukwahlukana okukhulu kwecala lamagunya emlandweni weNkantolo, insizwa encane yavela lapho uMongameli Truman ethatha izigayo zensimbi phakathi neMpi yaseKorea ukuze avimbele ukushaya. UMahluleli Black's Black's umbono waba ukuqeqeshelwa okuqinile komthetho we-Oristrianism. Waqala ngemibhalo: "Amandla kaMongameli, uma ekhona, ukukhipha uhlelo kumelwe lusuke esenzweni soklulweni noma eMthethweni weSikhundleni ngokwaso." Ukuthola imvume ye-statory (Umgangethelela ngokusobala kwakuwukwenqaba lokhu ukuthatha lendlela eTaft-Hartley Acty, futhi akukho mandla angaphakathi okuthatha impahla yangasese, amaBlabhuliki amemezela isenzo sokunga. UJackson'ukn'iak'iebuhlanga, avumelana nendlela esemthethweni omthetho ovamile, njengoba kulandelwa inqaba, njengoba kulandela indlela esemthethweni, i-Bla i-oceliwe, i-o

Inkulumo Yanamuhla Yomthetho - sisekelo Iwubufakazi Neziphakamiso Eziphikisayo

Naphezu kwethonya layo elikhulayo, inkolelo yokuqala ibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu.abaphikisi baphikisa ngokuthi kungenzeka ayithembekile engqondweni noma ukuthi ayinakusebenza, ikakhulukazi lapho isetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni amandla kwemibuso yanamuhla.

"Isandla Esifile" Inkinga

Mhlawumbe isici esiphikelela kakhulu yinkinga "efile isandla": kungani umphakathi wanamuhla wentando yeningi kufanele uboshwe ukuyekethisa kwezombangazwe kanye nombono wezwe olinganiselwe weqembu elincane labamhlophe, elizibekelela abantu ngekhulu le-18? Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele ube yisimiso esiphilayo esikwaziyo ukujwayela izimo ezingalindelekile, njengokudlondlobala kwezwe lokuphatha, ukuqapha kwezemishini, noma ubuphekula bembulunga yonke. Abaqali bakuqala baphendula ngokuthi iSiphakamiso V senhlakaniphiso sinikeza inqubo engokomthetho yokuzivumela ukuba inqubo engokomthetho yokuzivumela ukuba i-Chestoliconstry ngaphandle kokulungisa umthetho wedemokrasi futhi balahle umthetho.

Ukungaqondi Ngokomlando

I-critique ewusizo kakhulu iphathelene nencazelo engokomlando yokungalawuleki. Umahluleli angabuyisa ngempela i-odoli eyodwa, anganqanda "incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni" ngenkulumo efingqiwe "inqubo yokuqala," "umbuso ongavamile"" noma "Umbuso onzima"? Izazimlando zivame ukungavumelani phakathi kwazo ngencazelo yemininingwane eyisihluthulelo. UJaji Stevens, umcunuli wemfundiso yokuqala, uphikisa ukuthi ukufunwa kwencazelo yakuqala kuvame ukuba "ukufuna inganekwane engokomlando"." Izazi zendabuko ziyavuma ukuthi ubufakazi obungokomlando bungadidalula kodwa zigcina ukuthi ukuphenyiswa kwemithetho yokwahlulela ekhululekileyo. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukuba khona kwezenzakalo ezinzima akuyithetheli indlela yokulahla yonke.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Abasekeli bomthetho-mthetho ophilayo, njengoMahluleli Stephen Breyer, baphikisa ngokuthi amagama abanzi oMthetho-sisekelo amema abahluleli ukuba bacabangele izindinganiso zesikhathi nemiphumela esebenzayo. Ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso, lokhu kungaholela umahluleli ekusekeleni i-vetoto noma inhlangano ezimele ngoba ixazulula inkinga yesimanje. Abaqondisi bokuqala baveza ukuthi lokhu kunciphisa umehluko phakathi komthetho nezombangazwe. Uma uMthetho-sisekelo usho noma yini abahluleli abacabanga ukuthi kufanele bayisho, khona - ke ukwahlukana kwemibuso kumane nje kungukusikisela, ukulawulwa yilokho okufunwa yiNkantolo. Isiyalo yoqobo inikezwa njengomngcele wangempela kuphela omelene nejaji le judicareary.

Ikusasa LobuProthestani Nomthetho Womthetho - sisekelo Wokwakhiwa

Inkulumo yeNkantolo Ephakeme eminyakeni yamuva isikisela ukuthi ubuKhomanisi buyoqhubeka bufeza indima evelele ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi ekuhlukaniseni amacala amagunya. Ukunezela kwamaJaji uGormoth, iKavangaugh, neBarrett − bonke abanamacala aqinile okuchaza isiqalo kanye nokufunda imibhalo ebhalwe phansi kulokhu kuhlola. Izinqumo zamuva zibonisa lolushintsho.

[[FLT: 0] Ku- Virginia v. i-EPA [202], iNkantolo yacela i-"Major Question Doctrine," ifuna ukuba iziKhomishane zikhulume ngokucace kakhulu lapho ziphathisa amanxusa aphethe ezindabeni ezinkulu zezezomnotho nezezombangazwe. Nakuba imfundiso ingeyona isiqalo sokuqala kuphela, ivumelana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ephakathi emcabangweni we-omspective: ukulondoloza i-aunigrandment nokunciphisa amandla ephakeme angalinganiyo. Isinqumo seNkampepho ku-[FLT] [FOLT] [act:] I-Bright Eninptions.[FLct: [FLct:], i-evictive, njengoba ingekho izikhombiso ezingokomthetho ezivumelanayo.[3] kuveza izimvumelomo ezingokomthetho ezithiwezinsthiwe: [Focense] [Focesssss] eziqinileyo.[3]

Ubuqaba abuyona inkolelo ephelele. Iphenduka ngempikiswano yangaphakathi nempikiswano engaphandle. Kodwa ukugxila kwayo embonweni, ekwakhekeni, nasemlandweni kunikeza uhlelo oluqinile noluyizimiso lokuxazulula izingxabano ezingapheli phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Njengoba umbuso ophethe uqhubeka ubekela impikiswano izigaba ezingokwesiko, ukugcizelela kwemigqa ecacile, amandla ahlukene, nokulandisa kwentando yeningi kuyohlala kunamandla amakhulu emthethweni we-Melika. Impikiswano ngomthetho-mthetho wemithetho wokuqala nokuhlukana kwemibuso ingu, phakathi kwayo, impikiswano ngesimo somthetho ngokwawo: ukuthi iwumyalo wokulandelwa noma ithuluzi lokubunjwa.