Table of Contents

Ukubuka: Isizathu Sokuba Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zibaluleke

Izinguquko zomthetho zimelela ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu olungokomthetho olungaqalwa yisizwe. Lezi zinguquko ziguqula imithetho yesisekelo elawula indlela izwe elisebenza ngayo, indlela ehlukaniswa ngayo amandla, nendlela amalungelo ezakhamuzi avikelwe ngayo. Ukuqonda inqubo ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo lezi zinguquko kubalulekile kunoma ubani onesithakazelo ekubopheni uhulumeni, isayensi yezombangazwe, noma ukubusa komthetho.

Ngokungafani nomthetho ovamile, ongadluliswa ngevoti elivamile ephalamende, ukulungisa komthetho-sisekelo kudinga izinqubo ezingavamile. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kwangamabomu kubonisa amandla okushintsha umthetho wesizwe ophakeme. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko azenzeki ngokuphamazela, zijabulela ukuvumelana okukhulu, futhi zimelana nokuhlolwa okungokomthetho ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo ebanzi, elandelanayo yendlela ohulumeni abasebenzisa ngayo ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo, kusukela ekuhlongozweni kokuqala kuya ekuhlanganisweni okugcwele kwesimiso somthetho. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwezwe, izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala zikhona ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwezimiso zentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ushintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo Oluyindida

Ngaphambi kokuba uhlole isigaba ngasinye ngokuningiliziwe, kusiza ukuqonda izigaba ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezichaza noma iyiphi inqubo yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo: ukusikisela, ukuhlawuliswa nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo. Isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo ehlukile futhi sihilela abadlali abahlukene, kusukela kubenzi bemithetho nakwabahluleli kuya kuhulumeni wesifunda.

Isigaba sokuhlongozwa sinquma ukuthi ukulungiswa kufanele kucatshangelwe. Isigaba sokulungisa kufanele siqinisekise ukufaneleka komthetho, ngokuvamile sidinga ukuvota okukhulu noma ukuvunyelwa ngokuqondile. Isigaba sokuqalisa siguqula umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo ube umthetho ophoqelelweyo futhi usebenze ngokushayelela kukahulumeni. Ukuhluleka kunoma isiphi isigaba kusho ukuthi ukulungisa akusebenzi.

Lezi ziteshi akuzona nje izivumelwano zokuzihlela. Ziklanyelwe ukuvikela kuzo zombili ukuphikisana kweningi ne ithonya elibangelwa yidlanzana elinamandla [[. Ngokufuna ukusekelwa okusekelwe ezindaweni eziningi futhi ngokuvamile ezithatha isikhathi eside, inqubo yokulungisa inqubo i-active systems isss accet, orlement, ornation, nes somes zomphakathi.

Esokuqala: Ukumisa ISichibiyelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Uhambo loshintsho lomthetho - sisekelo luqala ngesicelo esingokomthetho. Ongaqala lenqubo iyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa kunezibonelo ezimbili ezivelele: ukumiswa kwemithetho kanye nokusungulwa okuthandwayo.

Ukumiswa Kwemithetho

Ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo, indlela eyinhloko yokulungisa i-padson-partime ̬ i-paraliation, ingqungquthela, noma indikimba efanayo. Isiphakamiso ngokuvamile sidinga ukuxhaswa ngenani elincane labenzi bemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States, ukunqanyulwa komthetho-sisekelo kungahlongozwa ngevoti eliyizi-mitha ezimbili eMzini wabameleli naseSigeqeni. EJalimane, ukubuyiselwa eMthethweni oMzinzeni kudinga inani eliyisithathu somthetho wobumbango nezinombolo ezimbili zombili ku-Bundestag.

Lomnyango uqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sicelo sisekelwa kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba siqhubeke. Ummisi wemithetho eyodwa noma iqembu elincane alinakuphoqelela isizwe ukuba singene empikiswaneni ehlukanisayo yomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuboniswa kokusekelwa. Inani eliqondile elidingekayo livame ukuchazwa kumthetho - sisekelo okhona ngokwawo.

Ukukhishwa Okuthandwayo Ngokuthatha Isinyathelo Sokuqalisa

Amanye amazwe avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze ngokuqondile izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ngenqubo ethandwayo . Ngokwesibonelo, eSwitzerland, noma yiliphi iqembu lezakhamuzi lingahlongoza ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ngokuqoqa izignesha ezingu-100 000 phakathi nezinyanga eziyi-18. Uma isignesha isiqiniseki se-octal se-octal, isihlongozo kumelwe sibekwe evoti yesizwe. E-Ireland, ukuqedwa komthetho-mthetho-mthethweni kungamiswa kuphela ngemva kokuvunyelwa abantu e-astendentum, nakuba izicelo ngokwazo zisuka ephalamendeni.

Izimiso zokuqalisa ezithandwayo zinika izakhamuzi ezivamile amandla okungavumelani nemithetho emisiwe lapho isimiso sezombangazwe esimisiwe simelana noshintsho. Nokho, lezi zinqubo zivame ukuza nezivikelo: izigqebhezana, imithetho eyodwa ehloniphekile, kanye nokubukezwa izinkantolo zomthetho-sisekelo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lesi sihlongozo asiwephuli amalungelo ayisisekelo noma izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Isimo Sengqondo Sesihlongozo Esifanele

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani othatha isinyathelo, izicelo kumelwe zihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile ezingokomthetho.

  • Umbhalo ocacile, olotshiwe ochaza amagama aqondile okumelwe anezelwe, ashintshwe, noma asuswe kumthetho - sisekelo.
  • Isilinganiso esicacile i - — ushintsho ngokuvamile alukwazi ukusingatha izihloko eziningi ezingahlobene esicelweni esisodwa.
  • Ukuvumelana nezimiso ezingalungiseki, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi izigaba [. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane wenqabela ukulungiswa okungaqeda isakhiwo sikahulumeni noma izimiso eziyisisekelo zesithunzi somuntu.

Le mikhondo ivimbela iziphakamiso ezingacacile noma eziwububusi ezingadida abavoti noma zibangele imiphumela engokomthetho engahlosiwe. Baphinde baqinisekise ukuthi izinguquko ezihlongozwayo azizami ukululaza isici esiyinhloko somthetho-sisekelo.

IPhase Elesibili: Ukuvunyelwa Okungokomthetho Nempikiswano

Lapho isiphakamiso sesiqalisiwe, singena esigabeni sokugunyaza inqubo yomphakathi nengxabano enkulu kakhulu, ehlanganisa ukuqulwa kwamacala, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, kanye nezindlela eziningi zokuvota.

Ukucwaninga Nekhono Lokufakaza KweKomiti

Ezindlini eziningi zezishaya-mthetho, ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo komthetho-mthetho okokuqala kubhekiselwa ekomitini ekhethekile i̬ ngokuvamile ikomiti yamajaji noma ikomiti yezindaba zomthetho-sisekelo. Le komiti iqula icala lapho izazi zomthetho-sisekelo, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, amaqembu okuphatha, nezikhulu zikahulumeni zinikeza ubufakazi. Ikomiti ihlola imiphumela engokomthetho, ukungqubuzana okungenzeka nemithetho ekhona, kanye nemiphumela yayo ewusizo.

Ukubukeza kwekomiti kufeza umsebenzi wokuhluza onzima. iziphakamiso ezigunyaziwe noma ezingahlelwanga kahle zivame ukulungiswa, ukuqiniswa, noma ukwenqatshwa kulelizinga ngaphambi kokuba zifinyelele endikimbeni yemithetho egcwele. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo esigungwini somthetho futhi kuvumela ukubhekiswa phambili, ukuhlola kobuchwepheshe.

Impikiswano Yokuhamba Nemisebenzi Ephakeme

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa yikomiti, ukulungisa kuqhubekela egumbini eligcwele lenkulumo - mpikiswano.

Imfuneko yokuvota cishe njalo iwubungcwele kunokuba ibe yiningi. Imikhawulo evamile ihlanganisa:

  • Amalungu amabili namathathu akhona futhi avota (indinganiso evame kakhulu).
  • Amangxenye amathathu awo wonke amalungu (asetshenziswa kwezinye izimiso ukuze avimbele ukungasebenzi kokuvimbela ukushintsha).
  • Izinkulumo ezimbili ezilandelanayo zemithetho nokhetho olulandelanayo (olusetshenziswa emazweni anjengeNdiya neNetherlands ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusekelwa okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezindawo ezishintshayo zezombangazwe).

Imfuneko enkulu ikhona ukuze kuvinjelwe iningi elincane noma lesikhashana ekubekeni izinguquko zaphakade kuso sonke isizwe.

Ukucabangela I - bidameral

Emazweni anezishaya-mthetho ze-bimaral (amagumbi amabili), ukuvuselelwa ngokuvamile kumelwe kudlule kuwo womabili amagumbi nge-commistry efunekayo. Lokhu kunezela omunye ungqimba lokuhlola, njengoba igumbi ngalinye lingase libe nesisekelo esihlukile, ubude, noma imiklamo emelelayo. Uma lamakamu amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene ze-amendimement, ikomiti yengqungquthela ingakhiwa ukuze kuvumelaniswe ukungefani.

Amanye amazwe, njengeCanada ne-Australia, adinga inani eliphindwe kabili [[FLT: 0] emongweni othile: iningi labo bonke abavoti ngokwesizwe kanye nezikhundla ezinkulu emazweni amaningi noma ezifundazweni eziningi. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuncishiswa okungazuzisa izifunda ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu kuphela ngezindleko zezincane.

Ifasi Elithathu: Ukugudluza Ngaphandle Kwemithetho

Ukuvunyelwa umthetho kukodwa nje akwanele ukumisa ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo. Izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zidinga isinyathelo esengeziwe sokuhlungwa okuhilela ohulumeni bezizwe noma umphakathi wonke.

Ukuhlanzwa Amazwe Noma Izifunda

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zimelwe zigunyazwe yizifundazwe, izifundazwe, noma ama-canton. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho lusekela ukuhlukahluka kwezwe nezombangazwe. Indlela yokulungisa i-ratton iyahlukahluka:

  • Izishaya-mthetho zesizwe: E-United States, ngemva kokuba isishaya-mthetho sihlongoze ukulungisa, kumelwe igunyazwe ngezishaya-mthetho ezintathu (38 kwezingu-50) zikahulumeni. Lokhu kungathatha iminyaka noma ngisho amashumi eminyaka.
  • Imihlangano yesifunda yesifunda[: Enye indlela kwezinye izimiso ukuba nemihlangano ekhethwe ngokukhethekile esifundeni ngasinye ukuvota ekulungiseni. Lendlela idlula izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni futhi ihilela izakhamuzi ngokuqondile.
  • Imvume engokwesiProfethi: ECanada, izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zidinga ukuvunyelwa yiphalamende likahulumeni nezishaya-mthetho zezimemo okungenani ezimbili kwezintathu zezifundazwe ezimelela okungenani amaphesenti angu-50 abantu bezwe.

Ukukhishwa kwemisebe yizizwe kuyindlela enamandla yokuhlola umbuso kahulumeni ophethe, evimbela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ukhulise igunya lawo ngokuncishiswa inkululeko yokuzibusa.

Iziphethu Zesizwe

Amazwe amaningi adlulisa ukufakwa kwemifantu esekelwe kuhulumeni futhi aye ngqo kubantu nge-parenderum yesizwe. Loluhlobo oluqondiswe kakhulu lokugunyaza kwentando yeningi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • ISwitzerland, lapho cishe zonke izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo zihlelwa khona ngemithetho ephoqelelwe.
  • Ireland, lapho zonke izinguquko ezingokomthetho kumelwe zivunyelwe iningi labavoti ekhonweni.
  • E - Australia, lapho izinguquko zidinga khona kokubili iningi lesizwe nezikhulu ezingxenyeni enkulu yezifundazwe (ezimbili).
  • EJapane, lapho ngemva kokuvunyelwa iphalamende yiningi eliyisithathu kuzo zombili izindlu, ukulungiswa kumelwe kwamukelwe iningi ezindaweni zombuso.

Inqubo ye-athodendum ngokwayo kumelwe ilawulwe ngokucophelela. Amavoter adinga ukwaziswa okucacile, okungangaguquguquki mayelana nalokho okungalungiswa. Amazwe amaningi adinga umnyango omncane [ (umzk., 50% wabavoti abafanele) ukuze usebenze, nakuba lokhu kuphikisana futhi kungasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke.

Imingcele Yesikhathi Nokukhanya KukaClaus

Ezinye izinqubo zokulungisa zihlanganisa imingcele yesikhathi sokuthatha indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu wase-U.S. uvame ukubeka isikhathi esithatha iminyaka eyisikhombisa sokukhishwa kwezwe. Uma inani elidingekayo lezifunda ezingagunyazi phakathi naleyo nkathi, ukubuyiselwa kuyaphela. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izinguquko zihlanganisa izigqebhezana ezibekwe ngokwesilinganiso [ ezizibuyisela ngokuzenzekelayo ngemva kwenani elithile leminyaka ngaphandle kokuba zivuselelwe.

Lemigoqo yesikhashana iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zibonisa ukuthi imibuso yanamuhla ifuna ukusekela izombangazwe. Ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo esikhathini esisodwa akufanele kutholwe ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka lapho isimo sezombangazwe sesishintshe ngokuphelele.

Ifasi Eline: Ukusetshenziswa Nokufakwa Kwesivumelwano

Ngemva kokusetshenziswa, ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo luthathelwa indawo ngokomthetho. Nokho, umsebenzi awukapheli. Ukusetshenziswa kuhilela ukuguqulela umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo emthethweni osebenzayo, isimiso, kanye nenqubo yokuhlela.

Umbiko Ongokomthetho Nokubambisana

Isinyathelo sokuqala incwadi engokomthetho. Imvume yokugunyazwa inyatheliswa egodweni lezwe, ebhaliswe ngomthetho, noma erekhodini elifana nalo. Lokhu kwenza umbhalo utholakale obala futhi unikeze ukukhomba okuqinisekile kwezinkantolo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezakhamuzi. Umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo uvuselelwa ukuze uhlanganise lolu limi olusha.

Umbiko ungabonakala njengomthetho nje, kodwa usho okusemthethweni. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho kuthatha imiphumela engokomthetho kuphela lapho kukhishwa. Lokhu kwakha usuku olucacile, oluqinisekisiwe okuthi ngalo wonke amalungelo, imisebenzi, nezibopho ezingaphansi kwe-antempliation ziphoqelelwe.

Ukuvumelanisa Imithetho Nezinqumo Zokumisa Imithetho

Ukulungisa umthetho - sisekelo ngokuvamile kudinga izinguquko ezihambelana nomthetho ovamile.

Le nqubo [[QT:0] evumelanisa i- ingaba nkulu kakhulu. Ushintsho olulodwa lomthetho-sisekelo lungabangela ukushintshwa kwemithetho eminingi noma ngisho amakhulu emithetho ebusa yonke kusukela ekuqondiseni kwenqubo yobugebengu kuya ekukhokheleni intela kuhulumeni wendawo. Ohulumeni bamisa impoqo noma ukuthunywa kokubona yonke imithetho ethintekayo nokuhlela izinguquko ezidingekile.

Ukuchaza Nobuqili

Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekusebenziseni izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma ukulungisa komthetho-mthetho kuthatha imiphumela, izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze incazelo yazo futhi zizisebenzisa emacaleni angokoqobo. Izinqumo zokwahlulela zokuqala zimisa izimpawu eziqondisa wonke omunye u-̬ izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinhlangano ezizimele, nezakhamuzi i-̬ ziqonda ukufinyelela kwale nqubo okuwusizo.

Kwamanye amazwe, izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zinamandla okubukeza ukulungisa ngokwazo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkantolo ingalungisa uma iphula izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo eziyisisekelo, ngisho noma zihlongozwa ngokufanele futhi zagunyazwa. Lombuso uphikisa kodwa ukhona emazweni anjengeNdiya neJalimane, lapho izici ezithile eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo zingasalungiswa.

Isinyathelo Sokuqondisa Nokuqondisa

Igatsha likahulumeni eliphethe kumelwe lilungise izimiso zalo, izinqubo nezimiso ukuze zivumelane nelungiselelo elisha lomthetho - sisekelo. Lokhu kungahilela:

  • Ukuqeqesha izisebenzi zikahulumeni ngezimfuneko ezintsha.
  • Ukuvuselela amafomu angokomthetho, izicelo, nezincwadi zokuqondisa.
  • Imithombo esekelayo ukuze ivumelane nemithetho emisha yomthetho - sisekelo.
  • Ukumisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezintsha noma amahhovisi uma lolushintsho ludala izakhiwo ezintsha zezinkonzo.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukulungiswa komthetho - sisekelo kudala ikhomishane entsha yokukhetha, umphathi kumelwe ahlele ukumiswa kwayo, amise amalungu ayo, futhi adlulisele imisebenzi edingekayo ezimisweni ezikhona.

Ukuhlukahluka Okuvamile Nezimo Ezikhethekile

Akuzona zonke izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezilandela indlela ejwayelekile yesithathu. Amanye amazwe anemithetho ekhethekile yezigaba ezithile zezinguquko.

Izinqumo Phakathi Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Umthetho-sisekelo omningi unqabela noma umise inqubo yokulungisa phakathi nezifundazwe eziphuthumayo, zomthetho wokulwa, noma zomsebenzi wangaphandle. Isizathu siwukuthi izimo ezingavamile zidala ukucindezela okungadingekile futhi zingaholela ezinguqulweni ezingadingekile noma ezithathelwe ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo waseFrance uvimbela ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo ngesikhathi izwe lingaphansi kwesihloko 16 semibuso ephuthumayo.

Izimfuneko Zangaphambi Kokuba Kube Khona NamaMoratoria

Ezinye izinqubo zokulungisa zihlanganisa inkathi yokulinda noma indivazelo ngaphambi kokuba isiphakamiso sivotelwe. Lokhu kuvimbela izinqumo zokuthatha izinqumo futhi kuvumela isikhathi sokuphikisana komphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, eDenmark, ukulungisa okuhlongozwayo okungokomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kumelwe kuthathwe iphalamende elisanda kukhethwa ngemva kokukhetha kwe-athompendium ngaphambi kokuba iqhubeke.

Izinguquko Zangaphambi Kwesimiso Sobufundisi Nomthetho - sisekelo Oyi - Intertim

Amazwe aqala ukulwa, ukuvukela, noma ukubusa kwamakoloni angasebenza ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo ohlanganisa izinqubo ezenziwe lula. Lezizimo zesikhashana ziklanyelwe ukuthathelwa indawo umthetho-sisekelo ohlala njalo lapho izinhlangano zedemokrasi sezimisiwe. Imithetho yokulungisa imithetho-sisekelo ehlangeneyo ngokuvamile idinga kuphela inani elikhulu noma ukuguqula okuphansi kakhulu ukuze kushukumise lolushintsho.

Izinselele Ezisebenzayo Ekufezeni Imisebenzi

Ngisho nalapho kuhlongozwa ngokufanele ukulungisa umthetho - sisekelo, kugunyazwa futhi kugunyazwa, ngokuvamile ukusetshenziswa kwawo akunalutho.

I - Institution Interia

Izikhungo zikahulumeni ziqala imikhuba, amasiko nemithetho yangaphakathi phakathi namashumi eminyaka.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile zidala amalungelo amasha adinga izindleko zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lokuhlala, lokunakekela impilo, noma lemfundo, lifuna ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezemisebenzi, izisebenzi, nezinhlelo. Uma uhulumeni entula amandla okunikeza lezi zithembiso, ukulungisa kungahlala kuyinto efinyelelwe kunokuba kusebenze.

Izinselele Zokwahlulela Nokulibala

Abaphikisi bezinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ngokuvamile babekela inselele ukufaneleka kwazo enkantolo. Lokhu kumangalelwa kunganqikaza ukufezeka iminyaka eminingi, ngisho noma inselele ingaphumelelanga ekugcineni. Kwezinye izimo, iziyalo zenkantolo ye-interim zimisa ukusebenza kwale nqubo lapho ukuphendulwa kwecala kuqhubeka.

Ukuqonda Nokucindezela Komphakathi

Ukuze ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo luphumelele, izakhamuzi kumelwe ziqonde okushiwo yiwo futhi zivumelane nezimfuneko zawo. Ohulumeni batshala imikhankaso yemfundo yomphakathi, kodwa ukudukiswa kwezindaba, ukuhlaliswa kwezombangazwe, nokungafundi kahle kwabantu kungalulaza ngisho nezinguquko ezihlelwe kahle.

Izivumelwano Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho eziphikisana nezibopho zesivumelwano sezwe lonke zingadala ukungezwani okungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulungisa okuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma kungase kwephule iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawopolitiko. Ohulumeni kumelwe bacabangele indlela yokuhlanganisa izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo nezibopho zabo zezizwe zonke, ngezinye izikhathi ezifuna isivumelwano sokubuyisana noma ukuhoxa.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yenqubo Yesichibiyelo Esishelelayo

Ngenxa yokuhlangenwe nakho okuqhathaniswayo emazweni wonke, kuba nemikhuba eminingana emihle kakhulu kohulumeni abafuna ukusebenzisa izinguquko zomthetho - sisekelo ngokuphumelelayo.

  • [ Ukuhlola komphakathi [ ngaphambi kokubhala isiphakamiso, kuhlanganise nokuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, iziphakamiso ezingochwepheshe, kanye nokufakwa kwezinhlangano zomphakathi.
  • [[QUE:0] Licacile, licacile, licacile [ embhalweni olungisayo ukuze kuncishiswe izingxabano ezichazayo futhi kuncishiswe ukuhlaziywa.
  • Amalungiselelo omthetho [ achaza ukuthi imithetho ekhona, amacala akhona, nezinhlelo zikahulumeni eziqhubekayo ziyothinteka kanjani.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izimiso zesikhathi [ ezinezikhawu ezithatha isombululo zokuhlela ukumiswa kwemithetho, izinguquko zokuphatha, nokuqeqeshwa kokwahlulela.
  • Ukwengamela okuzimele ngekhomishane yomthetho-sisekelo noma umzimba ofanayo wokuhlola ukumiswa komsebenzi nombiko wentuthuko.
  • Amasu okuxhumana ayimfihlo [ achaza injongo yenguquko, okuqukethwe, kanye nezincazelo ezisebenzayo ngolimi olulula.

Lapho le mikhuba emihle ilandelwa, inqubo yokulungisa ayigcini nje ngokuletha izinguquko ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi yakha nomphakathi wethemba isimiso somthetho - sisekelo ngokwaso.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ezinzisweni Zomthetho - sisekelo Eziphawulekayo

Ukuhlola izibonelo ezingokomlando eziqondile kwembula kokubili impumelelo nezindaba eziyisixwayiso.

ISimemezelo Samalungelo E - United States (1791)

Izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ezaziwa njenge-Bill of Rights, zahlongozwa uMkhandlu ngo-1789 futhi zagunyazwa yizifundazwe ngo-1791. Lenqubo yasheshiswa ngezindinganiso zesimanje, yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili nje. Ukulungisa inkululeko evikelekile esobala eyayiphikiswane phakathi nomhlangano wokuqala womthetho-sisekelo. Impumelelo yalenqubo ibangelwa ukuvumelana okukhulu okwase kusungulwe kakade phakathi nempikiswano yokumiswa kwemithetho-sisekelo yakuqala.

Imfundiso ye-Bristome eyisisekelo yase-Indiya (1973)

Endabeni ephawulekayo Kesavanda Bharati v. State of Kerala, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya yamisa imfundiso eyisisekelo, ethi iPhalamende alinakuyiguqula indlela yokubhubhisa ukuma kwalo okuyisisekelo noma izimiso eziyisisekelo. Lena kwakungeyona inguquko ehlangeneyo kodwa kwakuyincazelo yokwahlulela eye yaguqula ukuziphendukela komthetho sisekelo kwaseNdiya kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Ibonisa ukuthi ushintsho lwemithetho-mthetho-sisekelo lungavela ngesandulela sokwahlulela nangokuguqula i-mende.

Inguquko yeNingizimu Afrika (1993-19996)

Ukushintsha kwe-South Africa ukusuka kubandlululo kuya ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwakuhilela umthetho-sisekelo (1993) owenziwe abaxhasi abaningi futhi wahlanganisa nemininingwane eminingi yamalungelo. Lolu hlelo lwathathelwa indawo umthetho-sisekelo wokugcina ngo-199, owamukelwa yi-Constitution. Inqubo yayiphawuleka kakhulu ngenxa yokungalawuleki nokusetshenziswa kweNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo , eyaqinisekisa umbhalo wokugcina ovumelana nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ezingu-34 ngaphambi kokuba usebenze.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho azikho nje kuphela cishe izakhi ze-mendimement ̬ zilingana ngenqubo ushintsho olwenziwe ngayo. Inqubo ehlelwe kahle inikeza ukuvumelana, yakha, futhi iveza imiphumela eqinile engokomthetho. Inqubo enephutha, ngokungafani, ingadala impikiswano, i-ligigation, futhi ngisho nenhlekelele yezombangazwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inzuzo yale nqubo.

Ohulumeni abahlonipha izimfuneko ezingokomthetho-sisekelo zoshintsho babonisa ukuzinikela kwabo ekubuseni umthetho. Babonisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho eyisisekelo yesimiso sezombangazwe ingaphansi kokuhlongozwa, ukuvuma, nokulandisa. Kuzakhamuzi, ukuqonda lenqubo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esiholela ekuhlanganyeleni okunenjongo ekulolongeni isimiso somthetho sisekelo esibusa ukuphila kwazo.

Kubafundi abanesithakazelo ekuncipheni kakhulu ezindleleni zokulungisa, iConstitute Project inikeza i-memodalective yemithetho-siseko yomhlaba nemithetho yayo yokulungisa. [ Incwadi yezincwadi ye-International IDEA ezihambelanayo ezimisweni zomthetho-mthethweni [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa nokuqondiswa okusebenzayo. I-sethi ye-'umthetho-'umthetho-'umthetho-'i-'i-'i-'i-'A'i-'okanye] inikeza i-A'ekhomisha ka-' ye-'umthetho-' ye-'i-'i-'i-'[FLT' ne-'ose-'i-'i-'ekhompty'eye-' yomthetho-mthetho-onke, inikeza izibonelo zendlela ecebile zamazwe ahlukene.