Igatsha lemithetho lingelinye lamagatsha amathathu alinganayo kahulumeni e-United States, eduze kwamagatsha aphetheyo nahlulele. Umsebenzi walo oyinhloko ukwenza imithetho, kodwa ithonya layo lijule kakhulu endwangwini yokubusa. Leligatsha, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Congress, liyizwi labantu, umgcini wesikhwama semali sesizwe, umsebenzi, nendlela eyinhloko yokuhlola amandla kamongameli nokwahlulela. Abafundi nothisha ngokufanayo, ukuqonda igatsha lomthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela idemocrali esebenza ngayo, indlela inqubo eklanywe ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo ekulawuleni kwazo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ogcweleyo ngezimiso zesizwe, imisebenzi, nezimiso zegatsha, kuhlanganise nezimpande zalo zomlando, nezimiso zanamuhla, kanye nezimiso zokuzibopha icala.

Ukubukeza Igatsha Elisemthethweni

Igatsha lomthetho likahulumeni lichazwe eSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngokungafani nezishaya-mthetho zomthetho ezingowe-uncameral ezitholakala kwamanye amazwe, i-Congress yase-U.S. i-bimeral — ihlukene ibe yizindlwana ezimbili: iNdlu yabameleli neSishaya-Mnyango. Lesi sakhiwo sasiwukuhlehlela ngamabomu phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane phakathi noMthetho-Phondo we-1787. Indlu yaklanyelwe ukumelela abantu ngokuqondile, ngezihlalo ezabelwe umphakathi, kuyilapho iSishayamthetho sadalwa ukuba simelele izifunda ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bazo. Leli lungiselelo, njengoba iSikhulu seSivume, siqinisekisa ukuthi kokubili i-Gcilo-mthetho nezithakaze.

Indlu Yabameleli

Indlu yabameleli manje inamalungu angu-435 asebenzayo eGadeni, ngalinye elisebenza iminyaka emibili. Inani labameleli kulelo nalelozwe lithathwa njalo eminyakeni eyishumi esekelwe ekubaleni abantu, iqinisekisa ukuthi ilungu ngalinye limelela cishe inani elifanayo lama-adivosi — cishe abantu abangu-760 000 esifundeni ngasinye. Indlu ibhekwa njengegumbi elisabelayo ngenxa yokuthi wonke amalungu abhekene nokukhetha njalo eminyakeni emibili, liphoqelela ukuba ahlale esondelene kakhulu nezinkathazo zendawo. Indlu futhi inemibuso ekhethekile: iveza zonke izikweleti zemali (intela nokuchitha) futhi ibamba amandla okungakhokhi okunga izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nomongameli.

Umholi ophethe eNdlu ulawulwa yiSpeaker of the House, okhethwa yiqembu elikhulu. USpeaker ungowesibili emgqeni wobumongameli (ngemva komongameli ongumongameli) futhi ulawula uhlelo lwegumbi, izinkulumo ezihleliwe, izinkulumo ezihlelwayo, nokumisa izihlalo zamakomiti. Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile elinganisela isikhathi sokuxoxa, iyenze iphumelele kakhulu kodwa ingalinganisi kakhulu kuneSigele. Amakomiti angamakamelo e-injini yendlu; kunamakomiti angaba ngu-20 ahlola izikweletu, agcina izikweletu, agcina umthetho phambi kokuba ifike phansi.

ISigele

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, amabili avela esifundazweni ngasinye, asebenza izisho ezishaqisayo iminyaka eyisithupha. Lesi sakhiwo sivikela abakhonzi ekucindezeleni komphakathi okusheshayo, siwavumela ukuba abheke isikhathi eside ezindabeni zesizwe. Umongameli ongumKhosi wase-United States ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, kodwa amavoti kuphela okuphula i-stat. Ngokwesiko, iSigele siholwa uMholi weMajolia, omisa ikhalenda futhi abeke izindleko eziphambili. Umholi we-Minonety ulawula icebo lokuphikiswa.

ISigele sinawo amagunya amaningana akhethekile: siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (onobhala bendlu, abahluleli bakahulumeni, amanxusa) ngevoti eningi, futhi sivumela izivumelwano ezisemthethweni ezingaphezulu ezimbili-ntathu. ISigele sisebenza futhi njengejaji ekuhlolweni kwecala, sidinga amavoti amabili-mitha-ntathu ukuze siboshelwe iziboshwa futhi sisuse isikhulu. Imithetho yaso ihlukile kakhulu eNdlwini — iSigebe sivumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo, isiko elivumela i-Prineybuster, icebo lapho i-senator (noma iqembu) ikhuluma khona isikhathi eside ukubopha noma ukuvimbela. Ukuqeda i-Rebibliaster, i-parte kumelwe ifune ukuba i-galelo elikhulu le-voti 60. Le-proccondalm isho ukuthi isekela umthetho omkhulu udinga ukusekela kwe-biast bis.

Umtapo Wegatsha Eliyincwadi

Nakuba ukwenza umthetho kusebenza kakhulu, uMkhandlu wenza ezinye izindima eziningana ezibucayi ezigcina uhulumeni enesibopho sokulandisa nokusabela.

Ukwenza imithetho

Ukwenza umthetho kuwuhambo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluqala ngomqondo futhi luphele ngokusayinwa (noma i-veto exoxile) kukamongameli. Lenqubo ithatha kancane ngamabomu futhi iklanyelwe ukwakha ukuvumelana. Nazi izinyathelo ezinkulu:

  • Ukuhlanganisa nokungenisa: Icala lingabuthwa yinoma ubani — ilungu leKhomishane, umphathi, umkhandi wesikhamuzi, noma ngisho isakhamuzi sangasese — kodwa ilungu kuphela elingalidlulisela ngokomthetho. Imali inikezwa inani (umk., H.R. 1 noma S. 1) futhi ibhekise ekomitini.
  • Isenzo sokusebenza: Kulapha lapho kuyenzeka khona umsebenzi omningi oningiliziwe. AmaKomiti athatha ukuthethwa, aqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi aphawule incwadi (wenza izinguquko). Ikomiti ingabika incwadi yomthetho ngokufanele, nge-mententementation, noma itafula (iyibulale). Amakomiti anamandla njenge House Ways ne-Mathery Committee (intela) neKomiti yeSigebethi (izinguquko) yemithetho elawulayo ephawulekayo.
  • [[NTL:0] Isenzo: Uma isimemezelo sikwenza kube ngaphandle kwekomiti, siya egumbini eligcwele. Endlini, iKomiti yeMiyalo imisa izinkulumo zengxoxo — ukuthi ingxoxo ende kangakanani nokuthi inguquko inganikezwa yini. ESigeqeni, impikiswano ivame ukuba engenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba kukhulekelwe amahlule.
  • I-vote: Ngemva kwempikiswano, amavoti asegumbini. Kudingeka iningi eliyikhombayo ezimweni eziningi. Ukuvota kungaba yivoti yezwi, isigaba (ukuma) noma ucingo oluqoshiwe. Indlu isebenzisa ukuvota ngemishini; iSigele sincika ezwini noma ekushayeni.
  • Ingqungquthela ehlangene: Imali iphinde ihambe iye kwelinye igumbi, lapho lenqubo iphinda khona. Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu kuzo zombili izindlu izama ukuvumelana. Umbiko wengqungquthela olandelayo kumelwe uvunyelwe yizo zombili izindlu ezinesimo esifanayo.
  • I-Predéssidential Action: Isivumelwano sokugcina siya kumongameli, onezinsuku eziyishumi zokusayina umthetho, i-veto, noma iwuyeke ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa (i-pocket veto uma izingqungquthela zikhona). Umbuso ungakhipha iveto ngenani elikhulu eliyi-3.

Izindleko eziningi azisoze zayithatha ikomiti edlule. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokwe- Library of Congress, cishe amaphesenti amane kuphela ezikweletu eziye zafakwa aba umthetho ovamile eMkhandlwini.

Ukugada

UKhongolo-mthetho-sisekelo unomsebenzi wokwengamela igatsha eliphethe futhi uqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehlosiwe. Ukuqondisa kwenziwa ngokuqulwa kwecala, ngokuphenya, nangombuso wezincwadi zomthetho-mfantu. Amathuluzi abalulekile ahlanganisa:

  • Amakomiti e-Aspecial Living: abiza abaholi bamanxusa nezinye izikhulu ukuba zifakaze. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Oversect Committee ihlola njalo ukulahlwa, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza ezimisweni zikahulumeni.
  • Ihhovisi likahulumeni lokulandisa (GAO): ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi "inja egadayo," i-GAO aunits recounts shont esebenzile kuhulumeni, ihlola ukuphumelela kohlelo, futhi ibika abenzi bemithetho.
  • I-Congressgational Baccol Baccom Office (CBO): i-CBO inikeza ukucubungula okungaphakanyiswayo kwemiphumela yokuhlelwa kwemithetho ehlongozwayo, isiza uKhongolo ukuba lwenze izinqumo zemali eziqondiswe.
  • Ukuqinisekisa noMyalo: Amandla esigele sokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ama-presidentium kuyi-icking egatsheni eliphethe. Okunye kusebenza emandleni okungagunyazi ashiwo ngaphambili.

Ukugada kuqinisekisa ukuthi umninindlu uyakwazi ukuveza umbono wakhe futhi uyakulandisa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umphathi wayengasebenza ngokuhlola okuncane.

Umemo

Ilungu ngalinye leSishaya-Mkhandlu likhethwa ukuba limelele indawo ethile — isifundazwe noma sonke isifundazwe. Ukumelelwa kuhilela kokubili imisebenzi engokomthetho (ukukhokha izikweleti) kanye nengenasidingo (izinkonzo). Amalungu alondoloza amahhovisi okusiza abantu abaphethe izinhlangano zikahulumeni, i-Social Security, izikhululo zosizo, kanye nezindaba zokufuduka. Asebenzisa futhi umsebenzi wokusiza ababhekene nezinkinga zomphakathi. Amahholo odolobha, amaphephandaba agcina amaqembu ezokuxhumana ahlangene nezifunda. Le mithetho enikezwa njalo isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuthi kudinga indawo — kusukela emisebenzi yezentengiselwa enhlekeleleni kuya enhlekeleleni.

Inqubo Yomthetho Yokujula

Nakuba ukufingqa okungenhla kuhlanganisa imifantu ebanzi, imibono eminingana idinga ukunakwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-finbuster eSigele iye yashintsha yaba ithuluzi elinamandla elivimbelayo elingadinga amavoti angu-60 ukuqhubekisela phambili umthetho omkhulu. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwe ukuhlanganisa inqubo yohlelo lokuhlela imali — inqubo evumela ukudluliswa kwezindleko ezithile ngenani elikhulu elilula — iye yaba evame kakhulu ezinyatheloni ezinkulu ezinjengokunquma ukusika intela noma ushintsho lwezempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, [[FLTLT:] [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [3] inqubo yohlelo lokuhlela izinto ezihlelwa ekhaya, impikiswano ephansi encishisiwe ekukhetheni. Lemininingwane encishisiwe inganquma noma ukufa.

Esinye isici esibalulekile yindima ye yekomiti kanye nezindawo ezingaphansi zokwenza umsebenzi. Kunamakhulu ezivumelwano ezikhethekile ezindaweni ezinjengezolimo, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, imfundo, kanye nezinto zokuthutha. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kuvumela amalungu ukuba ahlakulele ubuchwepheshe obujulile. Ngokwesibonelo, i House Committee on Energy and Commerce secursing short, inqubo yezemvelo, kanye ne-tename. I-General Relation Committee ihlola izivumelwano nezinhlelo zezezentengiselwano.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Igatsha lemithetho lisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ukuba lingabuswa. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza igatsha ngalinye amathuluzi okulinganisela amanye:

  • Veto Power futhi engawunaki: Umongameli angabhalisa umthetho, kodwa uMkhandlu ungalawula ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili. Lokhu kuqinisekisa umphathi ukuthi ngeke angawuvimbeli umthetho othandwayo.
  • I-Indlu ingakhipha isikhulu sikahulumeni kuhlanganise nomongameli, futhi iSigele siqule icala. Amongameli ababili baye balahlwa yindlu kodwa bakhululwa iSigele (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton). URichard Nixon wahleh' phambi kokuba kuqedwe imicimbi.
  • qinisekisa: Ukumiswa kukaMongameli eNkantolo Ephakeme, izinkantolo zikahulumeni, amakhathekthi, nezinhlangano ezizimele zidinga ukuvunyelwa kweSigele. Lokhu kunikeza ithonya phezu kwawo wonke uhulumeni.
  • I-Ratiation: Umongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano, kodwa iSigele kumelwe sivume ngevoti emibili-mithathu. Lokhu kwavumela iSigele ukuba sivimbe isivumelwano saseVersailles ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I.
  • Amandla e-Bridge: Zonke izikweleti ezichithwayo kumelwe zivele eNdlu, futhi uKhongolo-kanye lulawule isikhwama semali sikahulumeni. Isikhulu asinakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kohlelo lwe-converoprication. Lokhu kuyi-enduration enamandla ezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli.
  • [ Jodicial Review:[ INkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho, kodwa iSishaya-mthetho singaphendula ngokulahla uMthetho-sisekelo noma ukudlulisa imithetho emisha ekhuluma ngezahlulelo zenkantolo.

La mandla ahlangene aphoqelela ukuxoxisana nokuhlehla.

Amanye Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ukusetshenziswa Komali Nentela

I-Congress's "amandla esikhwama" iyitshena legumbi legunya lomthetho. Indlu kumele iqale zonke izikweleti zemali yemali (intela), kodwa iSigele singahlongoza ukulungiswa kwemali. Inqubo yonyaka yohlelo lokuhlela ihilela uMongameli unikeza isiphakamiso semali, khona-ke kuthi iKhomishane idlulise isinqumo sohlelo lokuhlela uhlelo lwemali, ilandelwe yizikweletu ezikhokhiye izinkampani ezithile ezizimele. Uma uMkhandlu uhluleka ukudlulisa izikwele zemali ezikhokhwayo, ukuviswa kukahulumeni kwenzeka — njengoba kwenzeka ngo-2013 no-2018181919. [FLT] I-Referionational Declatement Act ka 1974 yakhahliswa inqubo engokomthetho yokuhlela izimali, eye yasetshenziswa ekulungiseni ukulungiswa okukhulu komphakathi wezenhlalakahle, intela, nohlelo lwezempilo.

Isivumelwano Sokunqanda Izindawo

Izivumelwano namazwe angaphandle zidinga amavoti amabili 763 kuSigele. Lesi sigqebhezana esiphakeme sisho ukuthi amongameli ngokuvamile bafuna ukusekelwa kwe-bipartistan ngaphambi kokuthatha isivumelwano. Izivumelwano eziqanjiwe ezidluliswayo zihlanganisa i-North Atlantic Treaty (NATO), iPanama Canal Parali Reces, nesivumelwano sezikhali ze-New START. Ezinye izivumelwano ezinkulu, njenge-Comprehensive NyuclearNUltêtingücerN, Treaty, zahluleka ukuthola imvume ye-Igesage.

Ukuzifunela

Ukuqapha kuyinqubo yezombangazwe, hhayi eyobugebengu. IKomiti ye House Judicary ihlola futhi idwebe izihloko zokungagunyazi, okuvota kwendlu yonke. Inkomba yanele ukuba ikhothoze. Khona - ke iSigele sithatha icala nge- Justice Esikhulu yeNkantolo Ephakeme (uma umongameli engummangalelwa). Ukuvota kwababili abangama-336 eSigele kuyadingeka ukuba bathwele isigwebo. Ukuvotelwa ehhovisi kuwukuphela kwesijeziso; esinye isijeziso esivela ezinkantolo zezelele singalandela. Impelesi siyikhombozo eziphambili futhi siwukuhlolwa okungavamile — umongameli abathathu kuphela abaye balahlwayo, futhi akukho namunye osukiwe icala.

ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

UKhongolose lunendima eyinhloko ekunqandeni uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngamavoti amabili 763 kuwo womabili amakamu (noma ngomhlangano wezwe obizwa ngama-2 933 ama-padsworces kazwelonke, nakuba lokhu kungakaze kusetshenziswe). Ngemva kwesiphakamiso, kumelwe kugunyazwe ngezishaya-mthetho ezintathu (noma imihlangano kazwelonke). I-Congress ihlela indlela. Izinguquko ezingu- 27 eziye zagunyazwa — kusukela ku-Bill of Rights kuya ku-Enzibilitementation Refectionation ecult — zonke ziqalwe enkathini yokuvota yama-26.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho Nabantu

Izakhamuzi zisebenzelana negatsha lomthetho ngezindlela eziningi ngaphandle kokuvota ngoSuku Lokhetho. Abantu bangathintana nehhovisi lommeleli wabo noma i-senator ukuze baveze imibono emayelana nomthetho, bacele usizo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, noma bameme izikhulu ezenzakalweni zendawo. Amaqembu anezimemezelo zokuhlela ama-rasroot ahlela ama-pabulic mikhankanti, amabhange ocingo, kanye ne-patrompering. [[FLT:] ISimendezenziso sokuqala [[[FLT: 1]] iqinisekisa ilungelo lokunxusa uhulumeni ngezenzo zomkhalo, futhi amalungu ehlele amahhovisi ahlelelwe ukusingatha izikhalo. [[FLT] amathuluzi afana ne-''ult:]

Amaqembu ezombangazwe nesithakazelo athonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwemithetho. Abaholi beqembu banamandla aphawulekayo ngokulawula izabelo zamakomiti, ikhalenda, kanye nokusekela kwemikhankaso. Okwamanje, abangenisi abamele izinkampani, izinyunyana, nezinzuzo ezingekho, banikeza iminikelo yobuchwepheshe nenzuzo, engamisa umthetho. I-Displasure Act ka-1995 idinga ukubhaliswa nokubikwa, kodwa abacusumbuli baphikisa ngokuthi izithako zemali zisanethonya elingenakulinganiswa. Ukuqonda lokhu kunamandla kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba nesizwe esifundile.

Othisha bavame ukusebenzisa imfaniso yenqubo yomthetho — njenge i-Model Congress noma Isigele se-Mock [ — ukusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukuthi izikweleti ziba umthetho kanjani, indlela amakomiti asebenza ngayo, nendlela ukuxoxisana nokuhlehliswa okubalulekile. Le nqubo igcizelela ukuthi igatsha lomthetho liyinhlangano ekude; liphila, umzimba ophefumulayo osabela ngayo ekubopheni komphakathi.

Isiphetho

Igatsha lemithetho liyisikhungo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Kusukela ekusunguleni imithetho esemthethweni kuya ekuqondiseni umqondisi wezomthetho, kusukela ekuqinisekiseni abahluleli kuya ekulawuleni imali, iSishaya-mthetho sinamandla amakhulu — kodwa futhi sinomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu. Isakhiwo saso se-bidameral siqinisekisa ukulinganisela phakathi kwentando ethandwayo nentando yombuso, kuyilapho izinqubo zaso, nakuba zihamba kancane futhi zinzima, ziklanyelwe ukuveza umthetho onengqondo. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda igatsha lomthetho akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yezemali; kuyisisekelo esidingekile sokuthatha ingxenye engokweze umphakathi. Ukuba umvoti, ukusekela ukuqonda umthetho kahulumeni, ukuqonda ngokucacile indlela esebenza ngayo. Ngokutadisha inqubo yawo, imisebenzi, nokulinganisela nokulinganisela, izakhamuzi zingagcina abaholi babo futhi ziqinise imfuculo yabo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, hlola imithombo engokomthetho: Indlu ichazwa[, SATE reference[, kanye i-Constitution ye-United States[.