Isisekelo Sikahulumeni Olinganiselwe

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States umelela isimiso esihlelwe kahle esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma igatsha elilodwa noma izinga likahulumeni. Lesi simiso, esizalwa ekungaqinisekini okujulile kwegunya elingalawuliwe, simisa imingcele ecacile emandla kahulumeni kuyilapho silondoloza ukuzibusa okubalulekile kwezifunda zikahulumeni. Kubafundi baseMelika, ukuqonda lemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho akubalulekile nje njengendlela yokufunda, kodwa njengethuluzi elisebenzayo lokuhlaziya izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu obufanele begunya likahulumeni ezindaweni ezisukela ekulweni kwempilo kuya ekuqondisweni kwendawo ezungezile.

Abaklami boMthetho-sisekelo bathola ngokuqondile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngombuso waseBrithani nokufundwa kwezazi zefilosofi zokukhanyiselwa njengeMontesquieu, owaphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko idinga ukwahlukana kwemibuso. Umphumela wawuwumbhalo onika uhulumeni wesizwe amandla ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuba athathe isinyathelo ngokuphumelelayo ezindabeni zokukhathazeka okufanayo kuyilapho ewuvimbela ekungeneleni inkululeko nobukhosi bombuso ngamunye. Lokhu kulinganisela kuhlala kusemnyombweni oyinhloko emthethweni we-mthetho-mthetho-siseko waseMelika.

Ukwakhiwa Kwesimiso Sokusebenzela Uhulumeni

I-Federalism e-United States ayiyona into engaqondakali kodwa ilungiselelo lokwakha eliqondile elihlanganiswe embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sihlukanisa ubukhosi phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso, ngamunye unegunya loqobo phakathi kwembulunga yakhe. Lengxenye ifeza izinjongo eziningi: ivikela ngokudala izikhundla eziphikisanayo zikahulumeni, ivumela ukuhlolwa kwezimiso ezisezingeni lombuso, futhi ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezifunda phakathi kwesizwe esinobunye.

Isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo salokhu kuhlukana sisekelwe ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zamandla: ezibalayo, ezigcinelwe, nezihambisanayo. Isigaba ngasinye sinezimvelaphi ezihlukile embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo futhi silolongwe amakhulu eminyaka ukuchazwa kokwahlulela.

Amandla Asungulwe: I-Amperence kaHulumeni ka-Federal Igunya le-Toolkit

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uhulumeni okhethekile, olinganiselwe kunokuba unike igunya elivamile. ISiphakamiso I, iSiqeshana sesi - 8 siqukethe iqoqo elibaluleke kakhulu, sidwebe amagunya akhethekile angu-17 oMkhandlu. Lezi zihlanganisa amandla okukhokha izintela, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula izifundazwe nezinye, ukumisa ukuhlelwa kwemvelo okufanayo kanye nokulahlekelwa imali, ukumiswa kwemali, ukumiswa kwamahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yeposi, ukunikeza izinkantolo zombuso, ukumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukunikeza nokulawula i-stal, nokulawula i-Pricity of Columbia.

Imfundiso yamandla ebaliwe isho ukuthi yonke inqubo kahulumeni kumelwe ilandelele igunya layo elungiselelweni elithile lomthetho-sisekelo noma egunyeni elithi "lidingekile nelifanele" lokukhipha amandla adwetshwe ngokwezilinganiso. Lokhu kunqanda umehluko wesimiso saseMelika ezimisweni zephalamende lapho isishaya-mthetho sesizwe sinegunya elinamandla. Uma uhulumeni wezwe uthatha isinyathelo ngalé kwalemingcele, izinkantolo zingasishaya lesinyathelo njengemingcele edlulayo yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Amacala amaningana aphawula imingcele yamandla adwetshiwe. United States v. Lopez (1995]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi iNkantolo i - Constantive idlule amandla ayo ebhizinisi ngokuphamba izibhamu eduze nezikole, iphawula okokuqala eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngamashumi ayisithupha lapho iNkantolo yachitha umthetho kahulumeni ezifundeni zezentengiselwano. Ngokufanayo, United States v.Morrion [2], iNkantolo yashaya amalungiselelo obudlova bobugadlabhabha, iphethe ukuthi ubugebengu obungekhona ezentengi ngaphansi kwamandla ezohwebo.

Amandla Agciniwe NeSichibiyelo Seshumi

ISichibiyelo seshumi sinikeza isisekelo somthetho-mthetho sobukhosi bezwe: "Imibuso engaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, igcinelwe i-United States ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lokhu kulunga kwenezelwa njengengxenye yeSivumelwano samalungelo e-Assource Anti-Federaader ukukhathazeka kokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo omusha uzobhubhisa ohulumeni.

Imibuso ewumngcele mikhulu futhi ihlanganisa igunya phezu kwayo:

  • Umthetho wempahla, umthetho wesivumelwano, nomthetho owenqabela izinto
  • Umthetho wesigebengu nokuphepha komphakathi
  • Isimiso semfundo nezindinganiso zohlelo
  • Umqondisi wokhetho novoti
  • Ukugunyaza kochwepheshe nokuqondisa umsebenzi
  • Isakhiwo sikahulumeni wendawo nomthetho kamasipala
  • Izindlela zomphakathi zokuzihlukanisa
  • Umthetho womkhaya, ohlanganisa umshado nesehlukaniso

INkantolo Ephakeme ichaze iSichibiyelo seshumi elinamashumi amathathu sibeke imingcele yangempela egunyeni likahulumeni. eNew York v. United States (1992], iNkantolo yenza umthetho kahulumeni wachitha umthetho kahulumeni owawufuna ukuba kulawule imfucumfucu yemisebe yenuzi noma uthathe isiqu sayo, iphethe ukuthi iSishayamthetho ngeke "siyalela" izinqubo zomthetho wezwe. Inkantolo yandisa lesi simiso ku-Preclexv. United States (1997), ishaya ilungiselelo le-Brady Handgun Devition Act efuna ukuba isikhulu somthetho sihlole isizinda, ukunquma ukuthi i-Congresssionerreant aguevery ague promistment.

Ukubusa Kwamanje: Kuyashesha Futhi Kuyabambisana

Imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni iphakathi kwegunya elikhona labohulumeni abaphethe kanye nohulumeni. Imibuso ebaluleke kakhulu ekhona ihlanganisa intela, ukuboleka, ukuthenga, ukumisa izinkantolo, nokumisa imithetho yenhlalakahle evamile. Lokhu kuveza amathuba okubambisana namathuba okulwa.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasungula izimfundiso zokusingatha izingxabano phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni neyombuso esebenzisa amandla ahambisanayo. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso VI, umthetho kahulumeni uyachuma lapho umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana negunya elisemthethweni likahulumeni osemthethweni osemthethweni. Imfundiso yokukhulula ibambelele ekutheni umthetho kahulumeni ungawukhulula ngokuqondile umthetho wezwe (ngolimi olucacile) noma ngokuqondenencazelo (lapho umthetho kahulumeni ubanzi ubanzi kakhulu kangangokuba uthatha insimu noma lapho umthetho wezwe uphikisana ngempela nezimfuneko zikahulumeni).

Amandla akhona adala obunye bobuhlobo obuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu phakathi kwe-othod American ebusayo. Ngokwesibonelo, kokubili uhulumeni wezwe ne-levy intela yeholo nezimiso zomthetho zomthetho wobugebengu. Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uhlanganisa izindinganiso zikahulumeni ezihlangene ezigunyazwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphathiswe igunya elivela kwi-Evironmental Protection Agency. Isimiso sezempilo sihlanganisa ngokufanayo imithetho yezezimali nezimiso ze-plural kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid raid.

UKhisimusi Obalulekile Nofanele: Ukuvumelana Nezinto Nemingcele Yazo

I-Antifere medict Claus, etholakala ekupheleni kweSiphakamiso I, isiqephu 8, inikeza uMkhandlu amandla "okwenza yonke imithetho edingayo nefanele ukufakwa ekufezeni" amandla ayo adwetshweyo. Lombhalo waqashelwa kakhulu phakathi nokubekwa kwe-radiation, nabaqondisi be-Antiferelist bewuxwayisa ngokuthi wawuyoba yigunya elingenamkhawulo. U-Alexander Hamilton wayivikela [[FL:0] ku-Foderalst No.[, ephikisa ngokuthi u-garightedum onjalo wawubalulekile kunoma yimuphi uhulumeni ophumelelayo futhi wawungagunyaza kuphela ukuhlanganisa ngokunengqondo.

Umbono woMahluleli omkhulu John Marshall Mcloch v. Maryland (1819) wamisa incazelo yesimanje ye-gamende. Icala lanikeza imibuzo emibili: ukuthi uKhongolo lwalunamandla okwenza ibhange lesizwe, nokuthi uMaryland ingakhokha yini ibhange. Marshall wakholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo "ukwenza isiphelo sibe ngokomthetho kuphela, ukuba sibe sesigabeni soMthetho-sisekelo, nokuthi konke kusho ukuthi kufaneleke futhi kuqondane naleyo njongo, okunganqatshelwe, okungavunyelwe ukuba kwenziwe umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, okungavunyelwe, kungumthetho-mthetho-mthetho."Le ncazelo ebanzi yenza u-Callssssmearces wanikeza imvume engcono ekukhetheni izindlela zokusebenzisa amandla awo."

Kodwa okudingeke noKufanelekile u-Claus akunamkhawulo. Indlela ikhetha ukuthi "kuchazwe ngokusemthethweni" kulungiswe kuphethwe umthetho-sisekelo futhi akumelwe inqatshelwe ngenye indlela. Isigingqi asiyiniki i-Congress umthetho-wiregional; simane nje ivumela ukusebenzisa amandla akhethekile. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yamisa lokhu kulinganisela, njengaku- United States v. Comstock[[ [2010]), lapho iNkantolo isekela khona isibopho somphakathi seziboshwa eziyingozi kodwa yagcizelela ukuthi i-Congressment kumelwe ibonise isisekelo sobulilifako olukhethiwe sokuhlanganisa indlela yayo yokuhlukanisa amandla.

Ukuze kuhlolwe ngokujule kakhulu ukuthi i-Fanect ne FAT Claus isetshenziswe kanjani phakathi kwenkathi ehlukene engokomlando, Inkonzo yokucwaninga yoMnyango wokucwaninga [ inikeza ukuhlanganisa okubanzi komthetho wecala.

I - Claus Yezentengiselwano: I - Enjini Enkulu Yamandla Kahulumeni

Awukho umthetho - sisekelo owodwa oye wabangela ukumiswa kwegunya likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu kune-Chommerce Claus, enika uKhomishane amandla "okulawula intengiselwano nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, naphakathi kweMiphakathini eminingana, nakuMaNdiya." Ukuchazwa kwale nkulumo kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu emlandweni waseMelika, okubonisa ukushintsha kokuqonda amandla kahulumeni nomnotho wezwe.

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu leshumi nethoba, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachaza "ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni phakathi kwezifunda eziningana" cishe kuphela ukuhlanganisa ukuhanjiswa kwezimpahla ezingxenyeni zikahulumeni kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nayo. INkantolo yahlukanisa ezohwebo nezokwakha, ezolimo, nezimayini, ezazibhekwa njengemisebenzi yendawo elawulwa uhulumeni. Lomehluko waqhubeka kwaze kwaba inkathi yeNew Deal, lapho iNkantolo yalahla izigaba ezingokomthetho ukuze ikhethe indlela yokusebenza.

NLRb v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. (137]], iNkantolo yasekela uMthetho weNational Labor Relations ngokucabanga ukuthi izingxabano zezisebenzi embonini enkulu yensimbi zazinobudlelwano "ekusondeleni nobukhulu nezohwebo lwezentengiselwano." INkantolo ya kamuva yagunyaza ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yokukhiqiza, ezolimo, nezinye imisebenzi yezezomnotho ngaphansi kwentengiselwano Claus, ephumela Wickard v. Filburbur[ [1942]], eyayithiwa ukuthi amabele akhula ngenxa yokuzisebenzisela komuntu siqu ayengalawulwa ngenxa yokuhlanganisa kwayo intengo yezwe.

Kusukela ngawo-1930 kuya kuma1990, iCommerce Claus yanikeza igunya elingokomthetho elilawula ingxenye enkulu yesifundazwe sanamuhla sokuqondisa, kuhlanganise nomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi. izindlebe ze-Atlanta Motel v. United States[ [1964], iNkantolo yasekela iSihloko II samaLungelo Omphakathi, esanqabela ukucwasa ezindlini, ezweni okuthi ukucwasana kwezinhlanga kuthinte kakhulu ezentengiselwano zezwe.

IRehnquist Court in the 1990 yaqala ukubeka imingcele egunyeni lezentengiselwano u Claus. United States v. Lopez (1995], iNkantolo yaveza izigaba ezintathu zemisebenzi ye-Congress zingalawula ngaphansi kwamandla ezentengiselwano: imikhondo yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, izikompoqo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano, nemisebenzi ethinta kakhulu ezentengiselwano zezifunda. Inkantolo yasekela ukuthi ukuba nemfutho wesibhamu eduze kwalezi zikole ezikonti. Lokhu kuhlola okuthathu kwaphinde kwaphinde kwaqalwe kuviswe ku-[FLT:] United States.[FLD] v [FF:3]][3] i-octives [2]

Icala lamuva elibaluleke kakhulu i-FLT Claus Commerce Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yabheka khona umthetho-mthethweni we-Affordal Care Act's Act. IJaji eliyinhloko uRoberts, elibhalela iNkantolo, likholelwa ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakuphoqelela abantu ukuba bangene kwezohwebo ngokuthenga umshuwalenselo wezentengiso wezentengiselwano ekhona. Isinqumo sabheka ukulawulwa kwemithetho yentela yeBhungane uClaus kusukela ku-New Indal futhi simisa ngokuqinile ukuthi amandla okulawula ezohwebo awahlanganisi amandla okuthenga ezentengiselwano.

Amandla Okusebenzisa Imali: Amakhekhe axhunyiwe

ISishaya-mthetho sinegunya elikhulu ngaphansi kwe-pal Claus yokukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali elungiselelwe "inhlalakahle yombuso". Lombuso uye waba imoto enkulu yethonya likahulumeni enkambisweni kahulumeni. Ngokusebenzisa imali enemibandela ethile, iSishaya-Mkhandlu sinikeza izimali zikahulumeni ezivumelana nemibandela eqondile efunwa uhulumeni, ukufinyelela ngokuphumelelayo izinjongo ezingase zidlule igunya eliqondile lemithetho yeSishaya-mthetho.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela amandla okusebenzisa imali njengethuluzi elingokomthetho lesimiso sikahulumeni kodwa iye yabeka imingcele ebalulekile. South Dakota v. Dole (1987), iNkantolo yamisa ukuhlolwa kwengxenye ezine yokusetshenziswa kwemibandela: imali kumelwe ibe yeyokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle kawonke-wonke, izimo kumelwe ziqonde, izimo kumelwe zihambisane nesithakazelo esithile sikahulumeni esimisweni, futhi izimo akumelwe zingqubanise ezinye izinhlelo zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimali azinakukwazi ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso sokusebenzisa isilinganiso esithile semali ukuze ziphumele esikhuthazweni esiphoqelweni.

Ukulinganiselwa kokuphoqelelwa kwabonakala kungumomomo omkhulu ku-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012) (2012), lapho iNkantolo yayithi iAffordal Care Act isongela ukulahlekelwa yikho konke ukukhokha imali ekhona eMedicaid ezindaweni ezazingasasazisasazi ukuthi ukukhokhelwa kwakuwukungagunyazi ukukhokhela. Izwe labhekana nokulahlekelwa kwemali emelele amaphesenti ayishumi emalini, ishiye ingasakho okungakhonziwa ngempela. Lesi sinqumo sibonisa ukuthi amandla okusetshenziswa kwemali, kanti abanzi, anemingcele engokomthetho.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Nencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Amandla eNkantolo Ephakeme yokumemezela imithetho engekho emthethweni akashiwo ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa amiswa ku Marbury v. Madison (1803). IJaji elikhulu uJohn Marshall wacabanga ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, ukuthi ulinganisela amandla kahulumeni, nokuthi ijudicariary kumelwe inikeze imiphumela kuleyo mikhawulo lapho kuhlelwa izimo. Ukubukezwa kwemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mfastici kuye kwaba yitshelifa yokugcina e-jajini.

Indlela yeNkantolo echaza umthetho-sisekelo iye yahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abaqondisi bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele achazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi sokubekwa kwemida. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo ishintsha ngoshintsho lwezenhlalo. Phakathi kwalezi zigxobo kukhona uchungechunge lwendlela yokuchaza, kuhlanganise nokuchaza imibhalo, impikiswano yokwakha, nokuncika kwesiqalo namasiko.

Isinqumo sezingxabano zikahulumeni sivame ukuxhomeke ekuchazeni indlela yokuchaza i-strunist accounting. Amajaji aqala ukugcizelela ubukhosi bamazwe kanye nobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni njengoba kuqondwa isizukulwane esisungulayo. Amajaji asekela ukuchazwa kwencazelo enamandla kakhulu asekela igunya likahulumeni elikhulu ukubhekana nezinkinga abasunguli ababengenakuzilindela.

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngomlando wayo nangemisebenzi yayo kuwebhusayithi yayo engokomthetho [, kuhlanganise nemithombo yemfundo ngendima yeNkantolo ekulondolozeni imingcele yomthetho-mthetho.

Izinkinga Ezinkulu Zokulwela Uhulumeni Kusukela Ngo - 1990

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma amacala amaningana abalulekile ohulumeni emashumini eminyaka amuva aye athonya indlela eqondwa ngayo imingcele yomthetho - sisekelo:

  • [FLT] New York v. United States (1992: Ukuncishiswa komthetho kahulumeni odinga izifundazwe zokulawula imfucumfucu ekhipha imisebe, ukumisa imfundiso emelene nemiyalelo.
  • [FLT][FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995] : Indaba yokuqala cishe eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha ukuqeda umthetho kahulumeni njengowedlula u Claus wezentengiselwano.
  • Shicilelaz v. United States (1997): imfundiso ekhudlile emelene nomyalo kubaphathi abakhulu.
  • [FLT] United States v. Morrison [2000]: Ukunqanda ubudlova ngokumelene nabesifazane Act amalungiselelo ngaphansi kwezentengiselwano uClaus neSiqephu 5 seSichibiyelo seMinyaka Eyishumi nane.
  • Gonzales v. Raich (2005]: Igunya lezwe lombuso lokunqabela insangu ngaphansi koMthetho weSubstances Olawulayo, ngisho nalapho imibuso yayiyigunyase khona.
  • [FLT]Federal Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): Ilinganiselwe kwezentengiselwano zika Claus ne Ukusebenzisa Igunya emongweni wenguquko yezempilo.
  • [[NTL:0] Murphy v. NCAA (2017]): Ukunqikaza umthetho kahulumeni onqabela ukugunyaza imidlalo yokugembula njengokuphula isimiso esimelene nomyalo.

Izimpikiswano Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izimpikiswano eziningana zamuva zibonisa ukubaluleka okuhlala njalo komthetho - sisekelo wobuzwe:

Isimiso Sokunakekelwa Kwempilo

I-Affordble Care Act iyaqhubeka iphakamisa imibuzo. Ngaphandle komyalo we-medicaid ne-medicaid izimpikiswano zokwanda zabekwa ku-NFIB v. Sebelius, izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zihilela ububanzi begunya likahulumeni lokugunyaza ukukhokhelwa kwezinkonzo ezithile zikahulumeni, indima yomthetho wombuso, kanye nokwabiwa kombuso phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni ne-Medicare ne-Medicaid. I-CHOVID-19 umqedazwelo waqokomisa ukuxabana kwemithetho kahulumeni, njengoba kusho ukuthi igunya lempilo yomphakathi ngesikhathi uhulumeni ukhipha isiqondiso nemithombo yezomthetho.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

I-Ceac Air Act and Clean Water Act yenza amapulani asebenza ngokubambisana e-outhority-state abangela ukubekwa kwemithetho engapheli emingceleni yegunya likahulumeni. West Virginia v. EPA [2022], iNkantolo Ephakeme yacela imfundiso "imibuzo yemibuzo" ukulinganisela igunya le-EPA lokulawula ukukhishwa kogesi okhipha amandla ezindaweni zamandla, ibambe lowo mbuso kumelwe ukhulume ngokucacile lapho ugunyaza izinhlangano zezentengiselwano ezinkulu zezomnotho nezombangazwe. Le mfundiso imelela ukunqandamuka kwe-mfutho okusha kwe-omthetho.

Imfundo

Ukuhileleka kwemfundo kuye kwakhula ngezinhlelo zokuchitha i-Header I ne-Arevens With Division Education Act. I-United States iye yabekela imingcele yemfundo kahulumeni njengemithetho edlulayo ewumthetho-sisekelo futhi iphazamisa ukulawula kukahulumeni ezifundweni nasezindinganisweni. I-All Students Receeds Act ka-2015 yamelela ukuncishintshwa kwegunya ezindaweni ezithile, kodwa izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ziyaqhubeka ngendima efanelekile kahulumeni emfundweni.

Ukuthuthwa Nokulingwa

Ukungena ngokwesiko kuye kwaba umthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, kodwa izifundazwe ziye zafuna ngokwengeziwe ukuhileleka, ikakhulukazi ezingxenyeni zokuphoqelela nokuzuza. Arizona v. United States (2012]), iNkantolo yabulala amalungiselelo amaningana e-SB ka-Arizona 1070 ezinkundleni zokuhlengwa kuyilapho ishiya ithuba lokubambisana kombuso nemithetho esemthethweni. Umphumela wezwe uyaqhubeka uveza imingcele njengemikhawulo yegunya lamazwe kulensimu.

IBrennan Center yeJaji inikeza ukucubungula kobuzwe bamanje nendlela ezithinta ngayo ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni.

Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kwemingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo

Imingcele engokomthetho egunyani likahulumeni ayizona izinto ezingokomlando kodwa yizimiso eziphilayo eziqhubeka zibumba ukubusa kwaseMelika. isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe silwisane nombuzo oyisisekelo abasunguli abawubuza: indlela yokwakha uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla ngokwanele ukuba uxazulule izinkinga ezihlangene kuyilapho uhlala ulinganiselwe ngokwanele ukuba ulondoloze inkululeko nobukhosi bombuso.

Impendulo, efakwe ekwakhekeni koMthetho-sisekelo, ayisona inqubo eqondile kodwa isisekelo sokuhlela okuqhubekayo. Amandla ahlangene anwetshwa phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele yesizwe nezivumelwano phakathi nezikhathi zokuvuselelwa kwesizwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ifeza indima ebalulekile emingceleni yomthetho-sisekelo wobupolishi, kodwa izinqumo zayo zibonisa ukuqonda okungaqondakali kwe-uthonal kanye nobukhulu obufanele begunya lesizwe.

Kuzo zonke izakhamuzi nabafundi, ukuqonda lemingcele kubalulekile ekuhlanganyeleni empikiswaneni yentando yeningi. UMthetho-sisekelo awuphenduli yonke impikiswano yesimiso, kodwa umisa imithetho yomdlalo okuxoxwa ngayo ngezimiso. Labo abayiqonda lemithetho bangahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa lapho igunya likahulumeni lincintisana khona.

Ukulingana phakathi kombuso nomthwalo wemfanelo omiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo kusasebenza namuhla njengoba kwakunjalo ngo-1787. Njengoba izwe libhekene nezinselele ezintsha kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekuncintisaneni kwezomnotho embulungeni yonke kuya ekusongelwani kwendawo ezungezile, isimiso sombuso kumelwe sizivumelanise nokuhlala sithembekile ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu akudingi ukugcinwa komthetho-sisekelo kuphela kodwa futhi nesibopho sezombangazwe nesezakhamuzi ezindinganisweni zikahulumeni olinganiselwe, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye eMthethweni.