INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Yamandla Okuphepha Angokomthetho

Ezimisweni zentando yeningi, umthetho-sisekelo unikeza izishaya-mthetho eziqondile phezu kwesivikelo sobuzwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., sinikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumemezela impi, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukunikeza nokugcina ibutho lempi, futhi wenze imithetho yokubusa kwezempi. Amalungiselelo afanayo akhona kwezinye izikhundla zentando yeningi, lapho amaphalamende aphethe izibopho zezikhwama futhi kumelwe agunyaze ukumiswa kwamabutho. Lomthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli babantu banelungelo eliqondile ezindabeni zokuphila nokufa, uvimbela noma isikhulu esisodwa ukuba sisebenzise igunya lempi elingalawulwa.

Ngalé kwemibuso yempi, izishaya-mthetho zichaza uhlelo olungokomthetho lwezinhlangano zobuhlakani, izinhlelo zokuhlola, kanye nemisebenzi yokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula. I-Expandical Surveillance Act (FISA) eUnited States, ngokwesibonelo, yamiswa yiSishayamthetho weSishaya-mthetho ukuze iqondise ukuqapha kwemishini, futhi idinga ukuphinde i-arhekelwe futhi yengamele. EUnited Kingdom, i-Investigatigation Act 2016 ngokufanayo imisa imingcele engokomthetho yokunqanda ukuvinjelwa kwezokuxhumana. Lemithetho ayimiswangahlanga; izishaya zezikhathi ezithile zidingi ukusongela, ukulinganisela okudinga ukuvithwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Njengomsizi Wamandla

Mhlawumbe izishaya-mthetho zamathuluzi ezisetshenziswa ngokuqondile zilawula uhlelo lwemali yesizwe. Imishini yokuvikela inquma yonke into kusukela emazingeni namathuluzi okuthola izikhali ezizocwaninga ngezimiso zezikhali ezilandela isizukulwane esilandelayo. E-United States, i-National Defense Religionation Act (NDA) iyingxenye enkulu yomthetho omisa izinto eziza kuqala futhi ogunyaza ukuchithwa kwezezeMnyango wezeNyuselo. Abenzi bezomthetho basebenzisa i-NDA ukuze bahlele isakhiwo, benqabela imisebenzi ethile (njengesihlupho noma ukuvinjelwa kwezindlu), futhi bafaka imibiko evela egatsheni lezenyuziyalu.

Ukugadwa kwemithetho kusebenza njengendawo yokuqondisa. Amakomiti abuza izikhulu ezivikelayo ngazo zonke izinto kusukela ekuduleni kwenani elingaphezulu kuhlelo lwe F-35 kuya ekulungiseni izikhali zenuzi. Usongo lokusetshenziswa kwemali lungaphoqelela umphathi ukuba ashintshe isimiso noma anikeze ukwaziswa okwengeziwe kuKhomishane. Ezimisweni zephalamende, ikomiti yezezimali ihlola izibalo zokuvikela, iqinisekisa ukuthi imali yomkhokhisi isetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo futhi isetshenziswa ngokuhleleka kahle futhi ngokwezinto eziza kuqala.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izishaya-mthetho eziningi zasekela izimali zokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, zibonisa ukuthi izinqumo zokuhlela uhlelo lwemali zibonisa izindinganiso zezenhlalo nezinsongo ezisheshayo. Izenzo ezinjalo zibonisa ukuthi amandla omthetho adlulela ngalé kokuvunyelwa okulula, kodwa athonya zona kanye amandla kanye nokuma kwamabutho ahlomile.

Imishini Elawula Umthetho

Ukuzwa, Ukucwaninga, Nezinhloli Ezivamile

Ukuphatha kuyisisekelo samandla omthetho. Amakomiti amile kuzo zombili izindlu zoMkhandlu, njengeSigele Sezinkonzo Ezihlomile ne House Homeland Security Committee, alalela njalo ezindabeni zokuvikela. Lokhu kulalela kuletha izikhulu eziphakeme − kuhlanganise noNobhala weNjongo, uMqondisi weNational Intelligence, kanye nezikhulu zezempi zifakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo. Izinkulumo nemibiko ewumphumela yazisa impikiswano yomphakathi futhi zingaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho.

Uphenyo lungelinye ithuluzi elibalulekile. Ngokulandela ukuhlasela kwe-September 11, uKhomishane wamisa i-9/11 Commission yokuhlola ukwehluleka kokuhlakanipha. Ukutusa kwale khomishane kwaholela ekudalweni koMqondisi weNational Intelligence neHhovisi loMqondisi weNational Intelligence, ukuphinde kuhlolwe umphakathi wobuhlakani base-U.S. Ngokufanayo, i-UK Palamente’s Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) ihlola umsebenzi we-MI5, MH6, ne GCHQ, ibika ukuthi intuthuko isebenza lapho ivikela ukwaziswa okungamele.

Indima Yezinhloli Ezizinhloli

Iziqubulo zemithetho zivame ukusungula izinja ezizimele phakathi kwezinhlangano zezezokuphepha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezezokuvikela iHhovisi Lomphakathi, uhlola futhi uhlole izinsolo zokukhwabanisa, udoti, nokuxhaphaza. I-DoD Imboni kaJenene ubika njalo kuKhomishane, unika abenzi bomthetho i-ekhemisi i-ehlolo elizimele ezilawulini zangaphakathi zesikhulu. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yokulondeka kwesizwe ivumelana nomthetho futhi noma isiphi isenzo sobubi sikhulunyelwa ngokushesha.

Impikiswano Ngamandla Aphuthumayo

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu zamandla omthetho ethinta imibuso ephuthumayo. IMithetho-mthetho nemithetho inikeza abaqondisi ikhono lokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha esimweni esibucayi, kodwa izishaya-mthetho kumelwe zichaze izinga kanye nesikhathi samandla anjalo. E-United States, i-National Emertivementing Act ifuna ukuba umongameli amemezele isimo esiphuthumayo sokubhala futhi amise izinqubo zokuyiqeda ngesinqumo esihlangene. Nokho, omongameli abaningi baye basebenzisa izimemezelo eziphuthumayo ukuhlehlisa izimali, ukubeka izijeziso, noma ukunxusa i- National Guard, ngokuvamile behlola imikhawulo yezinhlolo yemithetho ye-wiscove.

Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 waqokomisa futhi ukungezwani phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi nokulondeka. Imithetho emhlabeni wonke kwadingeka ukuba ilinganisele ukunikeza izikhulu igunya lokumisa ukubopha nokuvinjelwa kokuhamba kuyilapho benakekela. Abanye abenzi bemithetho bahlehlisa iziyalezo zezikhulu ababezibheka njengezingafinyeleleki, bephoqelela izimpikiswano ephalamendeni ngokuphathelene nesilinganiso sesimo esiphuthumayo. Lokhu kugcizelela indima yomphathi wendlu yomthetho njengesivikelo ekunqandeni kokubekwa kwegunya, ngisho nasezikhathini zokusongela okukhona.

Esinye isibonelo i-Civil Continpolations Act ka-UK, evumela uhulumeni ukuba enze imithetho ephuthumayo kodwa ifuna ukuba ibekwe phambi kwePhalamende ngokushesha nje okunokwenzeka. Lesi senzo silinganisela nezimiso eziphuthumayo izinsuku ezingu - 30 ngaphandle kwemvume yephalamende, siqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso engavamile yeyesikhashana futhi ihlotshaniswa. Izici ezinjalo zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukulandisa ngentando yeningi phakathi nezikhathi zezinhlekelele.

Ukuhlola Icala: ISishaya - mthetho sase - United States NePhalamende Lase - UK

Ingqungquthela Yase - United States

I-UMF ka-2001, i-AUMF, yadlula ngemva kuka-9/11, yanikeza umongameli igunya elibanzi lokusebenzisa “wonke amandla adingekile nafanelekile” ngokumelene nalabo abanecala lokuhlasela. Lo mthetho uye wasetshenziselwa ukuthethelela imisebenzi yezempi e-Afghanistan, i-Iraq, futhi ngalé kwalokho, ngisho namaqembu angazange abe khona ngonyaka ka-2001, iqembu le-bistarian eKhondlu yomthetho liye laphinde lasebenzisa i-AUMF noma lathatha indawo ye-2001, liveza ukuthi liye lasetshenziswa ekuqinisekiseni amabutho empi engapheli. Inkulumo mpikiswano iqokomisa kokubili amandla nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlola isisekelo semithetho yemithetho yempi eqhubekayo.

UKhongolose futhi lufeza indima eyinhloko ekugunyazeni nasekuqondiseni izenzo zobuqhophololo. Ngaphansi kweNational Security Act ka 1947, umongameli kumelwe abike “ngesikhathi” kumakomiti okuhlakanipha ahlangene nganoma yisiphi isenzo somshoshaphansi. Lemfuneko, nakuba ivame ukugxekwa ngokuba engaqondakali, inikeza abamisi-mthetho ifasitela emikhankasweni ebelingahlala iyimfihlo. Amakomiti angavimbela ukuxhasa imali ukuze kusebenze ngokufaka imingcele yokukhipha izikweleti, ibanika inzuzo enamandla phezu komphakathi wokuhlakanipha.

IPhalamende lase - UK

EUnited Kingdom, amandla okumemezela impi asetshenziswa yiSikhulu esingaphansi kwegunya lobukhosi, kodwa imihlangano yomthetho sisekelo iye yavela ukuze ifune ukuvunyelwa kwephalamende ukuba kuthathwe impi. Ngo-2003, uhulumeni wafuna futhi wathola ivoti evumelanayo egunyaza ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq, nakuba levoti yayingagunyaziwe ngokwesayensi. Muva nje, ngo - 2013, i House of Commons yavotela ukungenela kwempi e-Siriya, ivimbela uhulumeni ukuba ungenele emkhakheni wempi.

IPhalamende le-UK lihlola futhi isivikelo ngeKomiti yoKhupho, ebuza ngezihloko ezisukela esikhathini esizayo zokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi. I- Committee Defence [ ikhipha imibiko evame ukuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola kwayo uhlelo lwezimoto ze-Ajax lwezempi kwaveza ukulibala nezindaba zokuphepha, okushukumisela iNkonzo yoMnyango wezeMpi ukuya ezivumelwaneni nasekwakheni intuthuko.

Izinselele Zanamuhla: Ukungavikeleki, Usongo Olubangelwa Ama - Hybrid, Nokuhlakanipha

Imithetho Yokusekela Isimiso Somcimbi

I-Cybersecurity Information Universal Act (CISA) ka-2015 ikhuthaza izinkampani ezizimele ukuba zihlanganyele ulwazi olusongela uhulumeni, kuyilapho [imithetho] I-Cybersecurity Frames[FOM]] inikeza imigaqo yokuzithandela. Nokho, izimpikiswano ngombhalo ofingqiwe, i-data, nokuqashwa kwemithetho iyaqhubeka. Abanye abalweli bezokuthola “ukungena emnyango”, kuyilapho abanye bemelene nanoma yikuphi ukuxhumana okungagunyaza ukulondeka.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-European Union yadlulisa i-Network and Information Security (NIS) ngo-2016, ifuna ukuba amalungu ezwe asebenzise amandla obuchwepheshe kanye nesenzakalo sawo. Isiqondiso sashintshwa ngo-2022 ukuba sihlanganise izingxenye ezengeziwe futhi sibeke izijeziso eziqinile. Isenzo somthetho kulendawo sibalulekile ngoba usongo lweze-inthaneti luvele ngokushesha, futhi imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi ingashiya izizwe zingavikelekile. IPhalamende kumelwe futhi likhulume ngokusetshenziswa kwempi kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, izikhali ezizimele, kanye nokuhlasela kwe-inthaneti.

Usongo Oluhlasimulisiwe Nezingxabano

Izinsongo zokulondeka zanamuhla zivame ukufiphaza umehluko phakathi kwempi nokuthula. Impi yempi ehlangene ne-inthanethi, imikhankaso yokuhlasela nge-inthanethi, ukuxosha izimali, kanye nokuphoqelela kwezomnotho − ukuphendula, izishaya-mthetho ziye zamisa imithetho ephazamisa abantu bakwamanye amazwe kukhetho, ukugunyaza abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano ezihilelekile ekususeni i-intelligry, kanye nokunika izinhlangano amandla okunqanda inkulumo - zenkulumo - zecala.

Ngokwesibonelo, i-UK’s Counter-Terrorism and Bource Security Act 2019 yadala amacala amasha ahlobene nokusakazwa kwezincwadi zamaphekula nokuqeqeshelwa kwabantu ubuphekula. Isenzo esiqondiswe futhi ekuthatheni i-intanethi ye-intanethi. Ngokufanayo, i-U.S. Congress iye yalalela indima yezezenhlalo ekusakazeni ukukhishwa kwemininingwane yangaphandle, okuholela ekufuneni ukuvezwa okukhulu nomthetho. Le mizamo yemithetho idinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela ukuze igweme ukugxambuleka kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kuyilapho isavikela ukulondeka kwesizwe.

Ukugunyaza Kokuhlakanipha Nezinguquko

Izinhlangano zobuhlakani ezisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho egunyazwa yiziphathimandla ezichaza futhi ziqede i-Act ka-1947, i-Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ka-2004, nemithetho eyalandela iye yathonya umphakathi wobuhlakani wase-U. Izigunyazo zokuhlakanipha zezikhathi ezithile zinika abamisi-mthetho ithuba lokulungisa izinto eziza kuqala, imibiko egunyaza, nezindawo zokuqondisa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uMkhandlu ugxile ekulungiseni i-Interreigentry Surveillance Court, uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo ezinjenge-Program 702 ka-FISA aziphuli amalungelo abantu baseMelika azimele ngaphandle kwesivikelo esifanele.

Ngemva kwezambulo zeSnowden, amazwe amaningana adlulisa imithetho emisha yobucukubhede. I-Federal Intelligence Service Act yaseJalimane yabukezwa ukuze kusungulwe ikomiti yezobungameli yephalamende futhi ibeke imingcele eqinile ekulaleleni. E-Australia, i-Intelligence Servicestion Act yo-2001 yaguqulwa ukuze yandise indima ye-Inspecter-Jiner of Intelligence and Security. Lezinguquko zibonisa ukuthi izishayamthetho zingavumelanisa izimiso zomthetho nezinganiso zomphakathi kuyilapho kugcinwa amandla asebenzayo okuhlakanipha.

Ukubambisana Nesivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe

Ukulondeka kwesizwe akuyona nje impikiswano yasekhaya. Imithetho ihlanganyela ekubuseni kwezokuvikela kwezizwe ngesivumelwano sokunqanda ukumiswa kwezivumelwano, nokuvunyelwa kwezivumelwano zokuzivikela, kanye nobulungu phakathi kwemihlangano. Ngokwesibonelo, iSigele sase-U.S. kumelwe sivume izivumelwano ezinjengokuncishiswa kwezikhali zenuzi neRussia, izenzele indima eqondile ekulawuleni izikhali zempi ezisemthethweni. Ngokufanayo, iPhalamende lase-UK libamba izimpikiswano ezibophweni ze-NATO kanye namavoti ngokusekela izivumelwano zezokuxhasa izinhlelo zezokuvikela ezihlanganyelwa.

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zingamalungu e-NATO Parliary Assembly, ehlanganisa abamisi-mthetho abavela emazweni angamalungu ukuba baxoxe ngezinselele zokuphepha futhi batuse izinqubo. Imibiko yenhlangano ngezihloko ezifana nosongo oluxubile oluvela eRussia noma imiphumela ye-Belt ne-Grattletive ivumela izimpikiswano zesizwe kanye nokuhlelwa komthetho. E-European Union, i-Committee ye-Europe on Foreign Affairs isingatha izindaba zokhuseleko, kuhlanganise nokusekela i-Ukraine kanye nezijelo ezimelelweni zobuhluku. Le mithetho ye-Pulathi ivumela izinyunyana ukuba zisebenzise ithonya imingcele yazo, zifaka ukulandisa kobudlelwa kwemithetho yentando yezwe lonke.

Isiphetho

Amandla okulawula akuwona nje umthetho owenziwe ngokusemthethweni ekulondekeni kwesizwe; amandla asebenzayo, abalulekile alawula izinto eziza kuqala, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokuzivikela, nokuhlelwa komthetho. Kusukela ekubekeni imibuso yempi ngokwemithetho kuya ekuqondiseni ngokuningiliziwe kwemisebenzi yokuhlakanipha, izishaya-mthetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokulondeka zihlala zinecala kubantu futhi zilawulwa umthetho. Ukugunyazwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kubanika amandla okulawula ukuma kwempi, kuyilapho ukuzwa nokucwaninga kuveza impumelelo nokwehluleka. Amandla engozi nezinselele zanamuhla ezifana nokusongela kwe-i - Internet kudinga ukuqashelwa njalo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imigaqo yokuphepha ihlala ngaphandle kokulahla izimiso zentando yeningi.

Izenzakalo zeSishaya - mthetho sase-U.S. kanye nePhalamende le-U.S. zibonisa indlela izishayamthetho eziye zalungisa ngayo amandla azo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zisabela ezinsongweni ezintsha kuyilapho zizama ukumelana nemibuzo ehlala njalo ngokulinganisela phakathi kwenhlalayenza nenkululeko. Enkathini yempi exubile, ukususa ulwazi, nokushintsha ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe, indima yemithetho ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe baqhubeke besebenzisa igunya labo ngokuhlakanipha nangokubona kusengaphambili, beqinisekisa ukuthi amasu okuphepha esizwe awasebenzi nje kuphela kodwa futhi awayona indlela efanelekile, asobala, futhi asekelwe ekuvumeni imibuso ebusayo. Ukuqonda lendima kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi izizwe zivikela kanjani izwe eliyingozi.