Table of Contents
Isimiso sokwahlulela sisebenza njengesisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, sinikeza uhlelo olubalulekile lapho imithetho ichazwa khona, kuxazululwa khona, futhi kunikezwa ubulungisa. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, isizinda sazo sobubusi, nezinqubo ezilandelayo kunika abantu amandla okulawula izinselele ezingokomthetho ngokuqiniseka okukhulu nokuphumelela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubhekene nempikiswano engokomthetho, usebenzela ijaji, noma umane ufune ukuqonda amalungelo akho njengesakhamuzi, ulwazi ngesimiso sokwahlulela lubalulekile.
Siyini Isimiso Sokwahlulela?
Indima eyinhloko yegatsha lokwahlulela iwukuxazulula izingxabano ngokungakhethi ngokwemithetho. Isimiso sokwahlulela simelela elinye lamagatsha ohulumeni amathathu alinganayo, asebenza kanye namagatsha omthetho nezikhulu ukuze alondoloze ukulinganisela kwamandla achaza imiphakathi yanamuhla yentando yeningi. Lamagatsha amathathu — i-province, isikhulu, ne-care — asebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho-mthetho-mfantu se "amasheke nezilinganiso nezilinganiso.”
Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, linquma umthetho walo, futhi liyisebenzise emacaleni ahlukene. Izinkantolo ezisemazingeni ahlukahlukene zizwa izigidi zamacala unyaka ngamunye, kusukela ekuphukeni kwezimoto okuncane kuya emibuzweni eyinkimbinkimbi elawula umthetho-mthetho wezwe. Izinqumo ezenziwa esimisweni sokwahlulela zithinta yonke into kusukela enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye kuya kwezebhizinisi, izindaba zomkhaya kuya kubulungisa bomthetho.
Izinkantolo zase-United States ziyizimiso zezinkantolo ezihlangene kakhulu ezisezingeni likahulumeni nezwe. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zakha igatsha lokwahlulela likahulumeni wase-U.S. futhi zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya loMthetho-sisekelo we-United States nomthetho kahulumeni. Umbuso nezinkantolo zesifundazwe zezwe ngalinye lezwe nezindawo zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lezwe nemithetho-mthetho yezwe nezwe.
Isimiso Sokwahlulela Esingahleliwe
Ukuqonda isimo sesimiso sokwahlulela kudinga ukuqaphela ukuthi izinkantolo zihlelwe ngendlela yezikhulu, ngamazinga ahlukene afeza imisebenzi ehlukile. Isimiso sokwahlulela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singuhulumeni noma uhulumeni, siqala ngenkantolo yokuqala, umsebenzi wayo ongase ubukezwe ngenkantolo ethatha isinyathelo, bese uphela enkantolo yokugcina, engase ibukeze umsebenzi wezinkantolo eziphansi.
Isimiso Senkantolo Yesifunda
ISiphakamiso III soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. sasungula iNkantolo Ephakeme neSishaya - mthetho esigunyaza ukumisa imithetho emisa isimiso sezinkantolo ezincane. Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sinezinga eliyinhloko ezintathu, ngalinye elinemithwalo yemfanelo eqondile negunya lokubusa.
Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseUnited States
Izinkantolo zesifunda noma zamacala ezingu-94 zesizwe zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesifunda sase-U.S. izinkantolo zesigodi zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokunquma amaqiniso nangokusebenzisa umthetho kulawo maqiniso. Lezinkantolo zisebenza njengezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala lesimiso sikahulumeni, lapho kuqala kuqulwa khona futhi kunikezwe ubufakazi. Izinkantolo zesigodi zinegunya lokuqala emacaleni kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi zinkantolo zokuqala ukuzwa izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni, imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko, kanye namacala athile phakathi kwamaqembu amaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene.
Izinkantolo zesifunda zikaFederal zisingatha izindaba zomphakathi nezezephulamthetho. Empeleni, amacala angaba ngu - 80% ayizigebengu zomphakathi futhi angu-20%. Amacala omphakathi avame ukuhilela amalungelo omphakathi, imvume, izakhamuzi neNhlala-ndawo Yokuphepha kuyilapho amacala obugebengu ehilela ukukhwabanisa intela, ukuphanga, ukwenziwa kwezenkohliso, nobugebengu bezidakamizwa.
Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala Zase - United States
Kunezinkantolo ze-appellate eziyi-13 ezihlala ngaphansi kweNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zezicelo. Umsebenzi wenkantolo ye-apellate uwukunquma ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa kahle yini enkantolo equlweni noma enkampanini yokuphatha. Lezi zinkantolo eziphakathi zihlola izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezifundeni zazo, zihlola imibuzo engokomthetho kunokuba zihlole izinqumo eziyiqiniso ezenziwa enkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala.
Isimiso sikahulumeni sokudlulisa amacala sihlanganisa izinkantolo zesifunda ezingu - 12 zesifunda neNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Yesifunda, enegunya elikhethekile ezinhlotsheni ezithile zamacala anjengokuphikisana okugunyazwa nokunxusa okuvela ezinhlanganweni ezithile zikahulumeni.
INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States
Eqophelweni lesigaba sokwahlulela sikahulumeni kuhlala iNkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni futhi umxhasi wokugcina wemibuzo engokomthetho-sisekelo. INkantolo Ephakeme inegunya elingokomthetho emacaleni amaningi, okusho ukuthi ingakhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuwalalela ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi imvume yokunikeza i-certiorari. INkantolo ngokuvamile ilalela amacala ahilela imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho-mthetho, izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, noma izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini.
Izimiso Zenkantolo KaHulumeni
Wonke uhulumeni ophethe kanye nomthetho ophethe, ohlangothini olungu-appellate, cishe amaphesenti angu-90 awo wonke amacala aqulwayo esiteji senkantolo sase-U.S. Amacala angamakhulu ambalwa amacala aphathwa minyaka yonke ohlangothini lukahulumeni aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi eziningana ezisingathwa yizwe. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziyikho okuyinhloko kwesimiso sokwahlulela sase-U.S., futhi zinecala lengxenye enkulu yomthetho.
Nokho, ngokomthetho wonke umbuso uye wamukela ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho yawo yecala ngokwezinga okungenani ezimbili, futhi cishe wonke amazwe anamazinga amathathu, namacala amacala aqulwayo angase ahlolwe yizinkantolo eziphethe, futhi ekugcineni inkantolo ephakeme. Nakuba amagama nezakhiwo eziqondile zihlukahluka ngokwezwe ngalinye, eziningi zilandela isibonelo esifanayo esinezingathathu.
Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala
Izinkantolo zenkantolo zisebenza njengendawo yokungena ezimpikiswaneni eziningi ezingokomthetho eMelika. Lezinkantolo zizwa ubufakazi, zihlole ubufakazi, futhi zenze izinqumo zokuqala zeqiniso nomthetho. Izinkantolo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinkantolo ezilawula wonke umthetho, ezingalalela izinhlobonhlobo zecala, nezinkantolo zegunya elilinganiselwe noma elikhethekile, ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zezindaba.
Ubugebengu obuningi nezenzo zobugebengu, njengokuphanga, ukudlwengula, nokubulala, kuwukwephulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, futhi ngaleyondlela amacala aqulwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha futhi izindaba zomphakathi; ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukungaphathi kahle, isehlukaniso, umkhaya, iprobate, izingxabano zezivumelwano, nezimpikiswano zezindawo, uma sibala nje ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile kuyizinkantolo ezisezingeni eliphezulu likahulumeni.
Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo
Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa izinkantolo eziphakathi ukuze zibukeze izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala. Njengezinkantolo eziphakathi nezinga lokudlulisa icala, umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukuzwa izikhalo ezivela ezicelweni ezivamile, ezinkantolo zikamasipala nasezinkantolo zesifunda. Lezinkantolo zihlola amacala emaphandleni abahluleli abathathu, zihlola ukuthi inkantolo yamacala yawasebenzisa kahle yini umthetho futhi ilandele izinqubo ezilungile.
Izinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso
Each state has a court of last resort, typically called the Supreme Court, though some states use different names. A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases. State supreme courts have the final say on matters of state law and state constitutional interpretation, though their decisions on federal constitutional questions can be reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Izinhlobo Zezinkantolo Nemisebenzi Yazo Ekhethekile
Ngaphandle kwesimiso esivamile sezikhulu, isimiso sokwahlulela sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziningi ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngokuphumelelayo nangobuchwepheshe obufanele.
Izinkantolo Zezigebengu
Emacaleni ezimiso zomthetho kunezinye lapho ummangalelwa emangalelwa khona ngokuphula umthetho. Uma ethola icala, isijeziso esisukela emalini encane kuya kwisigwebo sokufa singakhishwa. Izinkantolo zezephulamthetho zisingatha amacala lapho uhulumeni emangalela abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano zemithetho yobugebengu. Lezi zinkantolo zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eqinile ehleliwe ehloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho abamangalelwa, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala, kanye nokuvikelwa kwecala lomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.
Izinkantolo zezephula - mthetho zikahulumeni zisingatha ukwephulwa komthetho womthetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zimangalela ukwephulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni yobugebengu.
Izinkantolo Zomphakathi
Zonke ezinye izindaba zezenhlalakahle, kusukela ezicaleni zokunganaki njengoDel Lago v. Smith kuya ekuxoshweni, isehlukaniso newibo, izimemo nezindawo, iziyalezo zokuvikela nokugcinwa kwezivumelwano zebhizinisi. Izinkantolo zombango zixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu abantu, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngokungafani nezigebengu. Ngokungafani necala lobugebengu, amacala omphakathi ahilela iqembu elithile elifuna ukukhokhelwa noma ukuthatha isinyathelo esithile kwelinye iqembu kunokuba lijeziswe ngesijeziso sobugebengu.
Izinkantolo zombango zisingatha izindaba eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, izimpikiswano zempahla, izindaba zemisebenzi, nokubekwa kwezebhizinisi. Indinganiso yobufakazi emacaleni omphakathi ngokuvamile iwu "ubufakazi," obuphansi kunezinga elifanele lokungabaza" elidingekayo ezinkantolo zobugebengu.
Izinkantolo Zomkhaya
Izinkantolo zemikhaya zisebenza kakhulu ezindabeni eziphathelene nobudlelwane basekhaya nabantwana. Lezinkantolo zinegunya ngezehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekelwa kwezingane, ukutholwa, izimpikiswano zokubeletha, iziyalo zobudlova basekhaya, izigwebo zobudlova, namacala obuhlongandlebe ezingane. Izinkantolo zemikhaya zisebenzisa izinqubo ezikhethekile futhi zingathola izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle, abalamuli, nezinye imithombo eklanyelwe ukusingatha izidingo eziyingqayizivele zemikhaya esenkingeni.
Izinkantolo Eziyinkantolo
Izinkantolo eziphethe izindaba ezihlobene nezindawo zabantu abafile, kuhlanganise nokugunyazwa kwemithetho yefa, ukuphatha izakhiwo, ukumisa abaqaphi babantu abadala abakhubazekile, kanye nezindawo zokuhlela izinqumo.
Izinkantolo Ezingalawuleki
Kunezinkantolo zamacala angokwezimali ezingu-90 e-U.S. izinkantolo zeBhankiptacy zisiza abantu namabhizinisi angakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo ukuba baqale ngokusha. Lezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile zisingatha amacala ngaphansi kweBankruptic System, zinikeza abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi anezinqubo zokuhlela kabusha izikweletu zabo noma impahla yabo ngendlela ehlelekile kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo abakweletayo.
Izinkantolo Eziphethe Neziqu Zamacala
Izinkantolo zezisebenzi nezinkantolo zisingatha izimpikiswano ezihilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezindaba ezilawulayo. Lezi zinkantolo ezikhethekile zingasingatha izindaba ezinjengezimpikiswano zentela, izindaba zokufuduka, izinxephezelo zezisebenzi, nezinselele ezinqunyweni zezinhlangano. Nakuba zingabhekwa njengeziyingxenye yegatsha lokwahlulela elingokwesiko, lezi zinkantolo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izingxabano phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
Izinkulumo Ezincane Ezishiwo Yizinkantolo
Izifundazwe eziningi ziphinde zilondoloze izinkantolo ezikhethekile ezilawula izikhulu ezilinganiselwe, njengezinkantolo zezentengiselwano, izinkantolo zezimoto, izinkantolo zentsha, nezinkantolo ezincane. Izinkantolo ezincane zinikeza inqubo elula, yethukela yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihilela izilinganiso ezincane zemali. Lezi zinkantolo azidingi abameli, ukusebenzisa izinqubo ezilandelanayo, futhi zizimisele ukunikeza izimpikiswano ezisheshayo zansuku zonke ezivumelanayo njengokungavumelani komninindlu, izikhalo zokuthenga, izikhalo zemali, nezingxabano ezincane.
Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile
Isimiso sikahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziningana ezinegunya elikhethekile. INkantolo ye-International Trade yase-U.S. yakhiwa amajaji ayisishiyagalolunye amiswe nguMongameli. Igunya lenkantolo linwetshwa kulo lonke elase-United States futhi ligunyazwe ukuba liqulwe emazweni angaphandle. Inkantolo inegunya elikhethekile lokunquma noma isiphi isenzo somphakathi ngokumelene ne-United States, izikhulu zayo, noma izinhlangano zayo eziphuma kunoma yimuphi umthetho ophathelene nokuhwebelana kwezizwe zonke.
Inkantolo yeTaxi yase-U.S. yakhiwa amalungu ayi-19 amisiwe. Abakhokhi bentela bangaphikisana ngezindaba zentela ezinqunywe nguKhomishane we-International Revenue in the Taxial Court ngaphambi kokukhokha isamba secala. Icala lenkantolo lihlanganisa nokudluliswa kwecala, ezinye izinhlobo zezahlulelo zomthetho, izindleko zokuphatha nokuqoqa nokubukeza izenzo ezithile zenkongozelo, njll.
Ukuqonda Icala: Igunya Lezinkantolo
Ukubekwa icala kwezinkantolo kuyisici esiyisisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela, sibhekisele egunyeni lenkantolo lokuzwa nokunquma amacala. Kuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukubusa kwesihloko nokulawula komuntu siqu. Ukuqonda igunya lokulawula kubalulekile ngoba ukuvala icala enkantolo engenagunya elifanele kungaphumela ekuxoshweni, ukuchitha isikhathi nengcebo.
Indaba Emangalelwayo
Indaba inegunya lenkantolo lokukhipha uhlobo oluthile lwendaba futhi inikeze ikhambi elidingekayo. Inkantolo kumelwe ilawule ukungena ekwahluleleni okusemthethweni, okuphoqelelweyo. Loluhlobo lwegunya lubhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo lokuzwa izigaba ezithile zamacala asekelwe ekwakhekeni kwalendaba noma ezindabeni ezingokomthetho ezihilelekile.
Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziyizinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe. Ukuze athathe isinyathelo enkantolo kahulumeni, umbhishobhi kumelwe athole isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo noma sokubusa kweqembu lezikhulu ukuba inkantolo kahulumeni ilalele icala. Ngokungafani, izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zinemithetho ebanzi futhi zingalalela izinhlobo eziningi zamacala ngaphandle kokuba zinqatshelwe ngumthetho noma zibekwe kuphela ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.
Isinqumo Sakho Siqu
Igunya lomuntu siqu liyigunya lenkantolo emabuthweni akhethekile. Inkantolo yaseCalifornia ayinakubopha ummangalelwa ongahlangene neCalifornia. Zombili kumelwe zaneliswe ukuze inkantolo izwe icala nemithetho egunyaziwe. Ukubusa komuntu siqu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzisa igunya phezu kwabantu ngabanye kuphela nezinhlangano ezihlobene ngokwanele nendawo yenkantolo, zivikela abamangalelwa ekuphoqelweni ukuba baphoqelelwe ukuba bangene ezindaweni ezikude noma ezingafaneleki ngaphandle kokuzithethelela ngokwanele.
Ukulahlwa Kwangaphambili Nokuphangwa
Igunya lombuso ne-appellate yizinye futhi izinhlobo zezindawo ezilawulayo. Inkantolo yegunya lokuqala izwa izindaba njengoba ziqalwa okokuqala yi-paltiff, kodwa inkantolo ye-appelte ingazwa isenzo ngemva kwenkantolo yegunya lokuqala (noma inkantolo ephansi) izwe indaba. Lomehluko ubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi amacala ahamba kanjani phakathi kwesimiso sokwahlulela.
Ukulahlwa Okuphelele Nokuqhubekayo
Kukhona imingcele ephelele lapho kunezinkantolo eyodwa kuphela ekwazi ukuzwa amacala athile. Amacala e-Banruptic, imvume, kanye nombuso omelene nokuthembeka angohulumeni kuphela. Isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ne-probate kuyisimo esikhethekile. Uma izinkantolo zinegunya elikhethekile, amaqembu awakwazi ukunquma ukuthi angawahlela kuphi amacala abo.
Ukulawula okuhambisana kulapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso zinegunya lokuzwa uhlobo olufanayo lwecala. Amacala okulawula izinhlobonhlobo ayisibonelo esivamile. Ukuphikisana phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukene kungabekwa enkantolo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni, futhi ukukhetha kuyisinqumo esingokomthetho. Lokhu kuvumelana kuvumela abameli ukuba bacabangele izici ezifana nemithetho ye-procedal, amaquader, nobuchwepheshe bokwahlulela lapho benquma ukuthi bangakhetha kuphi.
Inqubo Engokomthetho: Kusuka Ekuphonseni Isinqumo Kuya Esiphethweni
Ukuqonda izigaba zecala kusiza abantu ukuba balungiselele lokho abazokulindela lapho kuqulwa icala lasenkantolo.
Ukubangela Icala
Icala liqala lapho umkhandlu ufaka isikhalo, isicelo, noma icala enkantolo efanelekile. Emacalani omphakathi, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalo esichaza izikhalo zomthetho nosizo olufunwayo. Emacala obugebengu, uhulumeni ufaka amafacende amacala ommangalelwa, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuphenya futhi emacaleni amakhulu, inkantolo evuna.
I-play yokuqala kumele ihlanganise ukwaziswa okwanele ukumisa igunya lenkantolo, ukuhlukanisa amacala, ukusho isisekelo esingokomthetho salokho okushiwoyo, futhi ichaze ikhambi eliceliwe. Inkonzo yenqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bathola isaziso ngemicimbi nethuba lokusabela.
Ukuqhubeka Kwangaphambili
Ngemva kokuba icala liqulwe, amaqembu angena ngokulandelana amacala angaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ahlanganisa ukuthatha inyathelo, ukuvubukula, nokuxoxa. Ukuxilonga kuvumela izigigaba ukuba ziqoqe ubufakazi ngezincwadi, ukuphenya, izicelo zezincwadi, namanye amathuluzi okuphenya. Izenzo zangaphambi kokuhlola zingakhuluma ngezindaba, zifune ukuxoshwa kwezicelo, noma zicele isahlulelo esicashiswe ngokuficayo uma kungekho ukuphikisana okuqotho.
Izinkantolo eziningi zikhuthaza noma zifune ezinye izindlela zesinqumo eziphikisanayo njengokukhipha isinqumo noma ukukhipha icala ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala. Lezi zinqubo zingasiza abantu ukuba bafinyelele izindawo zokuhlala ngaphandle kwesikhathi, izindleko, nokungaqiniseki ngecala.
Ukuqulwa Kwecala
Kuzo zonke izimo, inkantolo yamajaji - ngokuvamile nejaji lezakhamuzi – kumelwe inqume izindaba eziyiqiniso. Phakathi necala, amaqembu anikeza ubufakazi, ahlole ofakazi, futhi enze izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, amajaji anquma imibuzo eyiqiniso kuyilapho umahluleli eshaya imithetho engokomthetho futhi enikeza iziyalezo ngomthetho osebenzayo. Ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, umahluleli usebenza kokubili njengomthathi-qiniso nomenzi wesinqumo somthetho.
Ukulingwa kulandela izinqubo ezihlelwe ngendlela ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo alungile nokuvikela. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa izitatimende zokuqala, ukunikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlola ofakazi, nezimpikiswano zokuphetha. Iqembu elinomthwalo wobufakazi kumelwe linikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuze lihlangabezane nendinganiso esebenzayo.
Ukuhamba Kwangemva Kokwahlulela
Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, amalungu angase athathe izinyathelo ezibekela inselele isinqumo sangemva kwecala noma afune olunye ukukhululeka. Uma le mithetho iphikiswa noma ingagcinwa, inkantolo ithatha izahlulelo ezisekelwe ekuqulweni kwecala. Ezicabeni zomphakathi, isahlulelo singahlanganisa ukulimala kwemali, ukudazululwa, noma ukudalelwa. Ezimweni zobugebengu, ukugwetshwa kwecala kuholela ekugwetshweni, lapho inkantolo inquma khona isijeziso esifanele phakathi kweziqondiso zemithetho.
Ukukhanga
Izinkantolo eziqulwayo zikhona kuphela ukuba zinqume izindaba zomthetho kuphela ezathathwa inkantolo yecala ngokulunga nangokufanele? Izingxabano ezinganelisekile ngezinqumo zenkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala zingase zidlulisele icala ezinkantolo eziphakeme, nakuba izinkantolo ezithatha icala ngokuvamile zihlola kuphela imibuzo engokomthetho kunokuphinda zihlole okutholiwe okuyiqiniso. Izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala zingasiqinisekisa isinqumo senkantolo ephansi, sisenze siphazanyiswe, noma sibuye sidluliswe icala elivumelana nesinqumo senkantolo.
Izifunda-marente ezingama- 47 nohulumeni uvumela okungenani isikhalo esisodwa selungelo elivela ekwahluleleni kokugcina ngenzuzo, okusho ukuthi inkantolo ethola isikhalo kumelwe inqume ukudluliswa kwesicelo ngemva kokudluliswa nokuphikiswa ngokufanelekile. Izifundazwe ezintathu azinikezi lungelo lokudlulisa isicelo sokuqala. Kunalokho, zinikeza ilungelo lokunxusa ilungelo lokuthola ukudluliswa kwesicelo.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Ezilawula Isimiso Sokwahlulela
Ukukhohlisa Kwesinkwenkwezi Nezici Eziyingozi
Isimiso sokubheka sigomela ngokuthi izinkantolo "kumelwe zilandele izinqumo zokwahlulela zakuqala lapho kuvela amaphuzu afanayo futhi ehlaziywa. Lemfundiso ikhuthaza ukuvumelana, ukubikezela, nokuqina komthetho ngokufuna ukuba izinkantolo zilandele izenzakalo ezaziwayo ezimiswe ezicaleni zangaphambili namaqiniso afanayo kanye nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.
Ngokuvamile, izinkantolo eziphansi zibopha amacala ahilelekile kodwa azikho ezinye izinkantolo eziqulwayo nezingekho izinkantolo eziphakeme. Izinkantolo zilandela isiqalo sazo (ngesimiso sokuqapha okuqondile) kanye nezinkantolo eziphansi ezingaphansi kwegunya lazo kodwa azibophi ezinye izinkantolo zenkantolo zezenkantolo ezifanayo noma ezingaphezulu. Ukuqonda ukuthi inqubo isebenza kanjani kusiza ukubikezela ukuthi izinkantolo ziyobusa kanjani ezindabeni ezifanayo esikhathini esizayo.
Inhlanganiso
Isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo senqubo efanele siqinisekisa ukuthi abantu ngabanye baphathwa ngokufanele ezinkantolo. Inqubo efanelekile ihlanganisa kokubili izivikelo zezemfundo, njengesaziso nethuba lokuzwakala, kanye nesivikelo esingaphansi kwemithetho eboshiwe noma engenabulungisa. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilandele izinqubo ezimisiwe futhi zihloniphe amalungelo ayisisekelo lapho kukhishwa amacala.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo
Lesi siqinisekiso somthetho sivimbela ukucwaswa futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho isebenza ngokufanele emaqenjini nasezimweni ezihlukahlukene.
Ukuzimela Ekwahluleleni
Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuvikela izinkantolo ethonyeni elingafanele lamanye amagatsha kahulumeni, ukucindezela kwezombangazwe, noma izithakazelo zomuntu siqu. Abahluleli abazimele bathola ukumiswa kukho konke ukuphila kwabo nesivikelo seholo ukuze bazivikele ekuphindiseleni kwezombangazwe. Ukukhululeka kokwahlulela koMbuso kuvikelwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namagama amade, nokhetho olugcinwayo, noma izimiso zokumisa eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ithonya lezombangazwe.
Amacebiso Awusizo Okunquma Isimiso Sokwahlulela
Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Angokomthetho
Ulwazi ngamalungelo akho angokomthetho lwakha isisekelo sokusebenzelana ngokuphumelelayo nesimiso sokwahlulela. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo ahlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, ilungelo lokwelulekwa ezicabeni zobugebengu, nelungelo lenqubo efanele. Amalungelo okunquma ahluka kuye ngomongo womthetho kodwa angahlanganisa ukuvikela umsebenzi, amalungelo abathengi, kanye namalungelo omthetho womkhaya.
Ukufunda ngamalungelo akhethekile esimweni sakho kukunika amandla okuqaphela ukuthi lawo malungelo angase ephulwe nini futhi athathe isinyathelo esifanele.
Isikhathi Sokufuna Iseluleko Esingokomthetho
Nakuba ezinye izindaba zomthetho zingasingathwa ngaphandle kommeli, izimo eziningi zizuza ngokuphawulekayo eselulekweni somthetho esingochwepheshe. Cabangela ukuxhumana nommeli lapho ubhekene namacala obugebengu, ukumangalelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi komphakathi, izikhungo ezinkulu zezimali, noma izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezingajwayelekile.
Kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela abameli abazimele, izinhlangano zosizo olusemthethweni, izinhlelo ze-probo, neseluleko senkantolo ezimisiwe ezinkantolo zinikeza ukukhomba komthetho. Izinkampani eziningi zebar zinikeza abameli abanikeza izinkonzo ezixhumanisa abantu nabameli abasebenza ezingxenyeni ezihlobene nomthetho.
Ukulungiselela Ukuqulwa Kwenkantolo
Ukulungiselela ngokucophelela kuthuthukisa imiphumela ephawulekayo enqubweni yomthetho. Hlanganisa futhi uhlele zonke izincwadi ezihlobene nazo, kuhlanganise nezivumelwano, izincwadi, amarisidi, izithombe, kanye nobufakazi obusekela isimo sakho.
Uma uzofakaza, lungiselela ngokubukeza amaqiniso ecala lakho nangokubheka imibuzo ongase ubhekane nayo. Gqoka ngokufanele ukuvela kwenkantolo, ufike kusenesikhathi, ulethe amakhophi ayo yonke imibhalo efanelekile. Ukuqonda inhlonipho yasenkantolo [1] njengokubiza umahluleli ngokuthi "Udumo lwakho," uma umahluleli engena noma amaqabunga, futhi ukhulume ngokucacile lapho ubuzwa imibuzo, futhi ungakuveza kahle ukuhlonipha inkantolo futhi ungathonya ngendlela eqondile.
Ukuqonda Izinkantolo Nezigwegwe
Izinkantolo zisebenza ngokwemithetho eqinile elandelwayo kanye nemithetho emisiwe. Ukungalandeli isikhathi esimisiwe noma ukuhluleka ukulandela izinqubo ezifanelekile kungaphumela ekuxoshweni kwemithetho efunwayo, izahlulelo ezinephutha, noma eminye imiphumela emibi. Zijwayelane nemithetho esebenzayo, ngokuvamile etholakala emawebhusayithi enkantolo noma ehhovisi likamabhalane wenkantolo.
Uma uzimelela ngokwakho (i-procept se), sebenzisa imithombo eklanyelwe ukusiza izithakazelo ezizimele. Izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza izikhungo ezizisizayo, ukwakha amaphakethe, nezinto zokufundisa. Nokho, qaphela ukuthi abahluleli abanakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho futhi izisebenzi zenkantolo zingakwazi ukusiza ngemibuzo eqondene necala.
Ukulondoloza Umlando Onembile
Gcina imininingwane yakho yonke imibiko ehlobene nendaba yakho engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nezinsuku, izikhathi, abahlanganyeli, nezenzakalo.
Izindleko zephepha ezihlobene nendaba yakho yomthetho, njengoba ezinye izindleko zingabuye zivuselelwe uma unqoba. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izindleko zokukhokha imali, izindleko zenqubo, izindleko zobufakazi zochwepheshe, futhi kwezinye izimo, izindleko zommeli.
Ukuhlola Enye Impikiswano
Phambi kokufuna ukuthatha isinyathelo, cabangela ukuthi ezinye izindlela zempi zingayixazulula yini impikiswano yakho ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngezindleko. Ukuzwana kuhilela ingxenye yesithathu engathathi hlangothi evumela ingxoxo phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo. Ukuthathelana isibopho kuhlanganisa ukudlulisela icala lakho kuMenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi okungabopha noma okungabopheki kuye ngesivumelwano.
Lezi zinqubo ngokuvamile zinikeza inqumbi esheshayo, izindleko eziphansi, amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu aphakeme, nemiphumela evumelana kakhulu nemithetho evumelana nesiko. Izivumelwano eziningi zihlanganisa izimemo eziphoqelelwe zokukhipha izigwegwe, futhi izinkantolo zifuna ukuba amaqembu azame ukukhipha imvume ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke ayoqulwa icala.
Ukuqonda Izindleko Zokuqhubeka Okungokomthetho
Icala lingabiza, lihlanganise izindleko zenkantolo, izindleko zochwepheshe, izindleko zommeli, izindleko zokufakaza, nezinye izindleko. Ukuqonda izindleko ezingenzeka kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo ezicatshangelwe kahle ukuthi ungathatha nayiphi isinyathelo esingokomthetho. Abanye abameli basebenza ngamalungiselelo okukhokha imali ezinhlotsheni ezithile zecala, okusho ukuthi bathola inkokhelo uma uthola izindleko zokukhokhwa. Abanye bakhokhela amahora amaningi noma imali ebhacekile eminyangweni ethile.
Xoxa ngokucacile ngamalungiselelo enkokhelo nanoma imuphi ummeli omqashayo, bese ucela isivumelwano esibhaliwe semali esichaza izinga lophawu nemali yokukhokha. Buza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba izindleko ezengeziwe nokuthi ungakwazi yini ukubuyisa izindleko zommeli uma ukhona esimweni sakho.
Ukuthola Ulwazi Lwenkantolo Nemithombo
Izinkantolo eziningi manje zinikeza imithombo eminingi yezokwaziswa nge - Internet, kuhlanganise nokudingida amacala, amakhalenda enkantolo, imithetho yendawo, amafomu nezincwadi zemfundo.
Amahhovisi omphathi wenkantolo anganikeza ukwaziswa ngezinqubo, izimfuneko ezigciniwe, nezindawo zenkantolo, nakuba zingenakunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho. Izindlu eziningi zenkantolo zinemitapo yezincwadi evulekile emphakathini, inikeza ukutholakala kwezincwadi zokucwaninga ezingokomthetho futhi ngezinye izikhathi usizo kubaphathi bezincwadi zomthetho.
Indima Yamajaji Esimisweni Sokwahlulela
AmaJuries afeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela saseMelika, anikeza indlela yokuhlanganyela ekuqondiseni ubulungisa emphakathini. Ilungelo lokuqulwa icala liqinisekiswa nguMthetho-sisekelo emacaleni obugebengu nasemacala amaningi omphakathi. AmaJuries avame ukuba yizakhamuzi ezivele emphakathini ezizwa ubufakazi futhi zinqume imibuzo eyiqiniso.
Ukukhethwa kwe Jury
Abameleli bamajaji abangase bakhethwe kuhlu lwezivoti, amarekhodi ephepha lokushayela, noma ezinye imithombo ukuze bakhe i-mumeleli enqamule umphakathi. Phakathi nommeli oyingozi, abameli kanye nomahluleli babuza imibuzo efuna ukukhombisa noma yikuphi ubandlululo noma izingxabano ezingase zithinte ikhono labo lokukhonza ngokungakhethi. Ama-athorney angabekela inselele abameleli bejaji uma bebonisa ubandlululo lwangempela, futhi bamukela inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele ezibavumela ukuba bathethelele abagcini bamajaji ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, bathintele ekubekeni imingcele engokomthetho ngokumelene nobandlululo.
Iziphakamiso Neziphakamiso Eziyimpicabadala
Ngemva kokuzwa bonke ubufakazi nokwamukela iziyalezo zomthetho osebenzayo kumahluleli, abahluleli ngasese ukuze bafinyelele isinqumo. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, izinqumo zivame ukuvumelana, nakuba eminye imikhandlu ivumela izinqumo ezingagunyaziwe ezimweni ezithile. Amacala omphakathi angadinga izinqumo ezivumelanayo noma avumele izinqumo ezisekelwe ekulawuleni kwecala, kuye ngokuthi isiphi isimo noma uhlobo lwecala.
Inkonzo kaJury imelela kokubili umsebenzi womphakathi nethuba lokuhlanganyela ngokuqondile esimisweni sobulungisa. Nakuba ukukhonza ejajini kungaba ukuthatha isikhathi futhi ngezinye izikhathi kube yinselele, kunikeza izakhamuzi okuhlangenwe nakho kwazo siqu ngendlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo nendlela izimiso ezingokomthetho ezisetshenziswa ngayo ezimweni zezwe langempela.
Intuthuko Yamuva Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo
Isimiso sokwahlulela siyaqhubeka siguqula intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha izimo zezenhlalo, nezinselele eziqhubekayo ekunikezeni ukwahlulela ngokulunga. Izimiso ze-electronic, izindlebe, kanye nezindawo zokuqondisa i-inthanethi ye-website yesinqumo ziye zaguqula indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, ikakhulukazi ngemva kobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Lezi zici ziye zathuthukisa ikhono nokukwazi ukufinyelela ezicini eziningi, nakuba ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe kanye nokulondolozwa kwezimiso zemvelo.
Ukuthola ubulungisa kuseyinselele enkulu, njengoba abantu abaningi bengakwazi ukukhokhela izikhulu zenkantolo nezimiso zenkantolo ezilwa nokuthweswa kwamacala anzima nemithombo elinganiselwe. Imizamo yokuxazulula le zinselele ihlanganisa ukuxhasa imali engokomthetho, izinqubo ezilula zezindlela zokwelapha ezivamile, nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe okwandayo ukuze kuncishiswe izindleko nokuthuthukisa impumelelo.
Izinkantolo ezisingatha izinkinga ezikhethekile, njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, nezinkantolo ezingomakad ’ ebona, zimelela izindlela ezintsha zokusingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo ezibangela izinkinga ezingokomthetho. Lezinkantolo zihlanganisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela nezinkonzo zokwelapha nezinhlelo zokusekela, zihlose ukunciphisa ukuncishiswa kwezidakamizwa nezimbangela eziyisisekelo kunokuba zimane zikhiphe isijeziso.
Imivuzo Yangaphandle Yokwaziswa Okwengeziwe
Kulabo abafuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngesimiso sokwahlulela, imithombo eminingana enegunya inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi:
- I-United States Courts website ( www.ustouts.gov) inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesimiso senkantolo sezwe, kuhlanganise nemithombo yemfundo, izinqubo zenkantolo, kanye nokufinyelela emendweni yenkantolo.
- I- National Center for State Courts ( www.ncsc.org) inikeza imithombo yezimiso zenkantolo, kuhlanganise nezibalo, ukucwaninga, nemikhuba engcono kakhulu.
- Isimiso sakho senkantolo somthetho inikeza ulwazi oluqondelwe ngokomthetho wakho, kuhlanganise nemithetho yendawo, izakhiwo, izindawo zenkantolo, kanye nemithombo yosizo lwakho.
- I-American Bar Association ( www.amarican.org[) inikeza imithombo yemfundo yomphakathi mayelana namalungelo omthetho nesimiso sokwahlulela.
- [ Izinhlangano zosizo ezisemthethweni endaweni yakini zinganikeza usizo olusemthethweni olukhululekile noma oluphansi ukuze kufaneleke abantu nokwaziswa okuphathelene nokungena ezinkonzweni ezingokomthetho.
Isiphetho: Zinike Amandla Ngolwazi
Isimiso sokwahlulela sisebenza njengesisekelo sokuxazulula izingxabano, sokuvikela amalungelo, nokugcina umthetho emphakathini wentando yeningi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhilelekile empikiswaneni engokomthetho, ukhonza njengejaji, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda amalungelo akho nemithwalo yemfanelo njengesakhamuzi, ulwazi lwesimiso sokwahlulela lubonakala lubalulekile. ngokujwayelana nezakhiwo zenkantolo, amandla okuqonda, ukulungiselela kahle izinqumo ezingokomthetho, nokufuna iseluleko esingokomthetho esifanelekile lapho kudingeka, ungaqondisa isimiso sokwahlulela ngokuqiniseka okukhulu nangokuphumelela.
Isimiso sokwahlulela sikhona ukuze sikhonze umphakathi ngokunikeza isinqumo esilungile, esingakhethi sengxabano ngokwemithetho. Ukuthatha isikhathi sokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo, imithombo etholakala ngayo, nendlela yokuvikela izithakazelo zakho ngaphakathi kuyo kumelela ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile ekhonweni lakho lokufinyelela ubulungisa nokusebenzisa amalungelo akho angokomthetho. Njengoba isimiso siqhubeka siguqula futhi sivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo, ukuhlala waziwe ngentuthuko nangemithombo ekhona kuyosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ungahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ezinkantolo uma kudingeka.
Khumbula ukuthi nakuba lo mqondisi enikeza ukwaziswa okuvamile ngesimiso sokwahlulela, izimo ezithile ezingokomthetho zidinga ukuhlaziywa komuntu ngamunye futhi ngokuvamile iseluleko esingokomthetho esingochwepheshe. Lapho ubhekene nezinselele zomthetho, thintana nabameli abafanelekayo abanganikeza isiqondiso esivumelana nezimo zakho ezithile kanye nesimiso sokwahlulela.