Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singaphezu kakhulu kwesiko elingokwesiko elingokomthetho, kodwa kuyisivumelwano somthetho-sisekelo esiqinile esihlanganisa umphathi ophethe ozayo ukuba asebenzise umthetho kanye nokulondolozwa kwerepublic yaseMelika. Njalo eminyakeni emine, isizwe siqapha njengoba umongameli ekhetha lesi sithembiso esifushane kodwa esinzima, esiphawula ukudluliswa okunokuthula kwamandla okuye kwakhuthazelela emakhulwini amabili eminyaka. Kodwa ngaphansi kwalamazwi ajwayelekile kunezincazelo ezicebile zomthetho, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, nempikiswano eqhubekayo ngemingcele nemisebenzi yegunya lesikhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okusekelwe ngokujule kwesifungo somongameli, sihlola umbhalo waso, imvelaphi yaso, ukubaluleka okungokomthetho, ukuchaza izimpikiswano, ukuguquguquka kwezekwamasiko, nokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Umbhalo Womthetho - sisekelo Namazwi Awo AngokomBhalo

Isifungo sikamongameli sigunyazwe eSiphakamisweni II, Ingxenye 1, uClause 8 woMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States.

] I ifunga kakhulu (noma iqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza konke okusemandleni ami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States."

Lesi sifungo esinamagama angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu yisifungo kuphela esigunyazwe nguMthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile ngesikhulu sikahulumeni. Umzali "noma uqinisekisa" uhlalisa labo abamelene nenkolo ekufungeni isifungo, okubonisa isibopho somsunguli senkululeko engokwenkolo. Isifungo sinikezwa uMahluleli oyinhloko wase-United States, nakuba lesosiko singadingwa ngokomthetho; noma ubani ogunyaziwe ukukhipha izifungo angenza kanjalo.

Cishe emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, amagama aqondile ayengalandelwa njalo ngokwezwi nezwi. UGeorge Washington wanezela ngokudume kakhulu " ngakho ngisize uNkulunkulu [" ngemva kokuphindaphinda umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, isiko elamukelwa kamuva ngabalandeli abaningi kodwa elingakaze lifakwe esifungweni se-athonsiwe. Abefundisi baqala ukunamathela njalo emaphindlweni omthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokunezela. Izinqolobane zesizwe [ zinikeza ukudluliselwa okunegunya komthetho-mthetho, kuqinisekisa ukuthi umbhalo wamanje uyaqhubeka ulokhu ushintshwe kusukela ngo-1789.

Imvelaphi engokomlando kanye nokuzimisela kwabafeyini

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo babheka izifungo njengendlela ebalulekile yokuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kukahulumeni. Besebenzisa umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi nezimiso zamakoloni, baqaphela ukuthi isifungo singasebenza kokubili ukuhlola okungokomthetho nokuziphatha emandleni. ku-Foleralist No.[, baphikisa ukuthi isifungo "siyisiqinisekiso esiqondile nesicacile" sokusekela ukuphakama koMthetho-sisekelo. Umongameli u-Madisonko wabekwa umuva eMhlanganweni womthetho, ngokuyinhloko osekelwe esifungweni esidingwa izikhulu zezikhulu ze-Confederations. Inguquko yayiwukwenezela ", uservence, futhi uvikela [[FLT], [FLP], lowo owenziswayo, owenziwa ngaphandle komthetho wobumthetho wobuKhohlo.

Abakhi bagwema ngamabomu ukucela umongameli ukuba afunge "osekela" uMthetho-sisekelo − futhi esikhundleni salokho bakhetha ukuhlanganisa okunamandla "ukulondoloza, ukuvikela nokuvikela" lokhu kubonakalisa indima eyingqayizivele kamongameli njengomphathi omkhulu ophethe amabutho ahlomile nomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa umthetho kahulumeni. Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe [[ unikeza isisekelo esihle kakhulu esiphathelene nemvelaphi yeSiphakamiso II, ukhanyisa izikhalo ezimpini ezisongiwe.

Ukubaluleka Okungokomthetho Kwebinzana Eliyinhloko Ngalinye

Ulimi lwesifungo lunemiphumela ehlukene engokomthetho eye yahlolwa izinkantolo, izazi, nangamongameli ngokwabo. Ukuphula amagama ayinhloko kwembula ujuku lwesibopho somthetho-sisekelo.

“Ngiyafunga, noma ngiqinisa,

Ukunxusa kobungcwele kugcizelela amandla alesi sikhathi. Isinqumo sokuqinisekisa, kunokuba sifunge, sisekelwe esikweni lamaQuaker namanye amaqembu enkolo athatha izifungo. Leli lungiselelo liqinisekisa ukuthi akukho mongameli obekiwe ophoqelelwa ukuba aphule unembeza wakhe. Ngokomthetho, isenzo sokufunga noma ukuqinisekisa siveza isibopho esingokomthetho esingakhonjwa ezinqunyweni zezindaba noma kwezinye izimo zokwahlulela.

“Uyisebenzise ngokwethembeka ihhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States"

Lamazwi amisa umsebenzi wokwethembeka ([FLT: 1]) asikisela okungaphezu nje kokulalela; kudinga ukwethembeka, ukukhuthala, nokwethembeka ezithakazelweni zesikhundla ngokholo oluqinile. Izazi ezingokomthetho ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi lokhu kwakha indinganiso efanelekile yini. Ngokwesibonelo senkantolo sango- 1974 . [FLT]] [[12].[FLT]] [v[FLT]][FLT] [1]], [iNkakhulu leNkantolo], ithembele ngokuphelele kulomsebenzi lapho iphoqelela uMongameli Nixpon's' ukuba ivumelane ne-pena, isho ukuthi umongameli, u-"undunalcerist, njengoba ingazange izwane, njengoba isikhulu senkantolo sisho ukuthi isho ukuthi isikhulu senkantolo.[FLT][F] ngokomthetho owenzile ngokomthetho othembekile kodwa uqobo, kodwa uyavuma ngokuqondile, kodwa uPhosahlulele umthetho owe.

Inkulumo ethi "Sebenzisa iHhovisi" futhi inencazelo ekhethekile yomthetho-sisekelo. Amandla kamongameli awanamkhawulo; achazwa ngeSigqeba II nangohlelo olubanzi lomthetho-sisekelo. "Ukubulala ngokwethembeka" idinga umongameli ukuba ahloniphe ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso futhi angathatheli imisebenzi yemithetho noma yokwahlulela. [ I-Legal Information Institute (Isikole somthetho Sezentele) inikeza ukucaciswa okuningiliziwe kwendlela le nkonzo echazwa ngayo ejurispulence yanamuhla.

“Ngokungcono kakhulu kwekhono lami

Le nombolo efanelekayo ivuma ukushiyeka kobuntu. Umongameli akadingeki ukuba aphelele, kodwa ukusebenzisa imizamo yakhe engcono kakhulu. Lokhu kwakha indinganiso esekelwe kumqondo oqondile, okwenza kube nzima ukubekela inselele izenzo zomongameli ezisekelwe ekuntuleni ikhono. Nokho, kusho ukuthi umongameli kumelwe enze umzamo omuhle wokholo ukuze afeze imisebenzi yesikhundla futhi angazidebeseli ngamabomu.

"Ukugcina, vikela futhi uvikele umthetho-sisekelo"

Lokhu kuyisibopho esikhulu kakhulu esifungweni. Kuphoqelela ukuvuma ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo kuzo zonke izinsongo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungewona amazwe noma umndeni. Ukusetshenziswa kwezenzo ezintathu ``ipreserve', vikela, vikela/__ephasimente isibopho esiqhubekayo. "Umthetho" usikisela ukugcina uMthetho-sisekelo njengoba unjalo, ngaphandle kokukhukhuleka; "ukuvikela" kusho ukuqapha ekuhlaseleni noma ukugxambukela; "dendend" usikisela ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuxosha izinselele. Zizonke, lezizenzo zakha umsebenzi owenzile umongameli okumelwe awufeze ngisho nangezindleko zomuntu siqu noma zezombangazwe.

Ezinye izazi, ikakhulukazi u-Eric Posner no-Adrian Vermeule, ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi lamazwi anika umongameli uhlobo oluthile lobuzwilandlela [ amandla phakathi namagalelo aphuthumayo, afana "namandla okuvikela" uAbraham Lincoln awasho phakathi neMpi Yomphakathi. Abanye baxwayisa ngokuthi ukufunda okubanzi okunjalo kungathethelela izenzo ezingaphezulu. Impikiswano ilokhu iyimpikiswano ephilayo emthethweni womthetho-mthetho.

Impikiswano Exazululiwe Nezinselele Eziyizazi

Izazi ezingokomthetho sekuyisikhathi eside ziphikisana ngencazelo eqondile yolimi lwesifungo, ikakhulukazi uma kuqhathaniswa nokulandisa komongameli. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi isifungo sidala indinganiso ephoqelelwa ngokomthetho noma simane siyisikhuthazo sezombangazwe nesokuziphatha.

Labo abaphikisana ngokuphoqelelwa bakhomba ku-Impeachment Clause (Atecle II, Ingxenye 4), enikeza ukususwa kukamongameli "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma okunye ubugebengu obuphakeme nobuMdumesi" baphikisa ngokuthi ukwephula ngamabomu isifungo somthetho − njengokuhluleka ngamabomu ukuphula umthetho ngokwethembeka."I House Judiary Committee inxuse lokhu kucabangela ezingeni zayo zika-19697 zokungavumelani noRichard Nixon, imbeka icala lokwephula isifungo sakhe ngokuphazamisa ubulungisa namandla. Ngokufanayo, phakathi nenkulumo engagunyaziwe kaDonald Trump, isifungo sasivame ukuvezwa njengesisekelo sokuphatha umongameli ngezenzo ezisongelayo.

Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isifungo siyisifungo ku ku abantu, hhayi ku Congress noma izinkantolo. Bagomela ukuthi ukuvumelana kukamongameli nesifungo ekugcineni kuhlolwa ngokhetho nangombono womphakathi, hhayi ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagwema ukukhipha isinqumo ngokwephula izifungo, ikhetha ukunquma icala eqenjini elilinganiselwe noma ezisekelwe emingceleni yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho.

Enye impikiswano echazayo igxile ekutheni kusho ukuthini "ukuvikela, ukuvikela nokuvikela" uMthetho-sisekelo emongweni womphakathi oziphindaphindayo. Njengoba incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngokulungisa nangokuchaza kokwahlulela, umsebenzi kamongameli ungashintsha ngokuvumelana. Ngokwesibonelo, umongameli wafunga ukuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo ngaphambi kokuba athathe iSiphendu se-14th Reformation wayengeke abe nesibopho esifanayo sokuvikela amalungelo alinganayo njengomongameli ngemva ko-1868.

UMthetho Wecala Uyimfuneko Yokwenziwa Kwezenzo Zokugcina Ubuqotho

Nakuba izifungo ezimbalwa zichaza isifungo ngokuqondile, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakhuluma ngomqondo wokubulawa ngokwethembeka kwezinye izimo. Ku-[FLT]Kendall v. United Statesex rel. Stokes [183] [183]), iNkantolo yathi umongameli kumelwe akhiphe imvume ekhethekile yokuthatha umthetho, alahle ukugunyaza ukubusa kwesikhulu. [FLT:] [FLT]] Intsha ephezulu i-Stown & Lamp; Tube. v.Sawer [1952] [i-192], iNkanto yeNkanto eshaya insimbi yensimbi phakathi neMpi ye-Korea, icabanga ukuthi umongameli akawukhiphanga noma isiphi isenzo somthetho esingokomthetho. Umongameli we-Black waphawula umthetho ukuba ayenze ngokuthembeka (iR.) ngaphansi kwesivumelwano esingu-2, wavuma ukuba abenziseqeqeqeqeshine.

IOath-Vita I - eremonies Nezimo Ezingokomfanekiso

Nakuba umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo umisiwe, umkhosi ohlobene nesifungo uye washintsha. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu uyisikhathi: kuze kube yilapho ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo samashumi amabili eMinyaka Enye ngo-1933, igama likamongameli laqala ngoMatshi 4. Lokhu kulungisa kwashukumisa i-Inaugationtionryry date 20 ngo-January 20, ukunciphisa inkathi "yedada elimnyama". Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, zonke izifungo zomphakathi ziye zenzeka ngalolo suku, ngaphandle kokuba usuku lufike ngeSonto, lapho kwenzeka khona isenzakalo sangasese futhi kusenziwa khona umkhosi wasobala ngosuku olulandelayo.

Ukusetshenziswa kweBhayibheli sekuyisikhathi eside kungusithakazelo, nakuba kungadingeki. UGeorge Washington wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elibolekiwe egumbini lamaMasonic, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi omongameli abaningi baye bakhetha iBhayibheli elikhethekile elibalulekile ngokomlando noma ngokomuntu siqu. U-Abraham Lincoln wasebenzisa i-State Court Bible; uBarack Obama wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elifanayo neLincoln elasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwakhe. ULyndon B. Johnson, lapho efunda ngoJohn F. Kennedy, wathatha isifungo emor Force One One ngaphakathi [[FLT:]] uJohn F. Kennedy’s Bible , edala elinye lamathuba abangela ubuhlungu kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika.

Abanye amongameli baye banezela amazwi. uFranklin D. Roosevelt, ekunikezelweni kwakhe kwesibili ngo-1937, wafaka amagama " wangisiza kakhulu uNkulunkulu [ futhi wahlanganisa nomthandazo omfushane ngaphambi kwesifungo. Abanye, njengoJames Buchanan, benezela "ngiwenza" phambi kokuphindaphinda okungokomthetho. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, omongameli baye banamathela ngokuyisisekelo embhalweni wemithetho-mthetho, kodwa ukunezela kwe-"-so kungisize uNkulunkulu " kuye kwaba cishe emhlabeni wonke, naphezu kokuba ingxenye yomthetho obhaliwezwe. Lomkhuba uye wabangela izinselele ezingokomthetho ezisezinhlanganweni, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo izinkantolo ezisekela inqubo yesiko elingavamile.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokulandisa: Lapho I - oath Ibanjwa

Inqubo eyinhloko yokuphoqelela izifungo ukuphula umthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukuba umongameli, isekela likamongameli, nazo zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States zisuswe ekumangalelweni nasekugunyazweni "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme nezinkulu" Ukuphula isifungo ngamabomu. (Ngokwesibonelo), ukwephula ngamabomu umthetho noma ukwenza umonakalo woMthetho-sisekelo (h) kungabhekwa njengonomthetho owenziwe ngempoqo omkhulu.

Phakathi nomthetho kaMongameli u-Andrew Johnson ka-1868, iSiphakamiso III secala lokujezisa sammangalela ngokuthi "ukwephula umthetho nomthetho" ukuphula umthetho we-Ofisi, iNdlu ethi "kwakuwubugebengu obukhulu nokungalungisi esikhundleni, futhi [kwakuwukwephula] isifungo sakhe esingokomthetho." UJohnson wakhululwa ngevoti eyodwa eNdlwaneni, kodwa kwamiswa isandulela sokuthi ukwephula umthetho kuyicala elingahambisani.

Muva nje, ama-authomo angu-2019 no-2021 kaDonald Trump ayehlanganisa nezikhombo zesifungo. Ekuqulweni kokuqala, amamenenja endlu aphikisa ngokuthi uTrump wayesebenzise kabi amandla akhe ngokucela ukungenela kwamanye amazwe kukhetho lwama-202020, kanjalo ephula umsebenzi wakhe wokuthi "enze ngokuthembeka" imithetho futhi "evikela, avikele futhi avikele" uMthetho-sisekelo. Ekuqulweni kwesibili, ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-Januwari 6 Capitol, ukumangalelwa kokuphembelela ukuvukela kwakwa kwasolwa futhi kwabekwa njengokwephulwa kwesifungo. Nakuba ukuqulwa kwazo zombili kwaphumela ekulahlekeni, babonisa ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwesifungo njengendinganiso sokuziphatha komongameli.

Ngaphandle kokujeziswa, izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zenqaba ukuphoqelela isifungo ngokuqondile. Mississippi v. Johnson (1867), iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukuzwa isuti efuna ukumisa uMongameli Johnson ukuba aphumeze imithetho yokulungisa kabusha, iphethe ukuthi ukwenza kukamongameli imisebenzi yakhe kuyimpikiswano yezombangazwe engahlobene nokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Lemfundiso ye-"umbuzo" ilinganisela kakhulu ikhono lejaji eliphethe isithembiso, ishiyela ukulandisa okuyinhloko eKhomishani eKhoselweni nasemhlanganweni.

Ukuqhathanisa Nezinye Izitho Zomnqumo Kuhulumeni Wase - United States

Isifungo sobumongameli sihlukile kwezinye izifungo zikahulumeni kokubili. Isifungo samalungu oMkhandlu, esichazwe eSiphakamiso VI soMthetho-sisekelo, sifuna ukuba a "sekela" uMthetho-sisekelo kodwa asihlanganisi ukuvumela ukumiswa "kuqapha, ukuvikela nokuvikela" izifungo zokwahlulela, nakuba zihluka ngomthetho futhi zivame ukuhlanganisa isithembiso sokuphatha ubulungisa ngokungakhethi. Isifungo sikamongameli sihlukile ekugcizeleleni kwakhe ukuvikela kwezisebenzi.

Izisebenzi eziphethe i-Foderal, kuhlanganise nezisebenzi zezempi, zifunga isifungo esihlukile esifunwa [umthetho we-5 U.S. 7631, esihlanganisa isifungo sokuthi "kusekela nokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States kuzo zonke izitha, ezingazithandi nakuzo izisebenzi zasekhaya" lesi sifungo esibanzi sifanayo emoyeni kodwa asiphethe "ukwenza ngokuthembeka" ulimi oluqondelwe indima kamongameli njengesikhulu. Umehluko ubonakalisa inhloso yabasebenzi be-flomestry ukubeka indinganiso ephakeme yokulandisa kumongameli, ophethe isikhundla esinamandla kakhulu ezweni.

Ukubaluleka Kwesiko Nezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kwesimiso salo esingokomthetho, isifungo sobumongameli sesiwuphawu olunamandla lwempucuko. Umfanekiso kamongameli omusha ofunga phambi kweCapitol, isandla seBhayibheli, ungomunye wemicikilisho ebonakala kakhulu yaseMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Sisho ukuthutha ngokuthula umbuso wezwe (isibonakaliso esihlukanisa i-United States kwezinye izizwe eziningi. Isifungo futhi sisebenza njengomzuzwana ohlanganisa, siletha ndawonye izakhamuzi zamaqembu ahlukene nezinkolelo ukuze zibone isibopho esifanayo sokubusa komthetho.

Nokho, indima yesifungo ekukhulumeni kwezombangazwe ingahlukanisa futhi. Abagxeki bezenzo zikamongameli bavame ukucela isifungo sokuphikisa ngokuthi umongameli uye wakhaphela uMthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho abavikeli bekhomba isifungo njengobufakazi bokholo oluhle lukamongameli. Lokhu kulwa kwezifungo kubonisa ukuphikisana okujulile okukhona kwezombangazwe zaseMelika. Noma kunjalo, isifungo sihlala siyindinganiso yempikiswano mayelana namandla ephakeme, ukulandisa, nemingcele yegunya.

Isiphetho: Isisindo Esihlala Njalo Samazwi Amancane

Isifungo sikamongameli siyisibonelo sobungcweti sokuhlela ngomthetho-sisekelo, futhi sigcwele amandla angokomthetho nangokokuziphatha. Ulimi lwaso luphoqelela umsebenzi wokubulala ngokwethembeka nesibopho esisebenzayo sokuvikela uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba incazelo eqondile yamagama alo iqhubeka ixoxwa izazi futhi ivivinywe ezinkingeni zezombangazwe, isifungo sihlala singumthetho ongokomthetho womthwalo wemfanelo wobumongameli. Njengoba isizwe sihamba phambili, amazwi angu-30, i-65 yeSiphakamente, kodwa isithembiso esiphathiswe umsebenzi kuMthetho-sisekelo nabantu. Ukuqonda isifungo nezihloko zaso kuhlomisela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole kangcono ukusebenza kwesikhulu saso esiphakeme esikhethweyo futhi sibambe ukuthi sinomthwalo wemfanelo ongokomthetho. Njengoba isizwe sihamba phambili, amazwi angamashumi amathathu namahlanu eSiphakathiso seSiphakathiso, i-Clausdius 8, i-9 isithembiso somthetho womthetho womthetho -mthetho - ngokomthetho wezwe.